The promises and perils of psychedelic pharmacology for psychiatry.

Psychedelic drugs like psilocybin, DMT, and LSD are being reconsidered as treatments for neuropsychiatric diseases, with phase II trials showing that one or two doses of psilocybin can produce significant clinical effects for depression and anxiety. This has sparked commercial interest, with nearly 60 companies formed to explore psychedelic therapeutics. Despite strong evidence that the 5-HT2A receptor mediates the behavioral effects of psychedelics, it remains unclear which aspects of its activity in the central nervous system underlie therapeutic effects and whether these can be isolated with novel chemical probes. The review discusses controversies and consensus in this emerging field, highlighting how basic science can guide development of improved psychedelic-inspired medications without hallucinogenic or rewarding effects.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, N,N'-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are undergoing a renaissance as potentially useful drugs for various neuropsychiatric diseases, with a rapid onset of therapeutic activity. Notably, phase II trials have shown that psilocybin can produce statistically significant clinical effects following one or two administrations in depression and anxiety. These findings have inspired a 'gold rush' of commercial interest, with nearly 60 companies already formed to explore opportunities for psychedelics in treating diverse diseases. Additionally, these remarkable phenomenological and clinical observations are informing hypotheses about potential molecular mechanisms of action that need elucidation to realize the full potential of this investigative space. In particular, despite compelling evidence that the 5-HT2A receptor is a critical mediator of the behavioural effects of psychedelic drugs, uncertainty remains about which aspects of 5-HT2A receptor activity in the central nervous system are responsible for therapeutic effects and to what degree they can be isolated by developing novel chemical probes with differing specificity and selectivity profiles. Here, we discuss this emerging area of therapeutics, covering both controversies and areas of consensus related to the opportunities and perils of psychedelic and psychedelic-inspired therapeutics. We highlight how basic science breakthroughs can guide the discovery and development of psychedelic-inspired medications with the potential for improved efficacy without hallucinogenic or rewarding actions.