Cultivation, chemistry, and genome of Psilocybe zapotecorum

Psilocybe zapotecorum, a blue-bruising mushroom used ceremonially by indigenous groups in southeastern Mexico, was characterized through morphology, cultivation, chemical profiling, and full genome sequencing. The genome revealed the architecture of the psilocybin gene cluster, serving as a reference for Psilocybe clade I. Chemical analysis showed a psilocybin concentration of 17.9 ± 1.7 mg/g (range 10.6–25.7 mg/g, n = 7) and lesser amounts of related tryptamines, yielding a combined tryptamine concentration of 22.5 ± 3.2 mg/g. These findings indicate P. zapotecorum is a potent and chemically variable species. Cultivation and genetic analysis help demystify these mushrooms, expanding understanding beyond the molecule as clinical psilocybin studies advance.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Abstract Psilocybe zapotecorum is a strongly blue-bruising psilocybin mushroom used by indigenous groups in southeastern Mexico and beyond. While this species has a rich history of ceremonial use, research into its chemistry and genetics has been limited. Herein, we report on mushroom morphology, cultivation parameters, chemical profile, and the full genome sequence of P. zapotecorum . First, we detail growth and cloning methods that are simple, and reproducible. In combination with high resolution microscopic analysis, the strain was identified by DNA barcoding, confirming the field identification. Full genome sequencing reveals the architecture of the psilocybin gene cluster in P. zapotecorum, and can serve as a reference genome for Psilocybe clade I. Characterization of the tryptamine profile revealed a psilocybin concentration of 17.9 ± 1.7 mg/g, with a range of 10.6–25.7 mg/g ( n = 7), and similar tryptamines (psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, norpsilocin, aeruginascin, and 4-HO-tryptamine) in lesser concentrations for a combined tryptamine concentration of 22.5 ± 3.2 mg/g. These results show P. zapotecorum to be a potent and chemically variable Psilocybe mushroom. Chemical profiling, genetic analysis, and cultivation assist in demystifying these mushrooms. As clinical studies with psilocybin gain traction, understanding the diversity of Psilocybe expands the conversation beyond the molecule.