Altered States and Social Bonds: Effects of MDMA and Serotonergic Psychedelics on Social Behavior as a Mechanism Underlying Substance-Assisted Therapy

MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics both produce prosocial effects, but they do so through different mechanisms that may influence which psychosocial interventions work best with each compound. This narrative overview compares evidence across four categories of prosocial effects: altered self-image, responses to social reward, responses to negative social input, and social neuroplasticity. MDMA alters self-perception in a way less tied to mystical-type states than serotonergic psychedelics. MDMA enhances responses to social reward, while serotonergic psychedelics may also do so but require more research. Both drug classes dampen reactivity to negative social stimuli and induce social neuroplasticity in preclinical evidence, promoting adaptive rewiring of neural circuits that may aid trauma processing.

Study at a glance

Abstract

There has been renewed interest in the use of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of multiple psychiatric disorders. Many of these compounds are known to produce prosocial effects, but how these effects relate to therapeutic efficacy and the extent to which prosocial effects are unique to a particular drug class is unknown. In this article, we present a narrative overview and compare evidence for the prosocial effects of MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics to elucidate shared mechanisms that may underlie the therapeutic process. We discuss 4 categories of prosocial effects: altered self-image, responses to social reward, responses to negative social input, and social neuroplasticity. While both categories of drugs alter self-perception, MDMA may do so in a way that is less related to the experience of mystical-type states than serotonergic psychedelics. In the case of social reward, evidence supports the ability of MDMA to enhance responses and suggests that serotonergic psychedelics may also do so, but more research is needed in this area. Both drug classes consistently dampen reactivity to negative social stimuli. Finally, preclinical evidence supports the ability of both drug classes to induce social neuroplasticity, promoting adaptive rewiring of neural circuits, which may be helpful in trauma processing. While both MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics produce prosocial effects, they differ in the mechanisms through which they do this. These differences affect the types of psychosocial interventions that may work best with each compound.