Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures.

Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures, including the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec, used a variety of psychoactive plants and fungi for magical, therapeutic, and religious purposes. Hallucinogenic cactus (peyote), mushrooms (teonanacatl, Psilocybe spp.), and seeds of ololiuhqui (Turbina corymbosa) induced altered states of consciousness in healing rituals and religious ceremonies. The Maya drank balché (honey and Lonchocarpus extract) for group intoxication. Bufo toad skin, jimson weed, wild tobacco, water lily, and Salvia divinorum also provided psychoactive effects. Archaeological evidence includes mushroom stones from 3000 BC and peyote use over 5000 years ago. Sixteenth-century chroniclers like Fray Bernardino de Sahagún documented these practices, which local shamans and healers continue today.

Study at a glance

Abstract

The American continent is very rich in psychoactive plants and fungi, and many pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures used them for magical, therapeutic and religious purposes. The archaeological, ethno-historical and ethnographic evidence of the use of hallucinogenic substances in Mesoamerica is reviewed. Hallucinogenic cactus, plants and mushrooms were used to induce altered states of consciousness in healing rituals and religious ceremonies. The Maya drank balché (a mixture of honey and extracts of Lonchocarpus) in group ceremonies to achieve intoxication. Ritual enemas and other psychoactive substances were also used to induce states of trance. Olmec, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec used peyote, hallucinogenic mushrooms (teonanacatl: Psilocybe spp) and the seeds of ololiuhqui (Turbina corymbosa), that contain mescaline, psilocybin and lysergic acid amide, respectively. The skin of the toad Bufo spp contains bufotoxins with hallucinogenic properties, and was used since the Olmec period. Jimson weed (Datura stramonium), wild tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), water lily (Nymphaea ampla) and Salvia divinorum were used for their psychoactive effects. Mushroom stones dating from 3000 BC have been found in ritual contexts in Mesoamerica. Archaeological evidence of peyote use dates back to over 5000 years. Several chroniclers, mainly Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, described their effects in the sixteenth century. The use of psychoactive substances was common in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican societies. Today, local shamans and healers still use them in ritual ceremonies in Mesoamerica.