3034 results for "Psilocybin"
The Analysis of Psilocybin and Psilocin from Fungi
Analytical techniques in the sciences – March 28, 2003
Summary
Accurately identifying psilocybin-containing fungi, vital for psychedelics and drug studies, demands sophisticated techniques. Biology employs morphological characteristics and DNA profiling for precise species identification. Complementary chemical analysis, including advanced chromatography like HPLC, quantifies psilocybin and psilocin—potent hallucinogens. This rigorous approach in phytochemistry utilizes four distinct methods, ensuring reliable identification and understanding of these alkaloids. Such comprehensive identification is crucial for both chemical synthesis and bioactivity studies, advancing our grasp of these naturally occurring compounds.
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Identification of Psilocybin- and Psilocin-containing Mushrooms Identification of Fungal Specie...
Subjective features of the psilocybin experience that may account for its self-administration by humans: a double-blind comparison of psilocybin and dextromethorphan.
Psychopharmacology – August 01, 2020
Summary
Psilocybin induces a greater desire for repeat use in humans compared to Dextromethorphan, despite both being hallucinogens. A double-blind comparison found that while both produced psychedelic effects, higher psilocybin doses led to significantly more positive subjective experience, including enhanced mood, profound insight, and mystical experience. These reinforcing effects, like an insightful experience and increased appreciation for beauty, suggest psilocybin's unique profile contributes to its higher abuse liability, explaining observed differences in non-medical use.
Abstract
Although both psilocybin and dextromethorphan (DXM) produce psychedelic-like subjective effects, rates of non-medical use of psilocybin are consist...
Biocatalytic Production of Psilocybin and Derivatives in Tryptophan Synthase‐Enhanced Reactions
Chemistry - A European Journal – May 11, 2018
Summary
A breakthrough in biochemistry could make Psilocybin-based therapies more accessible. A novel enzymatic route significantly enhances the chemical synthesis of this potent psychedelic alkaloid. Leveraging the *Psilocybe cubensis* tryptophan synthase, TrpB, allows for efficient production of Psilocybin from less costly substrates like 4-hydroxyindole and L-serine. This advance in chemical synthesis and alkaloids also yielded two other compounds, 7-phosphoryloxytryptamine and serotonin. This pharmacology development holds promise for future drug studies, streamlining production of key psychedelics for treating depression and anxiety.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin (4‐phosphoryloxy‐ N , N ‐dimethyltryptamine) is the main alkaloid of the fungal genus Psilocybe , the so‐called “magic mushroom...
Availability of Websites Offering to Sell Psilocybin Spores and Psilocybin
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2009
Summary
Over half of online search results, 58% of 800 links examined, offered to sell psilocybin spores, a key for cultivating this powerful hallucinogen. This widespread online advertising of psilocybin, central to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlights how technology facilitates access. The availability of spores and whole Psilocybe mushrooms online could significantly influence behavior, raising important questions for psychology regarding illicit use.
Abstract
This study assesses the availability of websites offering to sell psilocybin spores and psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen contained in Psilocybe ...
Tips and Recommendations for The Ingestion of Psilocybin: An Introduction to Community-Based Public Health Guidance for Lower Risk Psilocybin Use
Knowledge Commons (Lakehead University) – January 01, 2023
Summary
Responsible psilocybin consumption requires careful planning, according to new public health guidance. For individuals considering ingestion of this powerful hallucinogen, recommendations prioritize a positive psychological state and thorough risk assessment. Key advice includes learning about psilocybin, securing a safe supply, and starting with low doses to manage risk perception. Such strategies are crucial for safe experiences and reflect growing interest in psilocybin's potential in medicine and psychiatry, emphasizing a proactive approach to personal well-being.
Abstract
The purpose of this report is to provide community-based guidance for lower-risk psilocybin use. It is our hope that this guidance will help indivi...
A qualitative analysis of participant expectations and experiences of psilocybin‐assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder
Addiction – December 22, 2025
Summary
Profound shifts occurred for twelve participants in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder. This qualitative research, using content analysis and narrative inquiry, revealed that confronting challenging internal obstacles during psychedelic sessions was crucial. This process, facilitated by a psychotherapist's skilled interpersonal communication, led to new understandings of their narrative histories and interpersonal relationships, reducing the stimulant's appeal. Clinical psychology and psychiatry benefit from such Psychedelics and Drug Studies, showing how interpersonal psychotherapy principles foster transformation.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims There is an urgent unmet need for novel treatments for methamphetamine (MA) use disorder. We explored the qualitative ...
Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin for Treating Psychological Distress among Survivors of Adverse Childhood Experiences: Evidence on Acceptability and Potential Efficacy of Psilocybin Use
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 10, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, appears to significantly reduce psychological distress linked to Adverse Childhood Experiences. For individuals reporting recent psilocybin use, the association between childhood adversity and current distress was notably lower. This finding, relevant to medicine, psychiatry, and clinical psychology, reveals high interest in and acceptability for psilocybin, regardless of an individual's history of adverse experiences. Insights from psychedelics and drug studies suggest psilocybin could be a valuable psychotherapy technique, offering hope for managing long-term distress.
Abstract
Survivors of adverse childhood experience are at elevated risk for psychological distress. In recent years, renewed interest in psychedelic medicin...
Untargeted analysis of psilocybin and non-psilocybin mushrooms using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.
Journal of chromatography. A – July 19, 2025
Summary
Scientists have discovered striking chemical differences between magic mushrooms and their non-psychedelic cousins. Using advanced food chemistry techniques, researchers mapped out the unique molecular fingerprints of various mushroom species through untargeted analysis. The results revealed distinct natural products that clearly separate psychedelic from non-psychedelic varieties, providing valuable insights for therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Psilocybin mushrooms, particularly those containing the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin, have attracted recent attention due to thei...
The effects of psilocybin on cognitive and emotional functions in healthy participants: Results from a phase 1, randomised, placebo-controlled trial involving simultaneous psilocybin administration and preparation
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, appears safe for cognition. A randomized controlled trial involving 89 healthy adults found no detrimental short- or long-term effects on cognitive function, measured by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, or emotional processing after receiving 10 or 25 mg psilocybin versus placebo. While 511 adverse effects occurred, 67% resolved on administration day, with no serious events. This medicine finding, relevant to psychiatry and psychedelics drug studies, suggests psilocybin's chemical synthesis and neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior pose no cognitive threat in psychology.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin, a psychoactive serotonin receptor partial agonist, has been reported to acutely reduce clinical symptoms of depressive diso...
Comparison of fragrance and flavor components in non-psilocybin and psilocybin mushrooms using vacuum-assisted headspace high-capacity solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Advances in Sample Preparation – September 02, 2023
Summary
A groundbreaking method, vacuum-assisted headspace high capacity solid-phase microextraction (Vac-HS-HC-SPME), revealed distinct volatile compounds in psilocybin mushrooms (Psilocybe cubensis). In a comparative analysis of eight mushroom species (five psilocybin and three non-psilocybin), Vac-HS-HC-SPME detected twice as many compounds as traditional methods, identifying 8 additional unique substances. Notable compounds exclusive to psilocybin mushrooms included 2-methylbutanal and valeraldehyde, while non-psilocybin varieties featured 2-methyl-pyrazine and butyric acid. The shared compound 1-octen-3-ol was more prevalent in psilocybin species.
Abstract
Vacuum-assisted headspace high capacity solid-phase microextraction (Vac-HS-HC-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was ...
Mushrooms, Microdosing, and Mental Illness: The Effect of Psilocybin on Neurotransmitters, Neuroinflammation, and Neuroplasticity.
Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment – January 01, 2025
Summary
Regular microdoses of psilocybin, the compound found in certain mushrooms, may help combat anxiety and depression by reducing brain inflammation and boosting neural connections. The active component, psilocin, works as both an anti-inflammatory agent and mood enhancer. Studies show that even small, non-hallucinogenic doses can effectively improve mental health symptoms and reduce neuroinflammation.
Abstract
The incidence of mental health disorders is increasing worldwide. While there are multiple factors contributing to this problem, neuroinflammation ...
Randomized Controlled Trials of Psilocybin‐Assisted Therapy in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica – December 03, 2024
Summary
Patients with major depressive disorder receiving psilocybin-assisted therapy were over three times more likely to achieve remission (relative risk = 3.66) within a week. This meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials (N=427), drawing partly from the Cochrane Library, highlights psilocybin's potential as medicine in psychiatry. This chemical synthesis and alkaloid influences neurotransmitter receptor activity, showing significant promise in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. However, a 20% increased relative risk of any adverse effect (RR=1.20) was noted. This finding is crucial for internal medicine.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction There is growing interest in the use of psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT) for major depressive disorder (MDD), including tre...
Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – May 16, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking Aotearoa (New Zealand) project integrates Indigenous Māori healing with psilocybin-assisted therapy to address problematic methamphetamine use. This initiative, drawing on Ethnology, Psychology, and the History of spiritual practices, challenges colonial dynamics in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. It aims to develop a culturally safe approach, respecting Māori wisdom while exploring psilocybin's efficacy. Based in a community with a high Māori population and significant PMU burden, the project seeks to empower a Māori workforce and influence legislation, charting new directions in Religious Studies and collective healing.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi has long been used by Indigenous cultures within ritual and ...
Psilocybin treatment for AUD: Promise in new study
Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly – October 14, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy shows significant promise for alcohol use disorder. This potent hallucinogen, a focus in Psychiatry and Medicine, is being re-examined in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Forty years ago, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), derived from lysergic acid via chemical synthesis and alkaloids research, demonstrated double the remissions for similar conditions compared to controls. Modern psychology and psychotherapist approaches, understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, are now exploring psilocybin's potential, suggesting a paradigm shift in treating AUD.
Abstract
The beneficial effects of psilocybin‐assisted psychotherapy on alcohol use disorder (AUD) are significant, based on a study published in JAMA Psych...
Psilocybin‐assisted therapy reduces heavy drinking in patients with AUD
The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update – November 03, 2022
Summary
Two sessions of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy significantly reduced heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems for individuals with alcohol use disorder, outperforming placebo. This randomized controlled trial demonstrated the hallucinogen psilocybin as a promising medicine in Psychiatry. Patients, guided by a psychotherapist, experienced no serious adverse effect. This work in Psychedelics and Drug Studies expands Mental Health and Psychiatry options, distinct from Digital Mental Health Interventions, for alcohol recovery.
Abstract
Two sessions of psilocybin‐assisted psychotherapy resulted in reduced heavy‐drinking days and other alcohol‐related problems relative to placebo pl...
Psilocybin‐assisted therapy leads to personality shifts in patients with alcohol use disorder
The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update – March 27, 2025
Summary
A secondary analysis reveals two sessions of psilocybin-assisted therapy normalize personality traits in adults battling alcohol use disorder. This medicine, administered alongside a psychotherapist, significantly reduced impulsiveness. Such shifts were strongly linked to decreased alcohol consumption, particularly benefiting individuals with prior moderate- or high-risk drinking. These insights advance Psychiatry and Psychology, underscoring psychedelics' potential. The chemical synthesis of psilocybin is crucial for developing novel treatments within Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Adults with alcohol use disorder who received two sessions of psilocybin‐assisted therapy demonstrated personality shifts toward normalization of a...
Problems of Qualification of Trafficking in Plants and Plant Parts Containing Psychoactive Substances and Mushrooms Containing Psilocybin and (or) Psilocin
Drug control – March 14, 2024
Summary
Legal frameworks often overlook online drug trafficking, particularly for natural psychoactive substances. A legal analysis reveals Russian law fails to adequately address the sale of psilocybin-containing mushrooms via information networks. This is critical for psychedelics and drug studies, as mushrooms, rich in hallucinogenic alkaloids, are not botanically "plants." Proposed amendments target four articles of the Russian Criminal Code, alongside administrative codes. These changes would clarify the legal status of psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, and its chemical nature, improving the suppression of illicit trafficking, including substances derived from chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Purpose: research of such items of illicit drug trafficking as plants and plant parts containing psychoactive substances. Methodology: study and an...
Therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 16, 2020
Summary
A single 25 mg dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin appears to revive emotional responsiveness in the brain, a key mechanism for treating treatment-resistant depression. In 19 patients, this psychedelic therapy led to decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex during face processing. This neuroscience finding, observed in areas crucial for emotional regulation, correlated with reduced rumination one week later. The chemical synthesis of psilocybin influences neurotransmitter receptors, suggesting a psychological reset. This shift in brain communication, particularly for fearful and neutral faces, highlights how psilocybin may alleviate severe depression in psychiatry.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin has shown promise as a treatment for depression but its therapeutic mechanisms are not properly understood. In contrast to t...
Examining Attitudes to Psilocybin: Should Candidates for Medical Psilocybin be Required to Pass a Contextual Suitability Test?
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – August 18, 2022
Summary
A compelling finding in clinical psychology reveals that psychological factors significantly predict attitudes toward psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. Among 219 participants (52.1% with prior psychedelic use), a positive mindset, high Openness to Experience, and lower Extraversion were key. This supports developing a suitability test, demonstrating construct validity, for medicinal psilocybin—an alkaloid like Lysergic acid diethylamide. Such a test, incorporating a psychological scale, is vital for psychiatry and ongoing psychedelics and drug studies, acknowledging psilocybin's nature as a chemically synthesized alkaloid influencing neurotransmitter receptors and behavior.
Abstract
Due to increasing evidence of efficacy in treating mental health disorders, psilocybin may become a legal medicinal drug. This study tested the val...
Examining attitudes to psilocybin: Should candidates for medical psilocybin be required to pass a contextual suitability test
OpenAlex – November 23, 2021
Summary
Personal factors significantly predict attitudes toward psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, in drug studies. A psychology model incorporating "Set," "Openness to Experience," and Extraversion accurately predicted scores on the Attitudes Towards Psilocybin (ATP) scale. This scale, tested for construct validity and criterion validity, proved reliable among 219 participants (52.1% having used psychedelics). These findings suggest a suitability test could be a valuable tool in clinical psychology and psychiatry, guiding appropriate psilocybin prescriptions and integrating crucial extra-pharmacological considerations for future psychedelic treatments.
Abstract
Background: Due to increasing evidence of efficacy in treating mental health disorders, psilocybin may become a legal medicinal drug. This study te...
Harnessing psilocybin: antidepressant-like behavioral and synaptic actions of psilocybin are independent of 5-HT2R activation in mice
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – April 13, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, rapidly acts as an antidepressant, strengthening neural connections in regions like the Hippocampus. Neuroscience and Psychology insights, from Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggest its Pharmacology may not require altered perception. In a study involving 80 mice, using Ketanserin to modulate Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, beneficial actions against Anhedonia were observed, with a 35% reduction in depressive-like behaviors. This advancement in Chemical synthesis and alkaloids could accelerate psilocybin's integration into Medicine, influencing Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior for Antidepressant therapy.
Abstract
Significance Psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, have beneficial actions in several psychiatric diseases. They also produce strong alteratio...
Psilocybin mushroom stewardship: A qualitative inquiry into practices and priorities of “underground” psilocybin mushroom practitioners
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – February 05, 2025
Summary
Underground psilocybin mushroom practitioners emphasize a deep, personal relationship with the hallucinogen for safe use. Interviews with 17 facilitators (76.5% white, 64.7% female) revealed extensive personal experience with psilocybin before guiding others. They reported benefits like reduced depression and increased joy, highlighting careful client screening to avoid risks akin to mushroom poisoning from unprepared high doses. Their approach champions stewardship, advocating for respectful reciprocity in psychedelics and drug studies, rather than mere extraction, informing future psychology practices.
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aims Networks of so-called underground, or illegal, psilocybin mushroom practitioners are popularly known to exist, though ...
“Biosynthesis of psilocybin and its nonnatural derivatives by a promiscuous psilocybin synthesis pathway in Escherichia coli”
Biotechnology and Bioengineering – June 20, 2023
Summary
A significant advance in biochemistry enables the biosynthesis of psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, and 13 new derivatives using bacteria. This innovative chemical synthesis addresses the need for sustainable drug development. By deeply exploring the pathway's biology with 49 indole derivatives, critical insights into alkaloid chemistry emerged. This breakthrough in drug discovery and pharmacology provides diverse drug candidates, accelerating future psychedelics and drug studies. This method promises a consistent supply for vital research.
Abstract
Abstract Traditional psychedelics are undergoing a transformation from recreational drugs, to promising pharmaceutical drug candidates with the pot...
Occurrence of Psilocybin/Psilocin in Pluteus Salicinus (Pluteaceae)
Mycologia – July 01, 1981
Summary
The mushroom *Pluteus Salicinus* contains the potent hallucinogen Psilocybin, a discovery that broadened our understanding of natural psychedelics. Analysis revealed significant alkaloid concentrations, with one sample showing 0.05% psilocybin and 0.005% psilocin. This biological finding is vital for drug studies, informing chemical synthesis and the pharmacology of these compounds. Such insights into alkaloids hold diverse implications across biological systems, from fungi to the potential effects on various organisms, including even simpler life forms like the flatworm.
Abstract
(1981). Occurrence of Psilocybin/Psilocin in Pluteus Salicinus (Pluteaceae) Mycologia: Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 781-784.
Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genusPsilocybeand evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster
bioRxiv – December 15, 2022
Summary
The genes enabling certain mushrooms to produce psilocybin may have spread through an unusual evolutionary shortcut. Researchers investigated the genetic makeup of diverse psychoactive mushrooms, hypothesizing that these genes could have moved between species. Findings reveal that the psilocybin-producing genes were likely horizontally transferred across distantly related mushroom lineages. This explains the widespread presence and evolution of psilocybin, highlighting a remarkable path for chemical diversity in nature.
Abstract
Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genusPsilocybeand evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster
Unlocking the healing power of psilocybin: an overview of the role of psilocybin therapy in major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance use disorder
Frontiers in Psychiatry – June 11, 2024
Summary
A compelling new avenue in psychiatry explores psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, for treatment-resistant conditions like major depressive disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Clinical psychology trials integrate this psychedelic, often synthesized from alkaloids, with psychotherapist-led sessions. Data from these clinical trials in medicine are informing our understanding of how psilocybin influences neurotransmitter receptors. This drug studies research aims to revolutionize mental healthcare by overcoming therapeutic resistance, offering new hope.
Abstract
Resistance to traditional treatment methods is still a major obstacle in modern psychiatry. As a result, several studies are currently being conduc...
Oregon’s Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 29, 2025
Summary
Oregon's emerging psilocybin facilitator workforce faces significant financial hurdles. A survey of 106 individuals revealed most found the average $9,359 training tuition a moderate-to-severe financial strain, even with half of programs offering diversity scholarships. Many facilitators have prior healthcare licenses, pursuing this new field within Psychedelics and Drug Studies. They plan average session prices of $1,388, specializing in trauma and mental disorders, underscoring the growing role of hallucinogen-assisted therapy in Psychology and Psychiatry.
Abstract
New legal frameworks for supervised psychedelic services are emerging, with Oregon and Colorado implementing programs to train and license psilocyb...
Psilocybin for dementia prevention? The potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases
Pharmacology & Therapeutics – April 06, 2024
Summary
Major depression significantly elevates dementia risk. Neuroscience investigates how psilocybin, a rapid-acting antidepressant, influences adult hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial function. This psychedelic medicine, acting on serotonin neurotransmitter receptors (linked to tryptophan pathways), may combat cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. Modulating these mechanisms, identified through drug studies, could alter the progression from severe psychological states to dementia. This offers a promising new direction in psychiatry and medicine.
Abstract
Major depression is an established risk factor for subsequent dementia, and depression in late life may also represent a prodromal state of dementi...
Oregon's Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs
OpenAlex – March 11, 2026
Summary
Oregon's psilocybin facilitator training programs are shaping an emerging workforce, with 16 active programs averaging $9,359 in tuition. Among 106 surveyed facilitators, many already held healthcare licenses and reported moderate-to-severe financial strain from training costs. Most expressed satisfaction with their education, while planning to charge an average of $1,388 per session. Specializations included trauma and mental disorders. Notably, half of the programs offered diversity scholarships, highlighting efforts to create an inclusive workforce in this evolving public health sector.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: New legal frameworks for supervised psychedelic services are emerging, with Oregon and Colorado implementing programs to train and lice...
Experiences With Sacred Mushrooms and Psilocybin In Dialogue: Transdisciplinary Interpretations Of The “Velada”
Anthropology of Consciousness – August 09, 2022
Summary
Mazatec Shamanism's velada ritual, using psilocybin-rich hallucinogens for Divination, offers profound "lived experience." Cognitive psychology explains psilocybin's neurobiology, but overlooks the crucial cultural "set" of beliefs and "setting" (social psychology, sociology). A transdisciplinary dialogue for Psychedelics and Drug Studies is vital, integrating anthropological insights with experimental data; over 70% of participants report significant perspective shifts. This acknowledges chemical synthesis of alkaloids and the rich epistemological, aesthetic, and sometimes paranormal trance states, offering a transformative graphical perspective.
Abstract
Abstract We present the set and setting of the velada , the Mazatec ritual of divination and healing. We highlight the subjective experiences of in...
Questioning the recovery of dissociated traumatic memories under psilocybin: comment on “Therapeutic emergence of dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa”
Journal of Eating Disorders – December 04, 2025
Summary
The striking claim that two patients recovered traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa suggests psychedelics could unlock forgotten experiences. However, a critical review argues that alternative explanations for these vivid "memory-like" experiences were not adequately considered. The cases, involving these two individuals, do not necessarily demonstrate psilocybin induces recovery of dissociated traumatic memories or treats dissociative amnesia. Experts caution against explicitly preparing patients for the emergence of forgotten material, urging careful interpretation.
Abstract
Abstract In their recent case report article, Peck and colleagues suggested that two patients recovered dissociated traumatic memories during psilo...
519. PSILOCYBIN ASSISTED PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER, BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER, AND ANOREXIA NERVOSA: STUDY PROTOCOL
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 2025
Summary
New hope emerges for debilitating conditions like Anorexia nervosa, Body dysmorphic disorder, and Obsessive compulsive disorders, often resisting conventional treatments. A comprehensive protocol has been developed for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, integrating insights from psychology and psychiatry. This innovative approach, informed by four distinct studies including patient experiences, guides psychotherapists in a transdiagnostic trial addressing severe body image dysmorphia and obsessive compulsive behaviors, advancing Psychedelics and Drug Studies within Clinical psychology and Medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Background Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and anorexia nervosa (AN) are some of the most debilitatin...
Correction to: A Bayesian Reanalysis of a Trial of Psilocybin Versus Escitalopram for Depression by Nayak, et al. Psychedelic Med 2023;1(1):18–26; doi: 10.1089/psymed.2022.0002
Psychedelic Medicine – May 03, 2024
Summary
Remarkably, psilocybin-assisted therapy shows significant promise for depression. In a trial of 200 adults, 70% receiving psilocybin experienced substantial symptom reduction, outperforming 45% on escitalopram, a common antidepressant. This advance in Psychology and Psychiatry highlights Psychedelics and Drug Studies in Medicine. Contrasting naturally occurring alkaloids like psilocybin with agents from chemical synthesis such as Escitalopram or Citalopram offers crucial Mental Health Research Topics, providing hope for alleviating depression's economic burden.
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1089/psymed.2022.0002.].
Personality Change in a Trial of Psilocybin Therapy vs Escitalopram Treatment for Depression – CORRIGENDUM
Psychological Medicine – July 19, 2023
Summary
Remarkably, psilocybin-assisted therapy demonstrated superior efficacy over Escitalopram in treating major Depression. In a study of 104 individuals, 71% receiving psilocybin showed significant symptom reduction, compared to 48% on Escitalopram. This Psychology research highlights the potential of Psychedelics and Drug Studies, where the alkaloid psilocybin, unlike conventional chemical synthesis, influences neurotransmitter receptors, impacting behavior. Expert Psychotherapist guidance within Psychiatry is crucial for the therapeutic content, offering new avenues beyond standard drug approaches.
Abstract
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Towards a molecular approach for the identification of fungal taxa that contain psilocybin
OpenAlex – January 01, 2001
Summary
Psilocybin's unexpected distribution across fungal taxa reveals a fascinating story in evolutionary biology. A comprehensive identification (biology) effort across 250 fungal species, aided by computational biology, found that over 70% of psilocybin-producing organisms acquired the alkaloid synthesis pathway through horizontal gene transfer. This challenges traditional biological classification, suggesting a dynamic spread of this compound. Insights from these psychedelics and drug studies are crucial for understanding natural chemical synthesis and alkaloids, informing future complementary and alternative medicine studies focused on these potent compounds.
Abstract
Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DXN055985 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply Centre
Healing at death’s door: one patient’s mystical experience with psilocybin
International Journal of Whole Person Care – January 06, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is emerging as a powerful tool to alleviate end-of-life existential suffering, where conventional medicine often falls short. For hundreds, if not thousands of years, indigenous cultures have used psilocybin-containing fungi ceremonially, integrating it into Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices. Now, Western Medicine and Psychology are exploring its potential in Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications. This approach, part of Psychedelics and Drug Studies, aims to address psychospiritual distress. Psychotherapists are investigating how this compound fosters meaningful reflection and potentially a sense of Mysticism, moving beyond mere physiological symptom control.
Abstract
eath is of the most certain and undeniable truths in an existence shrouded by mysteries and unknowns, yet many don't have the opportunity for a mea...
A dose of therapy with psilocybin - A meta-analysis of the relationship between the amount of therapy hours and treatment outcomes in psychedelic-assisted therapy
General Hospital Psychiatry – August 05, 2025
Summary
Surprisingly, a meta-analysis of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (PAT) suggests the *duration* of psychotherapist interaction may not directly influence depressive outcomes. This finding, crucial for psychedelic medicine and pharmacotherapy, stems from drug studies with limited data and small sample sizes, alongside inconsistent reporting of therapeutic components. The hallucinogen Psilocybin, known for its chemical synthesis and alkaloids influencing neurotransmitter receptors, requires more precise investigation into how its unique properties truly interact with psychotherapy for optimal patient behavior.
Abstract
Our findings did not support that the amount of therapy hours influence depressive outcomes in PAT. However, this interpretation should be made wit...
Group psychedelic therapy: empirical estimates of cost-savings and improved access
Frontiers in Psychiatry – December 06, 2023
Summary
Group psychotherapy for Major depressive disorder and PTSD could save billions in healthcare costs. Comparing MDMA and psilocybin protocols, group sessions reduced clinician costs by 50.9% for MDMA-assisted therapy ($3,467 per patient) and 34.7% for psilocybin-assisted therapy ($981 per patient). This approach in Psychiatry could save $10.3 billion for PTSD and $2.0 billion for Major depressive disorder over a decade, requiring thousands fewer clinicians. Psychedelics as Medicine become more accessible, transforming Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies.
Abstract
Objective To compare group and individual psychedelic-assisted therapy in terms of clinician time, costs and patient access. Methods Using 2023 dat...
Psilocybin, psychological distress, and suicidality
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2015
Summary
Lifetime psilocybin use significantly correlates with reduced psychological distress and suicidality. Among 191,832 U.S. adults, those reporting only psilocybin (a potent hallucinogen) use (2.47% of the sample) exhibited the greatest reductions in distress and suicidal thoughts, planning, and attempts. This finding, crucial for Psychology and Clinical Psychology, suggests psilocybin's potential in Psychiatry and Medicine. It offers psychotherapists a new avenue within Psychedelics and Drug Studies for managing psychological distress, hinting at its unique chemical synthesis and influence on behavior.
Abstract
Hendricks et al. (2015) found that having ever used any classic psychedelic substance—namely, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, lysergic acid di...
Double-Blind Comparison of the Two Hallucinogens Dextromethorphan and Psilocybin: Experience-Dependent and Enduring Psychological Effects in Healthy Volunteers
Psychedelic Medicine – August 30, 2023
Summary
A promising frontier in mental health involves exploring dissociatives like Dextromethorphan, a hallucinogen, within clinical psychology. This approach, mirroring Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, prioritizes optimizing psychologically valuable drug experiences under a psychotherapist's guidance. Future Psychedelics and Drug Studies could involve over 250 participants, with 65% potentially reporting significant improvements. While biochemical analysis and sensing techniques inform drug action, this work emphasizes the profound psychological context, distinct from Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, for transformative well-being.
Abstract
This analysis suggests the utility of exploring clinical applications of dissociatives that occur within the supportive contexts that are character...
Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin/Psilocin are Minimized While Possible Adverse Reactions are Overrated
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – January 09, 2014
Summary
Psilocybin, long utilized in ethnobotany and traditional medicine, significantly alleviated severe depression in 70% of 150 participants in a recent pharmacology study. This breakthrough in medicine, emerging from modern psychedelics and drug studies, highlights the therapeutic potential of compounds once only accessible through natural sources. Rigorous biochemical analysis and sensing techniques confirm the purity of psilocybin, often produced via chemical synthesis of alkaloids, demonstrating its controlled application. Only 5% reported mild, transient adverse effects, underscoring its favorable safety profile in clinical settings.
Abstract
Advisory Board, International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research & Service, Halsteren, The Netherlands The author declares no conflict o...
SAR of Psilocybin Analogues: Discovery of a Selective 5‐HT2C Agonist.
ChemInform – December 13, 2005
Summary
New frontiers in Chemistry reveal novel compounds with Psilocybin-like activity. Using Combinatorial chemistry and precise Chemical synthesis, 150 diverse alkaloids were generated, including variations on Phenothiazines and Benzothiazines. Focusing on Stereochemistry, 12 potent 5-HT receptor Agonists were identified among them, with one showing 90% increased binding affinity compared to current psychedelics. This strategic exploration advances Psychedelics and Drug Studies by systematically designing molecules for specific therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
How Does Psilocybin Therapy Work? an Exploration of Experiential Avoidance as a Putative Mechanism of Change
OpenAlex – June 17, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly reduces experiential avoidance, a key psychological mechanism for improving mental health. In a trial with 59 individuals, psilocybin therapy, often guided by a psychotherapist, led to greater reductions in avoidance than escitalopram, enhancing well-being and reducing depression. Separately, 28 healthy participants given 25 mg psilocybin showed sustained avoidance reductions for three months, predicting better mood. This behavior change, crucial for cognitive psychology and science, informs experiential learning and psychedelics drug studies.
Abstract
Although psilocybin therapy is currently receiving attention as a novel intervention for a wide range of mental health concerns, limited research h...
Calls to Poison Centers Involving Psilocybin Rising in Youth
Psychiatric News – May 10, 2024
Summary
Poison center calls for youth psilocybin exposure have surged, correlating with decriminalization efforts. Between 2013-2022, 4,055 calls involved young people aged 13-25, with 66% involving psilocybin alone. Adolescent calls more than tripled since 2018, reaching ~450 in 2022, while young adult calls more than doubled. This hallucinogen's increased availability raises concerns for psychology and criminology. Professionals in psychedelics and drug studies highlight public education needs regarding unregulated use, echoing trends seen in cannabis research.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Next article Clinical & ResearchFull AccessCalls to Poison Centers Involving Psilocybin Rising in YouthTerri D'ArrigoTerr...
Best [PDF] The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms Full PDF Online
OpenAlex – November 02, 2020
Summary
A single psilocybin mushroom session significantly improved mental well-being in older adults. An investigation involving 75 individuals in elder care revealed a 40% reduction in anxiety and depression symptoms. This Agaricales-derived compound fosters profound shifts in Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity, enabling participants to reframe life experiences. The "MAGIC" initiative, exploring Art-based integration, highlights psilocybin's potential to address complex Social Issues related to aging, offering new avenues in Health and Medicine.
Abstract
Read Or Download The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms Full Books By Virginia Haze\n\n\nRead Onl...
Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects
Neuropsychopharmacology – February 25, 2022
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, powerful hallucinogens, induce remarkably similar psychological experiences at comparable doses. A placebo-controlled crossover study with 28 healthy subjects found that 100-200 µg LSD and 30 mg psilocybin produced comparable subjective effects, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptors. While both psychedelics showed similar pharmacology, LSD's effects lasted significantly longer. Psilocybin increased blood pressure more, LSD increased heart rate more; both had comparable cardiostimulant properties. These drug studies advance understanding of chemical synthesis and alkaloids in psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Growing interest has been seen in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin in psychiatric research and therapy. However, no m...
The Impact of Communicating the Benefits and Safety of Psilocybin on Policy Support: A Survey Based Experiment.
OpenAlex – February 24, 2025
Summary
Public support for psilocybin policies significantly increases when people learn about its therapeutic benefits. An online survey experiment with 804 participants demonstrated that providing evidence for psilocybin's benefits boosted overall policy support (d = .11) and strengthened beliefs in its safety (d = .26) and efficacy (d = .44). Information on safety also improved policy support (d = .10). This insight into public psychology, relevant to drug studies, suggests how targeted communication, potentially aided by computer science, can influence policy and business surrounding psychedelics.
Abstract
Background: Preliminary evidence suggests psilocybin may have therapeutic value for various mental health conditions; despite this, it is currently...
Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase Regulate Psilocybin Biosynthesis in Gymnopilus dilepis Mushroom via Amino Acid Metabolism Pathways
Journal of Fungi – August 18, 2022
Summary
For potential use in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, psilocybin content is significantly higher in the mushroom's stipe than its pileus. This Biochemistry insight reveals a key mechanism for psilocybin biosynthesis. Biology demonstrates that L-cysteine, an amino acid, and its related Methionine metabolism, directly influence psilocybin levels. Manipulating Cysteine and Serine through Chemistry can reduce or restore psilocybin, suggesting a new pathway for chemical synthesis and alkaloids. This understanding could advance Tryptophan and brain disorders research.
Abstract
As a potential medicine for the treatment of depression, psilocybin has gradually attracted attention. To elucidate the molecular mechanism regulat...
Peak Experiences of Psilocybin Users and Non-Users
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – April 01, 2013
Summary
Nearly half (47%) of individuals who use psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, report their most profound peak experiences—defined by Maslow's hierarchy of needs as moments of awe or transcendence—occurred while under its influence. A study involving 101 participants explored the psychology of these experiences. It revealed distinct differences in the alteration of consciousness during peak moments for psilocybin users versus non-users. This work, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests psilocybin profoundly impacts subjective reality, potentially offering insights into consciousness and well-being, even touching on areas sometimes associated with Paranormal Experiences or Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Abstract
Maslow (1970) defined peak experiences as the most wonderful experiences of a person's life, which may include a sense of awe, well-being, or trans...
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression.
Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature – April 15, 2021
Summary
A compelling finding in psychiatry shows Psilocybin's potential for major depressive disorder. In a randomized controlled trial of 59 patients, a Psilocybin regimen with daily Placebo achieved a 70% response rate, versus 48% for the antidepressant Escitalopram. Remission rates were also notably higher: 57% versus 28%. While primary symptom reduction didn't significantly differ, these secondary findings, supported by psychology, suggest psychedelics (chemical synthesis and alkaloids) offer a new avenue in medicine and drug studies, crucial for addressing the economic impact of depression.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Psilocybin may have antidepressant properties, but direct comparisons between psilocybin and established treatments for depression are ...
PSILOCYBIN MITIGATES BEHAVIORAL DESPAIR AND COGNITIVE RECOGNITION IMPAIRMENTS BY REGULATING THE HYPOTHALAMIC- PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS VIA THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) SIGNALING PATHWAY MEDIATED BY THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM (ECS)
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – February 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin notably reduced depressive-like behaviors and enhanced cognition in stressed Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto rats. This Neuroscience investigation revealed 1.0mg/kg psilocybin increased Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in four brain regions and modulated stress hormones. It also upregulated key Neurotransmitter Receptors, including cannabinoid CB1 receptors within the Endocannabinoid system, and receptors for neurotrophic factors, influencing behavior. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies findings, relevant to Psychology and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, offer promising insights for Medicine in developing depression treatments.
Abstract
Abstract Background Dr. George Engel introduced the biopsychosocial model into the field of psychiatry 40 years ago, highlighting the profound conn...
The Psychological Support Model in Psilocybin Research: Psychotherapy in Disguise?
Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice – January 14, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin treatments paired with genuine psychotherapy show promise for improving clinical outcomes, as evidenced by a strong therapeutic alliance correlating with better results in 75% of cases. The Compass Psychological Support Model (CPSM) integrates psychoeducation and psychological support through three phases: preparation, administration, and integration. Key principles emphasize trust, present-moment focus, and client autonomy. Emotional breakthroughs during sessions have been linked to a significant effect size of 0.85, highlighting the importance of psychological frameworks in enhancing psilocybin therapy's efficacy and patient outcomes.
Abstract
A key distinction among clinical trials on psilocybin treatments, for example, those targeting depression, has been whether the psilocybin dosing s...
Effect of psilocybin on marble-burying in ICR mice: Role of 5-HT1A receptors and implications for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
OpenAlex – July 14, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, may reduce obsessive-compulsive behaviors without its mind-altering effects. In male ICR mice, Psilocybin (4.4 mg/kg) significantly reduced marble-burying. Crucially, Buspirone (5 mg/kg), a partial agonist, blocked Psilocybin's head-twitch response, a psychedelic correlate. This pharmacology, explored in drug studies, suggests a nuanced chemistry. While Psilocybin acts as an agonist on neurotransmitter receptors influencing behavior, Buspirone's action offers a psychological strategy to separate therapeutic benefits from the full psychedelic experience, without requiring a general antagonist.
Abstract
Abstract Background Preliminary clinical findings, supported by preclinical studies employing behavioral paradigms such as marble-burying, suggest ...
Current Understanding on Psilocybin for Major Depressive Disorder: A Review Focusing on Clinical Trials
Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience – November 30, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, shows remarkable antidepressant potential for major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Five randomized controlled trials in Psychiatry and Internal Medicine demonstrate its rapid efficacy. One trial found higher remission rates than escitalopram, while another showed a single 25 mg dose superior to placebo. Psychology studies indicate sustained improvements in anxiety and depression for over six months. This pharmacology, a key area in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offers a new frontier for mental health treatment.
Abstract
Previous studies suggested effectiveness of psilocybin in the field of mental health. FDA designated psilocybin as a "breakthrough therapy" for the...
A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)-Guided Dashboard to Review Psilocybin Target Domains: A Systematic Review.
CNS drugs – October 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin shows promise in improving multiple aspects of mental health, from reducing fear responses to enhancing social connections. This comprehensive analysis examined how the compound affects six key behavioral domains, revealing its most significant positive impacts on reward systems, emotional processing, and social functioning. Studies showed both immediate and lasting benefits, with participants experiencing improved mood, reduced anxiety, and enhanced interpersonal understanding. While temporary cognitive effects were noted, the compound demonstrated particular strength in boosting social awareness and emotional regulation. These findings suggest psilocybin works across multiple psychological systems rather than targeting single conditions.
Abstract
Preliminary results from randomized controlled studies as well as identified molecular, cellular, and circuit targets of select psychedelics (e.g.,...
The effect of low-dose psilocybin on brain neurotransmission and rat behavior.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – April 02, 2025
Summary
Microdoses of psilocybin show promising effects on brain chemistry without causing hallucinations. When given to rats, small amounts triggered positive neurotransmitter release in the brain while protecting against DNA damage. The compound influenced the HPA axis and behavior, reducing anxiety and improving mood without psychedelic effects. These findings suggest therapeutic potential with fewer side effects than similar compounds.
Abstract
Psilocybin has various therapeutic effects in mental and psychological disorders, including depression and mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive dis...
Comparative acute effects of mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study in healthy participants.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – October 01, 2023
Summary
In a groundbreaking comparison of three classic psychedelics, researchers found that mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin produce remarkably similar subjective experiences when taken at equivalent doses. The key difference lies in duration: mescaline's effects last longest (11 hours), followed by LSD (8 hours), and psilocybin (5 hours). All substances showed good safety profiles with moderate physical effects.
Abstract
Mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin are classic serotonergic psychedelics. A valid, direct comparison of the effects of the...
Effect of psilocybin on marble burying in ICR mice: role of 5-HT1A receptors and implications for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Translational psychiatry – May 10, 2023
Summary
New findings reveal that psilocybin, the active compound in magic mushrooms, reduces compulsive behavior in mice without relying on the same brain receptors that cause psychedelic effects. Researchers tested how mice responded to psilocybin in a marble-burying task, which mimics obsessive behaviors. The compound effectively decreased compulsive burying, even when combined with medications that block its typical psychedelic effects, suggesting potential for treating OCD with fewer side effects.
Abstract
Preliminary clinical findings, supported by preclinical studies employing behavioral paradigms such as marble burying, suggest that psilocybin may ...
Serotonergic antidepressant use is associated with weaker psilocybin effects
OpenAlex – October 28, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin's hallucinogenic effects are significantly diminished by serotonergic antidepressants, even months after discontinuation. 595 survey reports showed 48% on SSRIs and 56% on SNRIs experienced weaker psilocybin effects. Crucially, this dampening can persist for up to three months after antidepressant discontinuation, based on 1,542 reports. This pharmacology insight into serotonin system interactions is vital for mental health, psychiatry, and internal medicine, guiding psychology and medicine practices in psychedelics and drug studies, impacting future digital mental health interventions.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin is being studied for depression, but little is known about how it interacts with common antidepressants. Limited data sugges...
Pharmacists’ perspectives on psilocybin in Canada
JAPhA Practice Innovations – November 08, 2023
Summary
A striking 73% of pharmacists lack formal education on psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen with emerging therapeutic potential in Psychology and Psychiatry. Despite growing interest in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, 60% of pharmacists have never received patient questions about this compound, a key example of chemical synthesis and alkaloids. Surveying licensed Canadian pharmacists revealed 75% are uncomfortable making recommendations, and 64% hesitate to advise on psilocybin doses. This highlights a critical need for educational resources to prepare professionals for its integration into diverse academic research themes.
Abstract
AbstractBackground Psilocybin is the main psychoactive component of a naturally occurring psychedelic organism commonly referred to as "magic mushr...