1286 results for "MDMA"
MDMA‐evoked changes in [11C]raclopride and [11C]NMSP binding in living pig brain
Synapse – July 14, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly alters dopamine receptor availability, reducing binding potential by 35% and 22% in the striatum during PET scans at 45 and 165 minutes post-infusion, respectively. In contrast, the butyrophenone [11C]NMSP showed a striking 30% decrease in the first scan and 50% in the second. These findings highlight MDMA's unique ability to simultaneously release dopamine and serotonin, influencing neurotransmitter receptor dynamics and behavior. The study involved living pigs, providing insights into neuropharmacology and forensic toxicology related to MDMA effects.
Abstract
Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) studies with radiolabeled dopamine D 2 ‐like receptor ligands reveal d ‐amphetamine‐evoked increases in...
Effects of acute social stress on the conditioned place preference induced by MDMA in adolescent and adult mice
Behavioural Pharmacology – September 01, 2014
Summary
Social defeat stress significantly reduces the rewarding effects of MDMA in adult male mice. In a study involving 80 mice, adults exposed to social defeat showed no preference for MDMA in a conditioned place preference test, unlike their adolescent counterparts. Adult mice also exhibited elevated corticosterone levels, indicating heightened stress response, while adolescents remained unaffected behaviorally. Interestingly, social defeat did not alter the anxiogenic or motor effects of MDMA. These findings highlight how social stress can influence drug reward sensitivity across developmental stages.
Abstract
Exposure to social defeat stress increases the rewarding effects of psychostimulants in animal models, but its effect on 3,4-methylenedioxymethylam...
Role of α1‐ and β3‐adrenoceptors in the modulation by SR59230A of the effects of MDMA on body temperature in the mouse
British Journal of Pharmacology – April 30, 2009
Summary
MDMA can raise body temperature by 1.8°C in mice, but the β3-adrenoceptor antagonist SR59230A shows promise in moderating this effect. In a study with 20 mg/kg of MDMA, a low dose of SR59230A (0.5 mg/kg) reduced hyperthermia slightly, while a high dose (5 mg/kg) led to notable hypothermia. This hypothermic response mirrored that of the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, indicating that SR59230A primarily influences MDMA's temperature effects through α1-adrenoceptor antagonism, alongside potential β3-adrenoceptor involvement.
Abstract
Background and purpose: We have investigated the ability of the β 3 ‐adrenoceptor antagonist 1‐(2‐ethylphenoxy)‐3‐[[(1S)‐1,2,3,4,‐tetrahydro‐1‐naph...
Post-traumatic stress disorder in psychedelic research.
International review of neurobiology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Remarkably, psychedelic-assisted therapy is showing profound promise for individuals with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) who haven't responded to traditional trauma-focused therapy. Research highlights MDMA-assisted psychotherapy as particularly effective, demonstrating substantial, sustained reductions in PTSD symptoms. This approach, also exploring psilocybin and ketamine, appears to enhance traumatic memory processing through specific neurobiological mechanisms. Positive results suggest MDMA-assisted therapy offers a powerful new avenue for healing.
Abstract
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric condition that develops after exposure to trauma such as combat, natural disasters, o...
MDMA enhances positive affective responses to social feedback.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – March 01, 2024
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The prosocial compound ± 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine derivative that has shown promise as an adjunct to psychotherap...
Demographic and health characteristics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine users (MDMA, ecstasy).
Psychiatria polska – October 31, 2022
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
MDMA is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Clinical studies are currently being conducted around the world on the use of this substa...
Co-use of MDMA with psilocybin/LSD may buffer against challenging experiences and enhance positive experiences
Scientific Reports – August 22, 2023
Summary
Combining MDMA with the hallucinogens Psilocybin or Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may significantly reduce challenging experiences like grief. In a sample of 698 individuals, 27 co-used these psychedelics, reporting less intense fear and grief, alongside increased self-compassion, love, and gratitude, compared to using Psilocybin/LSD alone. This finding, relevant to clinical psychology and psychiatry, suggests MDMA, a product of chemical synthesis, could enhance therapeutic applications of these compounds. Such insights from drug studies could inform complementary medicine approaches.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) experiences can range from very positive to highly challenging (e.g., fear, grief, and par...
A Multimodal Preclinical Assessment of MDMA in Female and Male Rats: Prohedonic, Cognition Disruptive, and Prosocial Effects.
Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) – June 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA shows promise in treating anhedonia - the reduced ability to feel pleasure - with interesting differences between male and female rats. The drug increased reward sensitivity and enhanced social behavior in males, while also temporarily affecting memory and attention when tested using touchscreen cognition tasks. These effects were short-lived, lasting less than 24 hours.
Abstract
Frontline antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) leave many patients with unmet treatment needs. Moreover, even wh...
Cognitive functioning associated with acute and subacute effects of classic psychedelics and MDMA - a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Scientific reports – June 26, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics and MDMA affect brain function differently: while psychedelics temporarily impact attention and decision-making, MDMA mainly affects memory. During the "afterglow" period following psychedelic use, people often experience enhanced creativity and mental clarity. These findings help explain how these substances work therapeutically and highlight their distinct cognitive effects.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics and MDMA have a colorful history of recreational use, and both have recently been re-evaluated as tools for the treatment of p...
Effects of MDMA on socioemotional feelings, authenticity, and autobiographical disclosure in healthy volunteers in a controlled setting
OpenAlex – June 23, 2015
Summary
MDMA profoundly alters social psychology, offering unique insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. A 1.5 mg/kg dose significantly increased feelings of authenticity and comfort in disclosing emotional memories, despite some self-reported anxiety. This prosocial effect, observed in a controlled setting, decreased concerns about negative social evaluation. Such changes in emotional processing and disclosure are relevant to developmental psychology and understanding socioemotional selectivity theory, as well as potential applications for mental health via writing. This distinct psychological profile sets MDMA apart from substances like cannabis.
Abstract
Abstract The drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”, “molly”) is a widely used illicit drug and experimental adjunct to psychother...
MDMA and psilocybin regulate oligodendrocyte-lineage cell numbers and anxiety-like behaviors in a rat model of fear.
Biological psychiatry – February 03, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA significantly reduce fear-related behaviors, acting through brain changes. In a study with 210 rats, these compounds promoted oligodendrocyte plasticity and myelination, crucial for brain function. Psilocybin specifically induced oligodendrogenesis, while MDMA enhanced mature myelin markers. Disrupting myelin abolished the anxiety reduction, highlighting how these psychedelics remodel brain circuitry. This suggests enhancing myelination could boost their therapeutic power for conditions like PTSD.
Abstract
Psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produce rapid, enduring therapeutic effects in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); howev...
The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents*
Addiction – July 08, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, was first synthesized at Merck in 1912 but was never intended as an appetite suppressant. An analysis of historical documents from Merck’s archives revealed that between 1900 and 1960, there were no plans for such a drug. MDMA was merely a precursor in synthesizing haemostatic substances, with its pharmacological effects studied in 1927 and 1959 but not on humans. This investigation highlights how misinformation can arise from uncritical repetition of claims in medical literature.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Little is known about the origin of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy). The most commonly repeated statement in the ...
Superoxide radicals mediate the biochemical effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): Evidence from using CuZn‐superoxide dismutase transgenic mice
Synapse – October 01, 1995
Summary
MDMA significantly decreases dopamine levels in non-transgenic mice, with a 50 mg/kg dose leading to reductions in striatal dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) by 24 hours and two weeks post-injection. In contrast, homozygous superoxide dismutase (SOD) transgenic mice showed no depletion at either time point. A three-dose schedule also reduced dopamine in non-transgenic females but not in SOD mice. These findings highlight the role of superoxide radicals in MDMA's neurotoxic effects, emphasizing the importance of genetic factors in drug response.
Abstract
Abstract The subacute and long‐term biochemical effects of methylenedioxymeth‐amphetamine (MDMA) were assessed in homozygous and heterozygous trans...
(+/–)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Dose-Dependently Impairs Spatial Learning in the Morris Water Maze after Exposure of Rats to Different Five-Day Intervals from Birth to Postnatal Day Twenty
Developmental Neuroscience – January 01, 2009
Summary
MDMA exposure during specific postnatal periods significantly impairs learning abilities in young animals. In a study with pups receiving doses of 10 to 25 mg/kg, those treated from postnatal days 11-20 exhibited reduced locomotor activity and impaired allocentric learning in the Morris water maze, affecting both acquisition and reversal tasks. Notably, the highest dose groups showed pronounced deficits. In contrast, no adverse effects were observed on anxiety or egocentric learning, highlighting distinct sensitivities to MDMA based on timing and type of learning.
Abstract
During postnatal days (PD) 11–20, (+/–)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatment impairs egocentric and allocentric learning, and reduces ...
Treatment of neuropathic pain with repeated low-dose MDMA: a case report.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking case shows how MDMA microdosing provided lasting relief for severe chronic pain. After traditional treatments failed, doctors explored psychedelic-assisted therapy, first with LSD then with MDMA. Small, repeated doses of MDMA significantly reduced the patient's neuropathic pain, with benefits persisting even after treatment ended. This suggests promising limited medical use for MDMA in pain management.
Abstract
A 64-year-old male patient who suffered from traumatic life experiences and neuropathic pain after oncological chemotherapy was treated with medium...
Role of the endocannabinoid system in MDMA intracerebral self‐administration in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – August 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA self-administration in rats revealed compelling results, with lever pressings for MDMA increasing significantly, except at the highest dose. In a sample of 32 rats, combining CP 55,940 with MDMA reduced lever pressings by 30% compared to administering each drug alone. Notably, pre-treatment with SR 141716A boosted MDMA self-administration by 40%. These findings indicate that the endocannabinoid system plays a crucial role in regulating MDMA behavior, highlighting its potential implications for understanding drug interactions in pharmacology and psychology.
Abstract
I.c.v. self‐administration of MDMA (0.01–2 μg per infusion), alone and in combination with CP 55,940 (0.4 μg infusion −1 ), was studied on an opera...
Exploring the impact of MDMA and oxytocin ligands on anxiety and social responses: A comprehensive behavioural and molecular study in the zebrafish model.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – April 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known for boosting social connection, shows promise in treating anxiety disorders through its interaction with the brain's oxytocin system. In zebrafish tests, low doses of MDMA reduced anxiety behavior and increased social interaction. The drug worked by adjusting key brain chemicals and hormones, particularly boosting oxytocin receptor activity while decreasing stress responses. These findings reveal how MDMA's unique effects could help people with social and anxiety challenges.
Abstract
Mental disorders, including anxiety and depression, impact nearly 1 billion people worldwide. Recent research has highlighted the potential of cert...
Neuropsychological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) in recreational users.
The Clinical neuropsychologist – November 01, 2003
Summary
Surprisingly, recreational MDMA use may not broadly impair cognitive function. A comparison of users and non-users found no significant differences in overall thinking skills. However, the investigation revealed that individuals with more extensive MDMA exposure showed declines in nonverbal memory. Specifically, those using ecstasy 50 or more times exhibited lower scores on visual memory tests. This suggests that while many cognitive areas remain unaffected, heavy use may selectively impact visual recall.
Abstract
While neuropsychological studies on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) users have been emerging, results have been inconsistent, p...
Mephedrone, compared with MDMA (ecstasy) and amphetamine, rapidly increases both dopamine and 5-HT levels in nucleus accumbens of awake rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – May 26, 2011
Summary
Mephedrone dramatically boosts dopamine levels, increasing them by 496% in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats, surpassing MDMA's 235% and amphetamine's 412%. While mephedrone also elevates serotonin levels to 941%, MDMA closely follows at 911%. The elimination half-life for dopamine spikes is notably shorter for mephedrone (25 minutes) compared to MDMA (303 minutes) and amphetamine (51 minutes). Despite lower locomotor activity increases, mephedrone exhibits potent reinforcing properties akin to MDMA and amphetamine, highlighting its significant neurochemical impact.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The designer drug 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methylaminopropan-1-one (4-methylmethcathinone, mephedrone) is reported to possess p...
Mood and cognitive effects of ± 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’): week‐end ‘high’ followed by mid‐week low
Addiction – July 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA users experienced a notable mood decline, with 58% scoring in the clinical depression range by day five after use. In a study of 24 participants, those who took MDMA reported elevated mood on the first day but significant low mood later, contrasting with alcohol users who exhibited less severe fluctuations. Additionally, MDMA users demonstrated impairments in attention and working memory compared to their alcohol-consuming counterparts. These findings highlight potential risks associated with recreational MDMA use, particularly regarding serotonin depletion and psychological effects.
Abstract
Abstract Aims. Recreational use of ± 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) is widespread. The present study aimed to examine both the...
Determination of MDMA and its Metabolites in Blood and Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Analysis of Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2002
Summary
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method effectively quantified MDMA and its metabolites in plasma and urine after administering 100 mg of MDMA to healthy volunteers. Analytes were measured within ranges of 25-400 ng/mL for MDMA and HMMA, and 2.5-40 ng/mL for MDA and HMA. Additionally, a capillary electrophoresis method achieved enantiomeric resolution, with calibration curves showing linearity between 125-2000 ng/mL for MDMA. Stereoselective disposition was confirmed, revealing intriguing patterns in metabolite behavior, particularly HMMA’s consistent enantiomer ratio.
Abstract
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used for the simultaneous quantitation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and th...
Enantioselective degradation of amphetamine-like environmental micropollutants (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA and MDA) in urban water
Environmental Pollution – May 13, 2016
Summary
Stereoselective degradation of amphetamine-based drugs during wastewater treatment reveals significant findings: in controlled experiments, 100% of MDMA and methamphetamine showed limited stereoselectivity, while S-(+)-enantiomers were preferentially biodegraded. Amphetamine was the most susceptible to degradation, followed by MDMA and methamphetamine. Notably, R-(-)-enantiomers proved more resistant. Activated sludge enriched racemic MDMA with R-(-)-enantiomer, leading to S-(+)-MDA formation. Environmental differences in microbial communities resulted in only mild stereoselectivity for MDMA degradation in rivers, highlighting the complexities of pharmaceutical impacts on ecosystems.
Abstract
This paper aims to understand enantioselective transformation of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) and MDA (3...
Concentrations and Ratios of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, and MDEA Enantiomers Determined in Plasma Samples from Clinical Toxicology and Driving Under the Influence of Drugs Cases by GC-NICI-MS*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – November 01, 2003
Summary
Different enantiomers of drugs like MDMA and methamphetamine have distinct effects, impacting forensic toxicology interpretations. In a study analyzing plasma samples, 200 cases were examined, revealing that most enantiomer concentrations were significantly lower in screening samples compared to intoxication and driving under the influence (DUID) cases. Notably, DUID samples had higher levels of amphetamine. The elimination half-lives for MDMA were found to be 6.0 hours for R-(-)-MDMA and 4.1 hours for S-(+)-MDMA, indicating how quickly these substances leave the body.
Abstract
Enantiomers of amphetamine (AM), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methy...
Early loss of dopaminergic terminals in striosomes after MDMA administration to mice
Synapse – October 25, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts the brain's striatum, particularly affecting dopamine levels. In a study involving mice, those treated with MDMA exhibited a 40% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter immunostaining in the striatum compared to controls. Notably, this neurotoxic effect was more severe in the striosomes—specific areas within the striatum—suggesting they are more vulnerable to MDMA’s damaging effects. These findings highlight the differential susceptibility of brain compartments to drugs like MDMA, shedding light on its long-term consequences.
Abstract
Abstract The amphetamine analogue 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “Ecstasy”) is a popular drug of abuse which causes different neurotoxi...
Recreational 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’ and self-focused compassion: Preliminary steps in the development of a therapeutic psychopharmacology of contemplative practices
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 18, 2015
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly enhances self-compassion and reduces self-criticism in users. In a study of 50 recreational users, those who took MDMA showed a 30% increase in self-compassion and a 25% decrease in self-criticism compared to non-users. Additionally, compassionate imagery techniques produced similar pro-social effects. Notably, individuals with higher avoidant attachment experienced even greater benefits from combining MDMA use with compassionate imagery. These findings align with MDMA's potential role in psychotherapy, particularly for fostering positive intrapersonal attitudes.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxy- N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) produces diverse pro-social effects. Cognitive training methods rooted in Eastern contemplative prac...
3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) administration to rats decreases brain tissue serotonin but not serotonin transporter protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein
Synapse – July 14, 2004
Summary
MDMA administration led to a significant 50% reduction in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the cortex, hippocampus, and caudate of male rats. Interestingly, despite this drop in serotonin, there was no notable change in the expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a neurotoxicity marker. In contrast, 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) resulted in over 90% depletion of serotonin and a 20-35% decrease in SERT levels, alongside a 30-39% increase in GFAP, indicating potential neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
Abstract Previous experiments conducted in this laboratory showed that administration of high‐dose D‐fenfluramine (D‐FEN) and p‐chloroamphetamine (...
Adverse events associated with classic psychedelics and MDMA: a real-world population-based study using the WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase)
Psychiatry Research – December 29, 2025
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and MDMA (Ecstasy) carry significant risks for substance abuse and addiction, a global pharmacovigilance analysis reveals. This exploratory research on 2056 adverse effect reports (1573 MDMA, 394 LSD, 56 Psilocybin, 15 Mescaline) found psychiatric issues most common. LSD showed 215-fold increased odds for substance dependence, and MDMA 129-fold for substance use disorder, versus acetaminophen. Overdoses were rare (1.1-1.7%). This informs medicine and psychiatry on recreational drug safety, particularly for hallucinogens.
Abstract
Psychedelic use has greatly increased within clinical and recreational settings over recent years. While demonstrating a favorable safety profile w...
Cognitive performance in recreational users of MDMA or 'ecstasy': evidence for memory deficits
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Regular MDMA users recalled significantly fewer words than non-users, highlighting potential cognitive impairments. In a study of 30 young adults, including 10 frequent MDMA users (10+ times), 10 novice users (1-9 times), and 10 controls, both user groups showed reduced performance in immediate and delayed word recall compared to controls. While response speed and vigilance measures were similar across all groups, these findings align with animal studies indicating that MDMA may cause serotonergic neurodegeneration, particularly affecting memory-related brain areas like the hippocampus.
Abstract
Cognitive task performance was assessed in three groups of young people: 10 regular users of 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) who had take...
Is MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) Neurotoxic in Humans? An Overview of Evidence and of Methodological Problems in Research
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, raises significant concerns regarding neurotoxicity in humans. Evidence from various studies indicates that users may experience psychological and somatic symptoms linked to MDMA consumption. For instance, neurobiological research highlights changes in neurotransmitter receptor activity, while psychiatric evaluations show increased risks of mental health issues among users. The findings stem from diverse methodologies, complicating causal interpretations. With sample sizes varying widely, the implications for human health are substantial, urging a cautious approach towards MDMA use in both recreational and clinical contexts.
Abstract
Evidence from research with a range of animal species, from rodents to non-human primates, has shown that MDMA (±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)...
Ecstasy (MDMA) in Recreational Users: Self-Reported Psychological and Physiological Effects
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – May 01, 1997
Summary
Twenty recreational drug users, aged 18-31, shared their experiences with MDMA. Among them, 25% reported negative experiences, or "bad trips." Participants noted increased elation (90%), energy (85%), and mental confusion (70%) while under the influence, alongside physiological effects like a faster heart rate and dilated pupils. Coming down from MDMA resulted in lethargy and irritability for many. Interestingly, regular users felt their first experience was the most intense, suggesting that knowledge influences later trips rather than diminishing drug response, contributing to MDMA's low addiction potential.
Abstract
Twenty recreational drug users were asked to describe the psychological and physiological effects they experienced under MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxyme...
Dissociable Effects of a Single Dose of Ecstasy (MDMA) on Psychomotor Skills and Attentional Performance
Journal of Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2003
Summary
A single dose of MDMA (75 mg) enhanced psychomotor performance in twelve healthy recreational users, improving movement speed and tracking in both single and divided attention tasks. However, it also impaired the ability to predict object movement during divided attention, raising concerns about driving safety. While MDMA showed no impact on visual search, planning, or memory retrieval, these findings suggest potential risks associated with MDMA use in real-world situations where cognitive demands are high. The study highlights the complex effects of this popular psychoactive substance.
Abstract
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) is a psychoactive recreational drug widely used by young people visiting dance parties, and has b...
Implications of mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2D6 for the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 20, 2006
Summary
A typical recreational dose of MDMA can inactivate over 90% of hepatic CYP2D6 within one hour, with recovery taking at least 10 days. This finding challenges previous assumptions about the genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 and its role in MDMA pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity risk. In a model incorporating physiological drug metabolism components, plasma concentration profiles were effectively predicted, revealing that inherited CYP2D6 deficiency may not significantly influence the likelihood of acute MDMA intoxication, aligning with clinical observations.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to model the in vivo kinetic consequences of mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) of CYP2D6 by 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetam...
The abused drug MDMA (Ecstasy) induces programmed death of human serotonergic cells
The FASEB Journal – February 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, has been shown to induce programmed cell death in human serotonergic JAR cells, with significant alterations in the cell cycle and DNA fragmentation observed. In experiments, MDMA caused a 50% increase in G2/M phase arrest, highlighting its cytotoxic effects. Unlike nonserotonergic NMB cells, JAR cells exhibited this apoptosis, suggesting a specific vulnerability related to serotonin. The findings emphasize the potential long-term neuropsychiatric risks associated with MDMA use in humans, particularly regarding serotonin-related functions.
Abstract
The widely abused amphetamine analog 3,4‐methylenecdioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, also called “ecstasy”) induces hallucination and psychostimulation, ...
The effect of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ?ecstasy?) and its metabolites on neurohypophysial hormone release from the isolated rat hypothalamus
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly stimulates the release of vasopressin and oxytocin, two crucial neuropeptides. In experiments with male Wistar rats (n=5-8), HMMA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine) was found to be the most potent, increasing vasopressin release from a baseline ratio of 1.1 to 2.7 at 10 nM. MDMA also elevated vasopressin levels, showing a ratio increase from 1.5 at the same concentration. These findings highlight the complex interactions between MDMA and neuroendocrine regulation, with implications for understanding its effects on behavior and physiology.
Abstract
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”), widely used as a recreational drug, can produce hyponatraemia. The possibility that this could res...
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in MDMA Users and Controls: Association with Decision Making
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA users exhibited notable changes in brain structure, specifically a smaller longitudinal diffusivity (lambda(1)) in the rostral body of the corpus callosum compared to 20 healthy controls. In a sample of 12 MDMA users, this group also reported higher impulsiveness, with significant correlations between lambda(1) and advantageous choices on the Iowa Gambling Task. These findings suggest that MDMA may influence decision-making processes and brain connectivity, highlighting potential implications for psychology and psychiatry regarding substance use and cognitive function.
Abstract
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) may provide information regarding effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use on brain structure. Twelve...
Self‐administered MDMA produces dose‐ and time‐dependent serotonin deficits in the rat brain
Addiction Biology – September 28, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA can lead to significant reductions in serotonin levels, with deficits of 30-35% observed in the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus after self-administration. In a study involving animals, participants self-administered either 165 or 315 mg/kg of MDMA, with tissue analyses conducted 2 or 10 weeks later. Importantly, lower doses did not impact serotonin levels, indicating that the extent and timing of MDMA exposure play critical roles in its effects on neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use and abuse have been increasing worldwide. Of concern, exposure to high doses of MDMA decrease...
Acute psychomotor, memory and subjective effects of MDMA and THC co-administration over time in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 03, 2010
Summary
Co-administration of MDMA and THC significantly enhances the subjective effects of each drug without worsening cognitive impairment. In a study involving 16 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 27, THC produced greater cognitive deficits than MDMA alone. However, when combined, the desired effects of MDMA were amplified, leading to increased perceptions of drug strength. This finding sheds light on why many young people in Western societies choose to mix these substances, despite potential risks associated with their combined use.
Abstract
In Western societies a considerable percentage of young people expose themselves to the combination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘...
Damage of serotonergic axons and immunolocalization of Hsp27, Hsp72, and Hsp90 molecular chaperones after a single dose of MDMA administration in Dark Agouti rat: Temporal, spatial, and cellular patterns
The Journal of Comparative Neurology – January 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly disrupts the serotonergic system, with notable effects observed in the hippocampus. In a study involving Dark Agouti rats, a dose-dependent increase in Hsp27-immunoreactive astrocytes was found in cortical regions three days post-treatment, while a marked reduction in serotonergic axon density was noted across all areas. Notably, strong Hsp72-positive neurons emerged only after administering 30 mg/kg MDMA. These findings highlight differential astroglial responses and suggest that the hippocampus CA1 region is particularly vulnerable to MDMA's biochemical effects.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") causes long-term disturbance of the serotonergic system. We examined the temporal, spatial, and...
MDMA Induces Caspase‐3 Activation in the Limbic System but not in Striatum
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA significantly activates the caspase-3 enzyme in key brain regions, notably the amygdala and hippocampus, indicating a heightened vulnerability to cell death within these limbic structures. In a study involving chronic MDMA users, memory loss and cognitive impairment were observed alongside persistent changes in brain activity. While the striatum and frontal cortex showed no changes, the findings highlight the potential risks of MDMA use on critical areas related to emotion and memory, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract: Several studies, carried out in chronic (+/−) 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abusers, have shown memory loss and cognitive impa...
Pharmacological effects of methylone and MDMA in humans
Frontiers in Pharmacology – February 17, 2023
Summary
Methylone, a synthetic cathinone akin to MDMA, has been shown to significantly elevate blood pressure and heart rate while inducing feelings of euphoria and enhanced empathy. In a controlled trial with 17 participants, both methylone (200 mg) and MDMA (100 mg) produced similar pleasurable effects, although methylone had a faster onset and shorter duration. This suggests that the abuse potential of methylone closely mirrors that of MDMA, highlighting its relevance in discussions of psychostimulants and their effects on human behavior.
Abstract
Methylone is one of the most common synthetic cathinones popularized as a substitute for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, midomafetamine) o...
A PET study of effects of chronic 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) on serotonin markers in Göttingen minipig brain
Synapse – April 05, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly decreases serotonin transporter levels in the brains of Göttingen minipigs. Following administration of over 20 mg/kg MDMA, a notable 32% reduction in serotonin transporters was observed in key brain regions, with telencephalic structures showing a striking 53% decrease. Despite these changes, the number of serotonin-positive neurons remained stable at around 95,000 in treated animals. Interestingly, no consistent alterations were found in serotonin 5HT1A receptor binding, highlighting complex neurochemical interactions following MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Abstract The psychostimulant 3,4‐methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) evokes degeneration of telencephalic serotonin innervations in rode...
The early use of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) in psychotherapy (1977–1985)
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2018
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, gained traction in the 1970s as a therapeutic tool, utilized by about 50 psychotherapists in the U.S. before its legal status changed in 1985. This feeling-enhancing substance, unlike traditional hallucinogens, was found to foster emotional connections during therapy sessions. The techniques developed during this period laid the foundation for later scientific studies on MDMA's therapeutic potential, contributing to a resurgence in psycholytic and psychedelic therapy practices worldwide, influencing both psychiatry and drug studies.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as ecstasy, was first synthesized in 1912 but first reached widespread popularity as a legal a...
Recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’: evidence for cognitive impairment
Psychological Medicine – May 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA users demonstrate notable impairments in verbal memory, with 80 participants revealing that novice, regular, and abstaining users performed significantly worse on verbal fluency and prose recall compared to non-users. Specifically, these groups accounted for nearly half of the variance in delayed recall scores based on days since last use and total lifetime consumption. Interestingly, no differences were found in visual recall or reversed digit span, indicating that while verbal memory suffers, visual cognitive functions remain intact among MDMA users.
Abstract
Background. It has recently been shown that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’ causes long-lasting alterations to brain structur...
Persistent MDMA‐induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice
Journal of Neurochemistry – September 24, 2008
Summary
MDMA (ecstasy) significantly reduces dopamine levels in the striatum and leads to a notable loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra. In a study involving mice, a 50% decrease in TH-immunoreactivity was observed one day after administration, persisting for at least 30 days. Interestingly, no changes occurred in the nucleus accumbens, indicating selective neurotoxicity along the nigrostriatal pathway. Additionally, markers of inflammation increased post-treatment, highlighting the complex interplay between MDMA and dopaminergic systems in the midbrain.
Abstract
Abstract Acute administration of repeated doses of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) dramatically reduces striatal dopamine (DA) co...
Serotonin–GABA interactions modulate MDMA‐induced mesolimbic dopamine release
Journal of Neurochemistry – October 27, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts serotonin levels, with a remarkable 1037% increase in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) at a 5 mg/kg dose. This surge in serotonin correlates with a substantial rise in dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens, peaking at 1320%. Additionally, GABA efflux in the VTA increased by up to 229%, influenced by serotonin receptor activity. The selective dopamine releaser d-amphetamine also elevated GABA levels by 180% but did not affect serotonin, highlighting complex interactions among neurotransmitters during MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4,‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) acts at monoamine nerve terminals to alter the release and re‐uptake of dopamine and ...
Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Electron-Impact Mass Spectrometry with Cryofocusing for Simultaneous Quantification of MDMA, MDA, HMMA, HMA, and MDEA in Human Plasma
Clinical Chemistry – December 19, 2007
Summary
A groundbreaking gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method achieved impressive detection limits for MDMA and its metabolites in human plasma, with quantification as low as 1.0 μg/L for MDA and 2.5 μg/L for MDMA. The study analyzed a sample of 66 exogenous compounds, finding no interference with analyte quantification. Extraction efficiencies were consistently high, averaging over 85%, while calibration curves demonstrated strong linearity (r² > 0.997). This innovative approach enhances forensic toxicology and could be adapted for various complex matrices in analytical chemistry.
Abstract
Abstract Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or Ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug. Analysis of MDMA and metabolites in human...
Effects of MDMA and MDA on Brain Serotonin Neurons: Evidence from Neurochemical and Autoradiographic Studies
PsycEXTRA Dataset – January 01, 1989
Summary
Widespread and long-lasting degeneration of serotonin neurons occurs after administering MDMA, with effects persisting for up to a year. In studies involving various animal species, including primates, the severity of this neurotoxicity is linked to both dose and frequency. Notably, a serotonin uptake blocker can prevent these neurodegenerative effects, indicating the role of MDMA's active uptake. While serotonin uptake sites in specific brain regions are significantly reduced, areas containing serotonin cell bodies remain relatively intact, suggesting targeted neuroanatomical impacts.
Abstract
The data presented in this chapter provide strong evidence, from both neurochemical and neuroanatomical studies, demonstrating that, following in v...
Vascular actions of MDMA involve α1 and α2‐adrenoceptors in the anaesthetized rat
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, or ‘ecstasy,’ significantly impacts blood pressure in rats. When administered at 5 mg/kg, it initially raises diastolic blood pressure (DBP), with the response influenced by α1- and α2-adrenoceptors. Notably, prazosin (0.1 mg/kg) reduced this pressor response, while methoxyidazoxan (0.1 mg/kg) and cocaine (10 mg/kg) enhanced the depressor effects. The combination of methoxyidazoxan and cocaine showed the most substantial reduction in DBP. These findings highlight complex interactions between neurotransmitter receptors affecting cardiovascular responses to MDMA.
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’), i.v., on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in pithed and pentobar...
Concomitant drugs associated with increased mortality for MDMA users reported in a drug safety surveillance database
Scientific Reports – March 16, 2021
Summary
MDMA, currently under FDA evaluation for PTSD treatment, has been linked to increased death risks when combined with certain medications. An analysis of nearly 1,000 FDA reports revealed that co-ingesting substances like bupropion, sertraline, venlafaxine, and olanzapine significantly raised the odds of fatal outcomes. Other drugs such as anesthetics, benzodiazepines, and opioids also contributed to this risk. Understanding these interactions is crucial for ensuring safe MDMA use in clinical settings, especially if it gains FDA approval for therapeutic purposes.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently being evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of post-...
The Complications of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA)
JAMA – March 18, 1988
Summary
A nearly fatal toxic reaction to MDMA was reported, with blood levels reaching 6,500 and 7,000 ng/mL after doses of 100 to 150 mg. Prior to its classification as a Schedule 1 drug in 1985, MDMA was used safely by psychiatrists at similar doses without toxic effects. This controlled study on MDMA's metabolism involved a single participant and aimed to understand its pharmacological properties before its controversial scheduling. The findings highlight the complexities surrounding MDMA's therapeutic potential and risks.
Abstract
To the Editor. —Drs Brown and Osterloh,1in a recent letter inTHE JOURNAL, reported a nearly fatal toxic reaction to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetami...
Neuroendocrine and Mood Responses to Intravenous L-Tryptophan in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Users
Archives of General Psychiatry – January 01, 1989
Summary
MDMA may significantly alter serotonin function in users. In a study involving nine recreational MDMA users compared to nine matched controls, L-tryptophan increased serum prolactin (PRL) levels in controls but not in MDMA users. The PRL response was notably blunted in users, indicating potential disruptions in mood and serotonin regulation. While the differences did not reach statistical significance, these findings suggest that MDMA may impact neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, highlighting important implications for psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") is a selective serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin in laboratory animals. To assess its effects on 5-HT...
Memory impairment and hippocampus specific protein oxidation induced by ethanol intake and 3, 4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in mice
Journal of Neurochemistry – March 25, 2013
Summary
MDMA treatment in adolescent mice led to significant oxidative damage in the hippocampus, impacting memory. In a study involving CD1 mice, those given MDMA exhibited 30% more oxidative stress than those treated with ethanol. While ethanol did not impair performance on a radial arm maze, MDMA significantly disrupted long-term memory retention in both the maze and object recognition tests. The identified damaged proteins were linked to energy metabolism and neurotransmitter release, highlighting how MDMA affects critical brain functions associated with memory.
Abstract
Abstract Ethanol and 3, 4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA ) are popular recreational drugs widely abused by adolescents that may induce neurot...
Neurotoxicity and persistent cognitive deficits induced by combined MDMA and alcohol exposure in adolescent rats
Addiction Biology – October 01, 2010
Summary
Concurrent use of alcohol and MDMA during adolescence can lead to significant memory deficits. In a study involving adolescent rats, those exposed to both substances showed notable cognitive impairments, with 70% experiencing memory issues in a radial arm maze test. Additionally, this combination decreased the survival of neuronal precursors by 40% in the dentate gyrus, while mature granule neurons were reduced by 30%. Surprisingly, individual substances did not cause similar effects, underscoring the heightened risks of mixing these drugs in social settings.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recent trend assessments of drug consumption reveal an increase in the simultaneous use of several drugs at raves, clubs and college setti...
Navigating Treatment Challenges: A Case Study on Refractory Psychosis in a Chronic MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) User.
Cureus – May 01, 2024
Summary
Long-term MDMA use led to severe psychosis in a young woman with bipolar disorder, highlighting treatment complexities. When traditional antipsychotics failed and worsened her drug-induced catatonia, doctors successfully used electroconvulsive therapy. This case demonstrates how chronic MDMA use can complicate mental health treatment, while showing ECT's effectiveness as an alternative treatment for refractory psychosis.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), also known as Ecstasy, is a synthetic amphetamine with hallucinogenic and stimulant properties, which ha...
Evaluation of Two Spectroscopic Techniques to Estimate the MDMA Dose of Ecstasy-Like Tablets, an On-Site Approach.
Drug testing and analysis – July 22, 2025
Summary
Rapidly assessing the MDMA dose in seized tablets offers a critical public safety advantage. Researchers investigated two portable spectroscopic techniques for this on-site, rapid dose estimation. Using 98 illicit tablets, these methods were rigorously compared against laboratory gold standards. Both near-infrared and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic tools reliably predicted the MDMA dose, proving highly effective for rapid on-site application. This capability significantly aids public health and law enforcement efforts.
Abstract
MDMA, commonly known as "ecstasy," is widely used in clubs and at festivals, earning its reputation as a "party drug." The increasing demand for ra...
Chronic 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Use: Effects on Mood and Neuropsychological Function?
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse – January 01, 1992
Summary
Chronic MDMA use may lead to subtle cognitive impairments, with eight out of nine individuals exhibiting mild-to-moderate deficits on the Wechsler Memory Scale's Initial and Delayed Paragraph Tests. Despite these findings, none of the participants reported depressed mood or met criteria for an affective disorder. This suggests that while MDMA can impact neuropsychological function, it does not always correlate with mood disorders. These results emphasize the need for further exploration into how serotonin deficits from MDMA influence cognition and emotional well-being.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") is a selective serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin in animals. There is now preliminary evidence in hum...
MDMA (“Ecstasy”) Abuse and High-Risk Sexual Behaviors Among 169 Gay and Bisexual Men
American Journal of Psychiatry – July 01, 2000
Summary
One-third of gay and bisexual men surveyed at New York City dance clubs reported using MDMA, or “Ecstasy,” at least monthly. This substance was strongly linked to high-risk sexual behaviors, with those using MDMA significantly more likely to engage in recent unprotected anal intercourse. The association persisted regardless of age, ethnicity, or other drug use, highlighting a critical public health concern. Understanding the impact of MDMA on behavior could inform strategies for substance abuse prevention and sexual health education within this community.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors explored the association between abuse of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “Ecstasy”) and high-risk sexual behavi...
Brain serotonin transporter binding in former users of MDMA (‘ecstasy’)
The British Journal of Psychiatry – March 31, 2009
Summary
Abstinent MDMA users show no signs of lasting damage to serotonin neurons, challenging concerns about the drug’s neurotoxicity. In a study involving 12 former MDMA users, 9 polydrug users, and 19 controls, researchers measured serotonin transporter (SERT) binding using PET scans. The results indicated no significant differences in SERT binding across the groups in any brain regions examined. This suggests that recreational MDMA use may not lead to persistent alterations in serotonin neuron integrity, offering insights into its pharmacological effects.
Abstract
Background Animal experimental studies have prompted concerns that widespread use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) by young p...
Neural correlates of working memory in pure and polyvalent ecstasy (MDMA) users
Neuroreport – October 01, 2003
Summary
Pure MDMA users exhibit significantly poorer cognitive performance compared to non-users and polyvalent users, with brain activation notably reduced in regions like the inferior temporal areas and angular gyrus. In a study involving eight abstinent pure MDMA users and two matched control groups, those who only used MDMA demonstrated lower cerebral activation during an n-back task, highlighting the lasting impact of ecstasy on cognition. Polyvalent users, however, showed no significant differences from controls, indicating that other substances may influence these effects.
Abstract
Poor cognitive performance in ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) users has been related to the well-recognized neurotoxic effects of...
MDMA and Seizures: A Dangerous Liaison?
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can significantly lower seizure thresholds, posing risks for users. In experiments with mice receiving small, repeated doses of MDMA, 70% displayed persistent pro-convulsant effects, leading to limbic seizures and heightened metabolic hyperexcitability. Unlike previous assumptions, short-term exposure did not result in mossy fiber sprouting, indicating immediate seizure susceptibility without structural brain changes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing the growing MDMA abuse and its implications in medicine, psychology, and neuroscience.
Abstract
Abstract: In the past decades, there was a massive increase in the abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the Western countries. Seizure ...