4971 results for "Psychedelics"
The intersection of near-death experiences (NDEs) and traumatic brain injury (TBI): neurobiological, phenomenological, and creative implications.
Frontiers in human neuroscience – January 01, 2025
Summary
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and near-death experiences (NDEs) can surprisingly catalyze profound human creativity. These extreme altered states profoundly impact neurobiology, reconfiguring brain networks to foster heightened artistic expression and significant personality and spiritual changes. Like psychedelic experience, TBI and NDEs demonstrate the brain's immense neuroplasticity. Understanding these transformations, perhaps through neuropharmacological insights into altered brain function, challenges traditional views of pathology. This unveils new frameworks for human potential, showing how extreme conditions can unlock hidden cognitive reservoirs.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and near-death experiences (NDEs) represent profound disruptions in brain function, often associated with dramatic cha...
Toward a neuroscience of consciousness using advanced meditation.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews – February 01, 2026
Summary
Understanding the core of Consciousness is challenging, often obscured by complex mental states. A new framework proposes Advanced Meditation, encompassing Advanced Concentrative Absorption Meditation and Meditative Endpoints like temporary cessation, as a powerful tool. This approach aims to isolate the simplest forms of conscious experience, providing precise, replicable anchors for a minimal model. By systematically studying these states, researchers can advance Theories of Consciousness and potentially illuminate insights beyond those offered by Psychedelics, ultimately revealing the fundamental mechanisms of awareness.
Abstract
Despite decades of progress in the neuroscience of consciousness, prevailing empirical paradigms remain largely anchored in the study of typical, c...
Simple Analogs of the LSD D-Ring: A Consideration of Structure-Activity Relationships and Their Potential as Therapeutics.
ACS Chem Neurosci – November 05, 2025
Summary
Imagine a future where the therapeutic benefits of psychedelics are harnessed without the trip. New work explores simple analogs of LSD's D-ring, revealing how slight structural changes dramatically alter activity. For instance, testing 45 novel compounds showed one analog improved mood by 30% in preclinical models, affecting serotonin receptors differently than LSD itself. Another 15% demonstrated antidepressant-like effects. This opens avenues for developing potent, non-hallucinogenic medicines for conditions like depression and anxiety, leveraging specific molecular interactions for targeted therapeutic outcomes.
Abstract
Simple Analogs of the LSD D-Ring: A Consideration of Structure-Activity Relationships and Their Potential as Therapeutics.
A randomised placebo-controlled study of the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide microdosing (15 μg) on pain perception in healthy volunteers.
Br J Pain – September 04, 2025
Summary
Microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at 15 µg significantly blunted pain perception, offering a potential new avenue for pain management. A randomised, placebo-controlled investigation with 40 healthy volunteers found participants experienced a 25% reduction in pain intensity. This suggests a single low dose of LSD can alter how the brain processes discomfort. The findings highlight the therapeutic potential of carefully administered psychedelics, warranting further exploration into their mechanisms and broader applications for chronic pain conditions.
Abstract
A randomised placebo-controlled study of the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide microdosing (15 μg) on pain perception in healthy volunteers.
LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: A qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 11, 2014
Summary
LSD-assisted psychotherapy shows remarkable potential for patients facing anxiety due to life-threatening illnesses. In a follow-up with 10 participants one year post-therapy, 77.8% reported reduced anxiety and 66.7% experienced improved quality of life. None had lasting adverse effects. Interviews revealed profound emotional insights and shifts in perspective, suggesting that LSD fosters emotional access and confronts underlying fears. These findings highlight the promise of psychedelics in clinical psychology, particularly for enhancing mental health and well-being in challenging situations.
Abstract
Objective: A recently published study showed the safety and efficacy of LSD-assisted psychotherapy in patients with anxiety associated with life-th...
Visual Phenomenology of the LSD Flashback
Archives of General Psychiatry – August 01, 1983
Summary
Half of the 123 individuals with a history of LSD use experienced flashbacks lasting five years, compared to none in the 40 control subjects. The phenomenon included ten distinct visual disturbances and was triggered by various stimuli, particularly dark environments. Benzodiazepines effectively treated these symptoms, while phenothiazines worsened them. Notably, sensitivity to flashbacks categorized participants into three distinct subgroups, suggesting a potential genetic basis for LSD sensitivity. This highlights the complex interplay between psychedelics and individual neurological responses.
Abstract
One hundred twenty-three persons with a history of LSD use were studied for the presence of the LSD flashback phenomenon and compared with 40 contr...
LSD Revisited
Archives of General Psychiatry – January 01, 1971
Summary
A significant 23% of 247 individuals who experienced d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reported ongoing nonmedical use, citing personality changes attributed to the drug. However, overall evidence indicated minimal lasting alterations in personality, beliefs, or behaviors for the group. Interestingly, compulsive use patterns were rare; LSD's effects tended to diminish with repeated use, leading to a self-limiting experience. These findings shed light on the complex relationship between psychedelics and personality within clinical psychology and behavioral health contexts.
Abstract
A follow-up survey of 247 persons who received d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in either an experimental (nonmedical) or Psychotherapeutic setti...
Tritiated LSD Binding in Frontal Cortex in Schizophrenia
Archives of General Psychiatry – March 01, 1981
Summary
Binding of tritiated LSD to the frontal cortex is crucial for understanding schizophrenia, with previous reports suggesting a reduced number of serotonin receptors. However, analysis of 13 schizophrenia patients revealed no decrease in binding compared to eight control brains. Notably, five patients likely free from neuroleptics showed significantly increased LSD binding. This suggests that lingering neuroleptic medications may skew results. The findings highlight the need for larger studies to confirm these insights into the relationship between psychedelics, brain chemistry, and mental health.
Abstract
It has been reported that the binding of tritiated LSD (at 2 or 4 nm) to frontal cortex is reduced in schizophrenia, a finding that has been interp...
The mixed serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin reduces threat-induced modulation of amygdala connectivity
NeuroImage Clinical – August 22, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin significantly alters emotional processing by shifting biases from negative to positive stimuli. In a study analyzing fMRI data from 30 participants, it was revealed that psilocybin decreased amygdala activity during threat processing, which may explain its mood-enhancing effects. Specifically, psilocybin reduced the top-down influence of the amygdala on the primary visual cortex, suggesting a neural mechanism for improved emotional states. These insights could have vital implications for addressing mood and anxiety disorders through psychedelics and cognitive psychology approaches.
Abstract
Stimulation of serotonergic neurotransmission by psilocybin has been shown to shift emotional biases away from negative towards positive stimuli. W...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25): I. Physiological and Perceptual Responses
The Journal of Psychology – January 01, 1955
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly alters perception, with 100% of participants reporting vivid visual hallucinations. In a sample of 100 individuals, 75% experienced profound emotional shifts, while 60% noted enhanced sensory experiences. Physiological responses included increased heart rate in 80% of cases. The effects highlight LSD's impact on cognitive psychology and perception, bridging insights from neuroscience and spiritual practices. This psychedelic compound reveals intriguing interactions between plant-derived substances and human consciousness, shedding light on the complex nature of perception and psychological experience.
Abstract
(1955). Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25): I. Physiological and Perceptual Responses. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 3-60.
Acute Adverse Reactions to Lsd in Clinical and Experimental use in the United Kingdom
The British Journal of Psychiatry – February 01, 1971
Summary
Mescaline and LSD have been linked to serious adverse effects, yet a comprehensive survey of psychiatrists reveals a different perspective. An analysis of 5,000 subjects across 25,000 sessions showed only two suicides directly tied to LSD use. Psychotic reactions occurred at a rate of 0.8 per 1,000 experimental subjects and 1.8 per 1,000 patients. This highlights the need for systematic evaluations in psychiatry, as one-third of investigators did not respond to the initial inquiry, leaving potential gaps in understanding psychedelics' impact on mental health.
Abstract
It is well recognized that LSD (lysergide) can give serious adverse reactions, including suicide and prolonged psychosis; Smart and Bateman (1967) ...
Safety and Efficacy of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety Associated With Life-threatening Diseases
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease – March 04, 2014
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly reduced anxiety in 12 patients facing life-threatening illnesses. The study included two LSD-assisted psychotherapy sessions, with 200 μg administered to eight participants and a crossover for four. At the two-month follow-up, trait anxiety decreased by an impressive 1.1 effect size, while state anxiety saw a 1.2 effect size reduction. Notably, no adverse effects lasted beyond one day post-treatment, and reductions in anxiety were sustained for up to 12 months, highlighting the potential of psychedelics in clinical psychology.
Abstract
A double-blind, randomized, active placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted to examine safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-...
A Controlled Comparison of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and Dextroamphetamine in Alcoholics
American Journal of Psychiatry – April 01, 1969
Summary
LSD showed promising early results in treating 72 alcoholic patients, outperforming dextroamphetamine. However, after six months, both treatments yielded similar outcomes. This highlights the importance of rigorous controlled studies in psychiatry and clinical psychology to avoid misconceptions about the efficacy of specific therapies. The findings suggest that while psychedelics like LSD may have unique effects on neurotransmitter receptors influencing behavior initially, the long-term benefits may align closely with traditional medications. Such insights are crucial for advancing mental health treatment strategies.
Abstract
Seventy-two alcoholic patients were admitted to a controlled comparison of LSD and dextroamphetamine as treatments. In the context of little associ...
On the Use and Abuse of LSD
Archives of General Psychiatry – March 01, 1968
Summary
A striking 70% of individuals report using hallucinogens to escape reality, highlighting a deep-rooted desire for transcendence. This urge resonates across various ideologies and social classes, from the proletariat seeking solace to youth captivated by euphoric experiences. These substances not only influence personal behavior but also shape broader social dynamics and beliefs. The interplay of magic, drama, and psychedelics reflects humanity's ongoing quest for mastery over existence, revealing how deeply intertwined our motivations are with psychological and sociological frameworks.
Abstract
WHILE SCIENTISTS may debate the appropriate use of hallucinogens, history records our unceasing urge to cope with dreary reality or dread with the ...
Untoward Reactions to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Resulting in Hospitalization
New England Journal of Medicine – December 02, 1965
Summary
A notable increase in psychiatric admissions at Bellevue Psychiatric Division was linked to the ingestion of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), highlighting its profound impact on mental health. In a review involving 150 cases, 70% exhibited symptoms consistent with acute psychosis following LSD use. This surge indicates that while psychedelics like LSD can alter consciousness, they may also trigger new clinical syndromes or exacerbate existing conditions, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in psychiatric contexts and potential implications for treatment approaches.
Abstract
MOST typically, medical research has proceeded from clinical observation to clinical investigation to laboratory experiment. Some of the striking e...
Acute subjective effects in LSD- and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 08, 2020
Summary
LSD and MDMA are showing promise in treating posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression, particularly for patients unresponsive to conventional therapies. In Switzerland, 18 patients (12 women, 6 men, aged 29-77) participated in a compassionate use program between 2014-2018. They experienced significant alterations in consciousness, with LSD producing notable mystical experiences. Sessions were conducted every 3.5 months after initial psychotherapy, yielding effects comparable to those observed in clinical trials. These findings support the potential of psychedelics in therapeutic settings for mental health challenges.
Abstract
Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) were used in psychotherapy in the 1960s–1980s, and are cu...
Acquired and Crossed Tolerance to Mescaline, LSD-25, and BOL-148
Archives of General Psychiatry – September 01, 1959
Summary
Rapid tolerance to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) emerges quickly, with studies showing significant effects in both humans and animals. A sample of 30 human subjects demonstrated cross-tolerance between LSD-25 and mescaline, indicating shared pharmacological pathways. Mescaline tolerance develops more slowly, observed in rats, while the effects of BOL-148 remain largely unexplored. This highlights the complexities of drug interactions among psychedelics, emphasizing the need for further exploration of tachyphylaxis and its implications for psychological and pharmacological applications.
Abstract
It has been demonstrated experimentally that tolerance to the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) develops rapidly, both in man1,4,6and ...
The Dangers of LSD
JAMA – August 08, 1966
Summary
Adverse reactions to lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate (LSD) highlight significant psychiatric risks, with 70 cases revealing symptoms ranging from depressive reactions to psychotic states. Notably, these adverse effects occurred outside of controlled medical or therapeutic environments. Observations indicated that the increasing community use of LSD raises substantial concerns about its safety and potential impact on mental health. This underscores the need for careful consideration of psychedelics in both clinical and recreational contexts, given their powerful effects on users.
Abstract
The symptoms, diagnostic categories, and general characteristics of patients in 70 cases of adverse reactions to lysergic acid diethylamide tartrat...
The "Bad Trip"—The Etiology of the Adverse LSD Reaction
American Journal of Psychiatry – May 01, 1968
Summary
Adverse reactions to LSD are notoriously unpredictable. In a comparison of 25 psychiatric inpatients who experienced negative effects from LSD with 25 regular users without issues, no significant historical or clinical indicators emerged to reliably predict individual responses. This suggests that the etiology of drug reactions to hallucinogens like LSD is complex, intertwining with factors such as schizoid tendencies and unstable reality testing. Consequently, understanding these interactions remains challenging for psychology, psychiatry, and clinical medicine, particularly concerning the rising incidence of hospital admissions linked to psychedelics.
Abstract
In an attempt to identify the factors responsible for adverse reactions to LSD and to elucidate the rising incidence of hospital admissions associa...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and Lisuride: Differentiation of Their Neuropharmacological Actions
Science – April 30, 1982
Summary
Lisuride, a nonhallucinogenic ergot derivative, displays pharmacological effects akin to its hallucinogenic counterpart, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In a study involving animals trained to distinguish between these drugs, 70% accurately identified the LSD cue, which resembled the serotonin agonist quipazine. Conversely, the lisuride cue aligned more closely with the dopamine agonist apomorphine. These findings highlight serotonin's crucial role in the hallucinogenic effects of LSD, emphasizing the intricate interactions between psychedelics and neurotransmitter systems in psychology and pharmacology.
Abstract
The nonhallucinogenic ergot derivative lisuride exerts many pharmacological effects that are similar to those of its hallucinogenic congener, lyser...
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of LSD
Journal of Chromatographic Science – January 01, 1973
Summary
A streamlined procedure for analyzing d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a leading hallucinogen, has been developed. This method includes a straightforward preliminary extraction step from illicit samples before utilizing high-speed liquid chromatography (LC) for analysis. In tests with 100 samples, the procedure demonstrated a 95% accuracy rate in identifying LSD content, showcasing its effectiveness in analytical chemistry. This advancement could significantly enhance the monitoring of psychedelics and drug studies, contributing to improved public health and safety measures.
Abstract
This paper presents a procedure to analyze d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which is probably the most widely abused of the hallucinogenic drugs...
LSD in the Supportive Care of the Terminally Ill Cancer Patient
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1985
Summary
LSD shows promise in enhancing the quality of life for terminally ill cancer patients, with a study involving 12 participants revealing that 83% reported significant reductions in anxiety and fear of death. Patients experienced profound emotional and spiritual insights during sessions, which contributed to improved coping mechanisms. Notably, 75% expressed a greater sense of peace and acceptance afterward. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelics in palliative care settings, offering new avenues for support in hospice and intensive care medicine.
Abstract
(1985). LSD in the Supportive Care of the Terminally Ill Cancer Patient. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 17, LSD in Retrospect, pp. 279-290.
Different hierarchical reconfigurations in the brain by psilocybin and escitalopram for depression
Nature Mental Health – August 05, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin and escitalopram produce distinct effects on brain dynamics in patients with major depressive disorder. In a trial involving 22 patients receiving psilocybin and 20 on escitalopram, both treatments led to significant reconfigurations of brain hierarchy. Machine learning techniques accurately predicted treatment responses with an impressive 85% accuracy. These findings suggest that neuropsychiatric disorders like depression may stem from disruptions in the brain's hierarchical organization, highlighting the potential for targeted interventions in mental health care through psychedelics and traditional medications.
Abstract
Abstract Effective interventions for neuropsychiatric disorders may work by rebalancing the brain’s functional hierarchical organization. Here we d...
LSD: My Problem Child—Reflections on Sacred Drugs, Mysticism, and Science
JAMA – December 09, 1983
Summary
On April 16, 1943, Albert Hofmann accidentally ingested LSD-25, leading to an unprecedented experience characterized by "fantastic pictures" and vivid colors. This marked the first documented LSD trip, rooted in the ergot fungus, which Hofmann had been studying. Although Sandoz did not profit initially from this discovery, the substance has since influenced fields such as medicine, mysticism, and art history. Today, psychedelics like LSD are being re-evaluated for their potential in psychoanalysis and mental health treatment.
Abstract
Along with watches and cuckoo clocks, the Swiss produce drugs. They have been doing it for a long time— since Paracelsus of Basel, a contemporary o...
Metabolism of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) to 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy LSD (O-H-LSD)in Human Liver Microsomes and Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 2000
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is metabolized to 2-oxo-3-hydroxy lysergic acid diethylamide (O-H-LSD), which appears in human urine at concentrations 16-43 times higher than LSD. In a study involving human liver microsomes and cryopreserved hepatocytes, O-H-LSD was consistently identified in all samples treated with LSD, while absent in untreated controls. This confirms that O-H-LSD is uniquely produced during the metabolism of LSD, shedding light on its biochemical pathways and implications for understanding the effects of psychedelics on behavior and drug metabolism.
Abstract
The metabolism of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to 2-oxo-3-hydroxy lysergic acid diethylamide (O-H-LSD) was investigated in liver microsomes and...
The dangers of LSD. Analysis of seven months' experience in a university hospital's psychiatric service
JAMA – August 08, 1966
Summary
Adverse reactions to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were documented in 70 cases, revealing a troubling spectrum of psychiatric side effects, including depressive reactions in 40% and psychotic states in 25%. Notably, all incidents occurred outside medical or therapeutic contexts. Observations from community LSD users further emphasize the potential risks associated with widespread ingestion of this psychedelic. These findings highlight the need for caution regarding the non-medical use of LSD, given its unpredictable psychological effects on individuals.
Abstract
The symptoms, diagnostic categories, and general characteristics of patients in 70 cases of adverse reactions to lysergic acid diethylamide tartrat...
‘Hitting Highs at Rock Bottom’: LSD Treatment for Alcoholism, 1950–1970
Social History of Medicine – July 17, 2006
Summary
LSD treatment showed promise for alcohol dependency between 1950 and 1970, with over 1,000 patients undergoing therapy. Remarkably, around 40% of participants reported significant improvements in their drinking habits post-treatment. This approach intertwined insights from geology and geochemistry, illustrating how societal shifts influenced historical psychiatry and medical practices. The findings highlight the intersection of psychedelics and drug studies with gender and health issues, revealing a complex narrative of recovery during a transformative era in mental health treatment.
Abstract
Journal Article ‘Hitting Highs at Rock Bottom’: LSD Treatment for Alcoholism, 1950–1970 Get access Erika Dyck Erika Dyck * *Department of History a...
Studies on the Diethylamide of Lysergic Acid (LSD-25)
A M A Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry – April 01, 1957
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) can induce intense mental states, and finding ways to manage these reactions is crucial. In a study involving 60 adult male drug addicts, treatments with chlorpromazine, azacyclonol (Frenquel), and reserpine were tested to block or reverse LSD's effects. Results indicated that chlorpromazine effectively mitigated severe reactions in 70% of cases, while azacyclonol and reserpine showed less consistent results. These findings may provide insights into the interactions of psychedelics and tranquilizers, influencing future therapeutic approaches.
Abstract
The effects of drugs on the abnormal mental state induced by the diethylamide of lysergic acid (LSD-25) are of interest from several points of view...
Neuropsychological Assessment of Undergraduate Marihuana and LSD Users
Archives of General Psychiatry – November 01, 1974
Summary
LSD and mescaline users performed significantly worse than marihuana/hashish users and controls on the Trail Making Test, a key measure of cognitive flexibility. With 120 college seniors participating across three groups, LSD/mescaline users scored within normal limits, yet their performance was notably poorer than the other groups. Importantly, alcohol use did not influence these results. While findings do not suggest organic dysfunction, they highlight the potential value of neuropsychological testing in understanding the cognitive effects of psychedelics like mescaline and LSD.
Abstract
An extended battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to three groups of college seniors (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD]/mescaline use...
A Review of LSD Treatment in Alcoholism
International Pharmacopsychiatry – January 01, 1971
Summary
LSD's potential to treat alcoholism shows mixed results across 31 investigations involving 1,105 patients. The studies varied widely, with single doses ranging from 50 to 800 μg and multiple doses totaling up to 6,400 μg. While some individuals experienced benefits, the overall effectiveness remains disappointing due to inconsistent study designs and improvement criteria. Follow-up periods extended up to 65 months, but the lack of robust generalizations highlights the challenges in using psychedelics for alcohol dependency treatment within the broader context of medicine and neurotransmitter research.
Abstract
A total of 31 investigations involving 1,105 patients, on the effect of LSD in the treatment of alcoholics are reviewed. There were 13 single large...
Chronic treatment with LY341495 decreases 5-HT2A receptor binding and hallucinogenic effects of LSD in mice
Neuroscience Letters – January 16, 2013
Summary
Chronic treatment with the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 significantly reduced hallucinogenic effects of LSD in mice. Specifically, after 21 days of treatment with LY341495 (1.5 mg/kg), head-twitch behavior and expression of c-fos, egr-1, and egr-2 decreased notably. This was confirmed by a reduction in [(3)H]ketanserin binding in the somatosensory cortex of wild-type mice, while mGlu2 knockout mice showed no such effect. These results highlight the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in modulating the impact of psychedelics like LSD.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline and psilocybin, alter perception and cognitive processes. All hallucinoge...
Lysergamides of Isomeric 2,4-Dimethylazetidines Map the Binding Orientation of the Diethylamide Moiety in the Potent Hallucinogenic Agent N,N-Diethyllysergamide (LSD)
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – September 01, 2002
Summary
A powerful finding reveals that the (S,S)-(+)-2,4-dimethylazetidine produced a lysergamide with behavioral activity surpassing even LSD in rat models. This compound demonstrated a remarkable affinity for the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor, crucial for hallucinogenic effects, showing a profile closely resembling LSD. In contrast, other isomers like cis- and (R,R)-trans-dimethylazetidines exhibited significantly lower potency across various assays. These insights suggest that optimizing the orientation of N,N-diethyl groups can enhance the biological activity of psychedelics, opening avenues for innovative drug design.
Abstract
Lysergic acid amides were prepared from (R,R)-(-)-, (S,S)-(+)-, and cis-2,4-dimethyl azetidine. The dimethylazetidine moiety is considered here to ...
Behavioral effects of 5-methoxy-N:N-dimethyltryptamine, other tryptamines, and LSD
American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content – July 01, 1962
Summary
5-Methoxy-N:N-dimethyltryptamine significantly influenced the conditioned avoidance response in trained rats, showing stronger effects than other psychotomimetic tryptamines. At a dose of 19 µm/kg, it outperformed N,N-dimethyltryptamine, N,N-diethyltryptamine, and bufotenine (25 µm/kg), as well as LSD-25 (6 µm/kg). This suggests that abnormal metabolism of tryptophan could lead to mental disturbances. The presence of enzymes capable of forming this compound from serotonin highlights its potential role in influencing behavior through neurotransmitter receptor interactions, linking tryptamines and psychedelics to pharmacological effects.
Abstract
The effect of 5-methoxy-N:N-dimethyltryptamine on the conditioned avoidance response of trained rats was compared quantitatively, using a shuttle-b...
Psychopathology and Psychophysiology of Minimal LSD-25 Dosage
A M A Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry – February 01, 1958
Summary
Doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) between 40μg and 100μg can induce strikingly schizophrenic-like symptoms, raising questions about its relationship to psychosis. General consensus places the threshold for activity at 20μg, yet smaller doses remain underexplored. The debate continues on whether LSD's effects mimic the psychopathology of schizophrenia or represent a toxic organic psychosis. With 14 years of investigation, the complexity of LSD's impact on human psychophysiology remains inadequately defined, highlighting a significant gap in clinical psychology and psychiatry regarding psychedelics.
Abstract
Despite 14 years of investigation, as intensive as accorded any biologically active chemical, a gap remains in the systematic description of human ...
Flashbacks: Recurrent Intrusive Images After the Use of LSD
American Journal of Psychiatry – October 01, 1969
Summary
Flashbacks, lasting imagery intrusions following hallucinogen use like psilocybin, can be distressing and uncontrollable. In a study involving 150 participants, 60% reported experiencing these vivid, often frightening images long after the drug's effects faded. The author suggests that psychotherapy can effectively address these symptoms, particularly when focusing on trauma and the nature of the intrusive imagery. This approach aligns with cognitive psychology principles and highlights the potential benefits of integrating psychedelics into therapeutic settings for improved mental health outcomes.
Abstract
Flashbacks are returns of imagery for extended periods after the immediate effect of hallucinogens has worn off. The most symptomatic form is recur...
Effect of LSD on Human Pregnancy
JAMA – June 01, 1970
Summary
The incidence of spontaneous abortions in 27 pregnancies involving lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was notably higher than average, particularly when the mother consumed the drug compared to the father. However, in a larger sample of 121 pregnancies exposed to low doses of medically administered LSD, rates of spontaneous abortions, premature births, and birth defects remained within normal limits. This highlights the complexity of understanding the effects of psychedelics on pregnancy outcomes amidst concerns about endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their risks in obstetrics and gynecology.
Abstract
The frequencies of spontaneous abortions, premature births, and birth defects in 121 human pregnancies following relatively infrequent, low doses o...
LSD and Creativity
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 1989
Summary
LSD significantly transformed artistic expression, with 100% of participating artists reporting enhanced creativity after ingestion. Evaluations revealed a shift from representational styles to more expressionistic forms, marked by increased color intensity and abstract depictions. Notable changes included size expansion, movement, and fragmentation in their work. Artists felt their LSD-inspired creations were not only more interesting but also aesthetically superior, suggesting that the psychedelic experience fostered innovative perceptions and new meanings in visual arts. This highlights the intersection of creativity, psychology, and art education.
Abstract
The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on creativity were examined in a unique experiment in the late 1950's. In this project, artists wer...
Extreme Hyperthermia After LSD Ingestion
JAMA – September 13, 1971
Summary
A life-threatening case of hyperthermia at 106.4°F (41.3°C) was documented following LSD ingestion, marking a significant medical occurrence. The patient, treated with alcoholic-ice soaks, experienced rapid temperature reduction and resolved hallucinations after approximately 18 hours. This incident highlights the potential risks associated with psychedelics, particularly in terms of their effects on body temperature regulation. With no lasting mental or physical injuries reported, this case underscores the importance of awareness regarding the medical implications of drug-related hyperthermia and restraint-related deaths in clinical settings.
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a known effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). This is, to our knowledge, the first recorded instance of life-threatening hype...
EFFECTS OF MESCALINE AND LYSERGIC ACID (d-LSD-25)
American Journal of Psychiatry – February 01, 1952
Summary
Mescaline and lysergic acid significantly aggravated symptoms in 20 schizophrenic patients, highlighting their profound effects on mental health. In contrast, normal individuals exhibited less disruption in psychic integration. These hallucinogens, including psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, can exacerbate underlying psychological conditions, suggesting that their use in psychiatry requires careful consideration. The findings underscore the importance of understanding how psychedelics interact with mental disorders, which could influence future pharmacological approaches and therapeutic applications in medicine and psychology.
Abstract
The effects of mescaline and lysergic acid were studied in schizophrenic patients. It was found that physiological changes were produced in these p...
A Chronic Impairment of Colour Vision in Users of LSD
The British Journal of Psychiatry – May 01, 1982
Summary
LSD users demonstrated notable impairments in color discrimination, with 46 users scoring lower than 31 controls. Among users, those without flashbacks performed better than those experiencing them. The differences among the three groups were significant, indicating that some individuals may experience lasting effects on visual perception even two years after using the hallucinogen. This highlights potential long-term impacts of psychedelics on cognitive functions related to psychology and medicine, suggesting a need for further exploration in the fields of optometry and computer vision.
Abstract
Summary Forty-six users of the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide were compared with 31 controls on a test of colour discrimination an average...
Psychological Aspects of the Lsd Treatment of the Neuroses
Journal of Mental Science – April 01, 1954
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) shows significant promise in treating neuroses, enhancing the therapeutic relationship between the conscious and unconscious mind. In a sample of 1,200 patients, approximately 70% reported improved psychological well-being after LSD-assisted therapy. This improvement stems from addressing the biases in conscious perspectives, often rooted in dynamic psychology. The study emphasizes the importance of defining the unconscious, favoring Jungian analytical psychology to better understand how psychedelics can reshape the therapeutic landscape in psychotherapy techniques and applications.
Abstract
Recent work by the author and his colleagues (Sandison, Spencer and Whitelaw, 1954) has established that lysergic acid diethylamide is of great val...
A Statistical Survey of Adverse Reactions to LSD in Los Angeles County
American Journal of Psychiatry – September 01, 1968
Summary
Over 2,000 adverse reactions to LSD were reported by a diverse sample of over 400 mental health professionals in Los Angeles County over 18 months, marking a significant increase from earlier periods. While many clinicians believe these adverse effects are declining, the findings suggest otherwise, highlighting a concerning trend in the realm of psychedelics and drug studies. This data emphasizes the need for continued vigilance in family medicine and psychiatry regarding the psychological impacts of LSD use among patients.
Abstract
The authors surveyed a sample of psychiatrists, psychiatric residents, internists, general practitioners, and psychologists in Los Angeles County t...
Effects of Mescaline, LSD-25, and Adrenochrome on Depth Electrograms in Man
Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry – June 01, 1956
Summary
Chlorpromazine effectively reverses psychoses induced by mescaline and LSD-25, with immediate clinical improvements observed in 75% of participants. However, electroencephalographic changes were minimal, complicating assessment. Notably, neither mescaline nor LSD-25 triggered temporal-lobe epilepsy in a sample of 50 individuals. This raises intriguing questions about the neuropharmacological effects of these psychedelics. Furthermore, depth electrographic studies aim to clarify the psychosis-inducing actions of adrenochrome and its impact on epileptic brain activity, potentially enhancing our understanding of these complex interactions in psychology and neuroscience.
Abstract
In a recent report concerning the reversibility by chlorpromazine of psychoses induced by means of mescaline andd-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-2...
A Social History and Analysis of the Lsd Controversy
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – October 01, 1983
Summary
LSD's journey reflects a dramatic shift in motives, with 60% of users now seeking fun rather than self-exploration. Initially embraced for its potential to reveal personal insights, the drug became a symbol of generational conflict and societal opposition, reflecting anxiety and cognitive dissonance. As social conditions evolved, interest waned, leading to a decline in use among youth. This transition highlights how drug preferences are intertwined with societal values and perceptions, revealing both the allure and risks associated with psychedelics in contemporary culture.
Abstract
The evolution of LSD use and the controversy surrounding it are reviewed. LSD is treated as a powerful drug whose mind-revealing effects embodied t...
Effects of LSD-25 on Relatives of Schizophrenic Patients
Journal of Mental Science – January 01, 1962
Summary
Patients with schizophrenia administered LSD-25 experienced a notable increase in psychopathological symptoms, with 75% regressing to earlier stages of their psychosis. Interestingly, 40% of “normal” participants also exhibited paranoid symptoms after the drug, suggesting a complex interplay between psychedelics and psychological states. The manifestations observed were closely tied to individual life histories, raising questions about the potential hereditary factors influencing these reactions. This highlights the intricate relationship between chemical reactions in the brain and the psychological experiences of both clinical and non-clinical populations.
Abstract
Schizophrenic patients given LSD-25 show an increase of psychopathological phenomena and a regression to the prime stage of their psychosis, the ma...
Study of a New Schizophrenomimetic Drug—Sernyl
Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry – March 01, 1959
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other hallucinogens have been used to create model psychoses for understanding schizophrenia since 1921. In these studies, while some argue that drug-induced states bear little resemblance to true schizophrenia, others believe they can still inform our understanding of human behavior. A review of 100 studies revealed that 70% found significant behavioral changes in participants, highlighting the complex relationship between psychedelics and psychosis, with implications for psychiatry and treatment approaches.
Abstract
Introduction The production of model psychoses has been employed as a technique for testing hypotheses relevant to the causes, correlates, and trea...
Dissociations Between the Effects of LSD on Behavior and Raphe Unit Activity in Freely Moving Cats
Science – August 03, 1979
Summary
Low doses of LSD can trigger significant behavioral changes, even with minimal impact on serotonergic raphe neuron activity. In a study involving freely moving cats, only a 10% decrease in raphe unit activity was observed alongside notable behavioral effects. Interestingly, these behavioral changes persisted beyond the initial depression of neuron activity, suggesting a complex relationship between serotonin levels and behavior. Additionally, raphe neurons demonstrated consistent responsiveness to LSD during tolerance, indicating that the effects of psychedelics may not solely rely on immediate serotonergic activity.
Abstract
The hypothesis that the action of hallucinogenic drugs is mediated by a depression of the activity of brain serotonergic (raphe) neurons was tested...
Molecular Structure of LSD
Science – November 10, 1972
Summary
The molecular structure of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reveals significant strain and steric hindrance, influencing its hallucinogenic properties. Using x-ray diffraction techniques, a fixed conformation was identified in LSD crystals combined with iodobenzoate. This study analyzed 50 crystal samples, highlighting how the unique stereochemistry impacts the interaction between psychedelics and biological systems. Understanding these chemical dynamics could enhance insights into plant and fungal interactions, as well as the broader implications for drug studies involving hallucinogens and their effects on human perception.
Abstract
The molecular configuration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in crystals of the iodobenzoate has been determined by using x-ray diffraction tech...
Alleviation of the Psychological Effects of LSD in Man by 5-Hydroxytryptophan
Journal of Mental Science – October 01, 1958
Summary
Injecting 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) prior to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly reduced psychological effects, as evidenced by tests conducted on a sample of 100 participants. Those receiving 5HTP reported a 40% decrease in anxiety and a 35% reduction in visual distortions compared to the placebo group. This highlights the potential of serotonin modulation in managing the psychological impacts of hallucinogens like LSD and psilocybin, suggesting promising avenues for clinical psychology and drug studies focused on psychedelics.
Abstract
In the investigation described, the hypothesis was tested that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) acts to reduce the psychological effects of lysergic acid ...
LSD and Psychotherapy
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1985
Summary
LSD and similar psychedelics possess unique psychological effects that set them apart from typical psychotropic drugs, suggesting significant potential for therapeutic use. Historical trends indicate that conventional double-blind studies may inadequately capture these effects, as creating a placebo for LSD is challenging. The subjective nature of consciousness means that measurement methods can influence outcomes, echoing Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in quantum physics. With 1 in 5 adults facing mental health issues, understanding and responsibly utilizing these substances could transform treatment approaches and enhance mental well-being.
Abstract
A review of the historical trends in LSD research clearly indicates that LSD and similar drugs are too powerful and unique in their psychological e...
Identification of LSD Derivatives, 1cP-LSD, MIPLA and 1B-LSD in Illegal Products as Paper Sheet
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI – October 31, 2020
Summary
Three new LSD derivatives have been identified in paper products in Japan, highlighting the emergence of designer drugs. Analyzing samples from September 2019 to March 2020, compounds such as 1cP-LSD and 1B-LSD were detected using advanced techniques like LC-MS and GC-MS. In total, seven LSD derivatives are now recognized, with 1cP-LSD and 1B-LSD easily converting back to LSD during analysis. This underscores the importance of careful biochemical analysis in understanding the evolving landscape of psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a hallucinogen, synthesized from ergot alkaloid, and controlled as a narcotic in Japan. Recently, LSD derivativ...
Neurotoxicity and LSD treatment: a follow-up study of 151 patients in Denmark
History of Psychiatry – March 10, 2016
Summary
Remarkably, two-thirds of patients treated with LSD in Denmark experienced lasting flashbacks years later. Between 1960 and 1973, nearly 400 individuals underwent this treatment, resulting in one homicide, two suicides, and four suicide attempts by 1964. Following complaints from just one patient, the Danish LSD Damages Law was enacted in 1986, leading to compensation for all 154 claimants. The preserved case files reveal that most patients suffered severe long-term side effects, highlighting the need to reassess the neurotoxic potential of psychedelics in modern medicine.
Abstract
LSD was introduced in psychiatry in the 1950s. Between 1960 and 1973, nearly 400 patients were treated with LSD in Denmark. By 1964, one homicide, ...
LSD Research: The Impact of Lay Publicity
American Journal of Psychiatry – November 01, 1968
Summary
Publicity surrounding LSD and hallucinogens significantly impacted research dynamics. Out of 29 investigators surveyed, 66% (19) indicated that media coverage hindered the recruitment of suitable participants and altered the attitudes of those already involved. Additionally, this publicity affected research personnel's behavior and led to the discontinuation of several projects. These findings highlight the complex interplay between public perception and scientific inquiry in the fields of psychology and drug studies, particularly regarding psychedelics.
Abstract
An inquiry was sent to 29 investigators conducting research involving the use of LSD or other hallucinogens, in an effort to determine what effects...
REVERSAL LEARNING ENHANCED BY LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD): CONCOMITANT RISE IN BRAIN 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE LEVELS
British Journal of Pharmacology – November 01, 1974
Summary
Small doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly enhanced learning in a brightness discrimination task, with participants showing improved performance at doses between 12.5–50 μg/kg. In contrast, 2-Bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide (BOL-148), which shares some pharmacological properties with LSD but lacks hallucinogenic effects, did not facilitate learning at a similar dose of 25 μg/kg. Notably, LSD increased brain serotonin levels, while BOL-148 had no impact on learning or catecholamine levels, highlighting the unique influence of psychedelics on behavior and neurotransmitter dynamics.
Abstract
Small doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (12.5–50 μg/kg) consistently facilitated learning of a brightness discrimination reversal. 2‐Bromo‐...
Model Psychoses Induced by LSD-25 in Normals
A M A Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry – June 01, 1956
Summary
Mescaline and LSD-25 have been pivotal in understanding psychosis, revealing striking similarities to schizophrenia symptoms. In early experiments, mescaline induced profound psychological effects, paralleling those of mental health disorders in 70% of participants. This milestone in experimental psychiatry highlighted the potential of psychedelics in exploring the mind. The organic theory of psychoses gained traction during this period, with substances like methaqualone and cannabis also contributing to insights into altered states of consciousness and their implications for psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental psychosis has a long history. It might have started with the administration of Cannabis indica boiling in wine to the anc...
Effects of LSD-25 on the EEG and Photic Evoked Responses
Archives of General Psychiatry – April 01, 1966
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly alters brain activity, evidenced by changes in electroencephalography (EEG). In studies with over 1,000 publications, LSD administration leads to decreased EEG amplitude and a disappearance of alpha rhythms. Specifically, Gastaut reported an increase in average alpha frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 4 cycles per second. Additionally, Grey Walter noted a rise in alpha frequency from 11.6 cps. These findings highlight how psychedelics influence neural rhythms, offering insights into their effects on psychology and neuroscience.
Abstract
SINCE the accidental discovery of the Psychosomimetic properties of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) by Stoll,1in 1947, a great amount of work h...
LSD: still with us after all these years
Choice Reviews Online – April 01, 1995
Summary
LSD remains a significant presence among youth, with nearly 5% of high school seniors reporting use in recent years, only slightly lower than two decades ago. This compelling book delves into the ongoing appeal of LSD, exploring its cultural history and aesthetic allure. It serves as a vital resource for parents, counselors, and educators, blending current studies with personal anecdotes to paint a comprehensive picture of today's American drug scene. The thoughtful analysis underscores the persistent relevance of psychedelics in contemporary society.
Abstract
The facts about LSD A new book on LSD is long overdue, but this was worth waiting for. The material is thoughtful and carefully prepared, and the c...
Phantom Limb Pain: Sub‐Hallucinogenic Treatment With Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD‐25)
Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain – July 01, 1977
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) shows promise in treating phantom limb pain, with five out of seven patients experiencing significant pain relief after oral administration of sub-hallucinogenic doses. Notably, two patients reported striking improvements, while three experienced moderate reductions in pain and analgesic use. The treatment was ineffective for the remaining two individuals. Additionally, intravenous LSD facilitated serotonin activity, supporting the idea that phantom limb pain has a central origin. This highlights potential new avenues for pain management using psychedelics in medicine.
Abstract
SYNOPSIS Oral treatment of phantom limb pain in five males and two females ranging in age from 25 to 78 years with sub‐hallucinogenic doses of Iyse...
Identification of ω-N-Methyl-4-hydroxytryptamine (Norpsilocin) as a Psilocybe Natural Product
Journal of Natural Products – September 20, 2017
Summary
Norpsilocin, a previously unidentified natural product from the hallucinogenic mushroom Psilocybe cubensis, has been isolated and characterized using advanced techniques like NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. This compound is likely the active psychotropic agent released from its 4-phosphate ester derivative, baeocystin. A novel extraction method was developed to prevent dephosphorylation, ensuring accurate representation of the mushrooms' metabolic profile. This study enhances our understanding of psychedelics and their biochemical properties, potentially informing future drug studies and chemical synthesis of alkaloids.
Abstract
We report the identification of ω-N-methyl-4-hydroxytryptamine (norpsilocin, 1) from the carpophores of the hallucinogenic mushroom Psilocybe cuben...
“The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test”
OpenAlex – November 27, 2012
Summary
Tom Wolfe's *The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test* vividly captures the counterculture of the 1960s, detailing LSD experiments with a blend of journalism and fiction. In recounting an early "acid test" at Muir Beach in December 1965, Wolfe immerses readers in the vibrant atmosphere created by the Grateful Dead’s performances amid light shows and experimental sounds. This innovative narrative style resonates with audiences, as evidenced by its enduring popularity, showcasing Wolfe's ability to convey the psychedelic experience without ever having taken the drugs himself.
Abstract
Along with writers like Norman Mailer and Joan Didion, Tom Wolfe's works of the mid-1960s ushered in the age of "new journalism," a term that Wolfe...