4971 results for "Psychedelics"
Psilocybin-assisted therapy for the treatment of resistant major depressive disorder (PsiDeR): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility trial
BMJ Open – December 01, 2021
Summary
A groundbreaking clinical trial is exploring psilocybin's potential against treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Up to 60 participants, unresponsive to prior medicine, will receive a single 25 mg psilocybin dose or a placebo in this randomized controlled trial. All undergo psychological therapy. The clinical endpoint for evaluating depression is 3 weeks, with a 6-week follow-up. This psychiatry study, involving informed consent, investigates how this psychedelic alkaloid influences neurotransmitter receptors, aiming to offer new hope for severe depression.
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin-assisted therapy may be a new treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), with encouraging data from pilot trials. In th...
The Effects of Psilocybin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in THP-1 Human Macrophages
Psychoactives – January 28, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin significantly reduces inflammation in a dose-dependent manner, offering new insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. When a THP1 cell line, stimulated with 500 ng/mL Lipopolysaccharide to induce inflammation, was exposed to psilocybin, it inversely correlated with proinflammatory cytokine production. This suggests psilocybin's potential to modulate neuroinflammation, a key mechanism in Neurodegeneration Mechanisms and various brain disorders linked to tryptophan metabolism.
Abstract
Psilocybin, an innate compound produced by mushrooms belonging to the Psilocybe genus, is primarily known for its agonistic effects on the serotoni...
Skinner, Maslow, and Psilocybin
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – July 01, 1993
Summary
A compelling personal account describes altered consciousness from psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. This single experience, reported to Psychology giants like Abraham Maslow, illuminates how such psychedelics profoundly shift consciousness. It suggests that integrating these substances into Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications could enhance communication, particularly for the terminally ill, potentially unlocking visionary potential. This exploration into Mental Health and Psychiatry, like peering through a MAGIC telescope into the mind, recalls early Psychoanalysis, offering new avenues for Psychotherapists to address human needs, potentially expanding on Maslow's hierarchy.
Abstract
This article describes a personal experience of altered consciousness as a result of ingesting "magic mushrooms" (psilocybin). It also briefly note...
HPLC Analysis of Hallucinogenic Mushroom Alkaloids (Psilocin and Psilocybin) Applying Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC)
Journal of Forensic Research – January 01, 2016
Summary
A novel analytical chemistry breakthrough significantly improves quantifying the hallucinogen psilocybin in seized mushrooms. Traditional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) struggles with this polar compound. Now, an advanced hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method, paired with mass spectrometry, ensures robust separation. Uniquely, psilocybin exhibits a retention factor approximately two times greater than psilocin, a key finding for psychedelics and drug studies. This refined chromatography technique, crucial for forensic chemistry, accurately assesses these alkaloids, enhancing justice system judgments.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic mushrooms containing psilocin and psilocybin psychoactive compounds are permanent offers on the black market palette. Reliable quant...
A whole genome atlas of 81 Psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production.
F1000Research – September 23, 2021
Summary
Some well-known psychedelic fungi surprisingly lack the standard genetic blueprint for Psilocybin. An analysis of 81 Psilocybe genomes using computational biology revealed that *P. galindoi*, *P. tampanensis*, and *P. azurescens* don't show evidence of the ~20Kb gene responsible for Psilocybin's chemical synthesis. Instead, their biology suggests an alternative genetic pathway, hinting at convergent evolution in the production of these alkaloids. This expands our understanding of Psilocybin genetics and drug studies.
Abstract
The Psilocybe genus is well known for the synthesis of valuable psychoactive compounds such as Psilocybin, Psilocin, Baeocystin and Aeruginascin. T...
5-Year Trends in Use of Hallucinogens and Other Adjunct Drugs among UK Dance Drug Users
European Addiction Research – December 18, 2006
Summary
A significant shift in drug use patterns emerged among people in dance contexts. While LSD use declined, a sharp rise in psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, was observed between 2002–2003. Ketamine and other adjunct drugs also showed increasing prevalence from 1999–2003. These trends, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, highlight evolving drug choices. Understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is crucial for psychological intervention and psychiatry, as some hallucinogens like psilocybin are explored as potential medicine.
Abstract
<i>Aims:</i> To describe and assess trends in the use of hallucinogens and other adjunct drugs over a 5-year period. <i>Design:&l...
Evaluating the effectiveness of psilocybin in alleviating distress among cancer patients: A systematic review
Palliative & Supportive Care – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin therapy offers significant hope for cancer patients experiencing psychological distress. Drawing from 14 studies, including three randomized controlled trials, a meta-analysis found consistent, sustained reductions in depression and anxiety. Psychedelics and Drug Studies, drawing from MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library, show this medicine notably improved quality of life. While a psychotherapist guides treatment, adverse effects were generally mild. This promising approach suggests psilocybin, an alkaloid, could be a vital complementary medicine for cancer-related distress, impacting clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract Objectives Psychological and existential distress is prevalent among patients with life-threatening cancer, significantly impacting their ...
Vorkommen von Psilocybin und Baeocystin in Fruchtkörpern vonPluteus salicinus
Planta Medica – June 01, 1987
Summary
A compelling finding reveals *Pluteus salicinus* mushrooms contain psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, with cap concentrations reaching an impressive 1.57%. This natural chemistry analysis, relevant for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, identified psilocybin and baeocystin, but not psilocin, in dried fruit body extracts. Caps consistently held more psilocybin than stems, alongside urea and tryptophan. The presence of these compounds offers insights for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies. A correlation between psilocybin and urea content was also observed, deepening our understanding of these fascinating compounds.
Abstract
Using HPLC and TLC, psilocybin and baeocystin but not psilocin were found in extracts of dried fruit bodies of PLUTEUS SALICINUS. Caps contain more...
Simultaneous determination of γ-hydroxybutyric acid, ibotenic acid and psilocybin in saliva samples by capillary electrophoresis coupled with a contactless conductivity detector
Analytical Methods – January 01, 2017
Summary
A new forensic toxicology method accurately detects three key substances—psilocybin, ibotenic acid, and GHB—in human saliva. Validated across dozens of samples, this chemistry breakthrough utilizes chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, offering a non-invasive tool for drug studies. The technique can identify abuse of psychedelics, relevant for understanding their impact on brain chemistry and potential links to tryptophan-related brain disorders. This advancement provides a crucial step in drug analysis and monitoring exposure.
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a methodology for the determination of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), ibotenic acid (IBO) and psilocybin (PY) abu...
Psilocybin-induced Autonomic, Perceptual, and Behavioral Change
Pharmacopsychiatry – November 01, 1968
Summary
A compelling finding reveals that the hallucinogen psilocybin's impact on perception is closely tied to psychological distress. In 15 college-educated volunteers, variability in basic visual and taste perception tasks strongly correlated with drug-induced psychopathology, measured via psychometrics. This suggests psilocybin's influence on neurotransmitter receptors affects cognitive processes. Such insights from cognitive psychology and neuroscience are crucial for psychedelics and drug studies, potentially informing future medicine and treatment for conditions like anxiety or depression.
Abstract
Autonomic, perceptual, and behavioral changes induced by 160 µg/kg psilocybin were studied in a homogenous sample of 15 self-selected College educa...
Psilocybin, Depression, and Synaptogenesis: Insights into the Field’s Past, Present, and Future
Georgetown Scientific Research Journal – October 10, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, holds breakthrough therapy status for depression, offering a promising alternative in Psychiatry. Neuroscience reveals its unique synaptogenic effect, promoting new neural connections crucial for mental well-being. Pharmacology investigates how this psychedelic compound, a product of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, influences behavior by activating the 5-HT2A neurotransmitter receptor. Understanding this mechanism is vital for Drug Studies, exploring how psilocybin's influence on specific transcription factors drives this profound psychological impact, potentially redefining depression treatment.
Abstract
Depression remains one the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders in the United States. The Food and Drug Administration granted psilocybi...
Neurobiological Correlates of Psilocybin Response in Depression
The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders – May 22, 2023
Summary
A compelling discovery reveals psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, may "reset" the brain. Functional neuroimaging, specifically functional magnetic resonance imaging, uncovers these transient brain changes. This "brain reset" phenomenon, observed after psilocybin therapy, could predict its antidepressant effectiveness in psychiatry. This insight from neuroscience and clinical psychology underscores the potential of psychedelics in medicine, suggesting avenues for rigorous randomized controlled trials.
Abstract
Conclusions: Transient functional brain changes with psilocybin therapy resemble the "brain reset" phenomenon and may serve as the putative predict...
The Effectiveness of Microdosed Psilocybin in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease: A Case Study
International Medical Case Reports Journal – March 01, 2023
Summary
A patient suffering severe, treatment-resistant neuropsychiatric Lyme disease found significant relief using microdosed psilocybin. This potent hallucinogen, increasingly explored in Medicine, particularly within Psychiatry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offers a novel approach when conventional drugs fail. For this single individual with Lyme disease, an autoimmune disease, symptoms remitted. Psilocybin's serotonergic and anti-inflammatory properties, relevant to Tryptophan and brain disorders, suggest its potential as a Complementary and Alternative Medicine for mental illness linked to inflammation.
Abstract
Lyme disease can result in severe neuropsychiatric symptoms that may be resistant to treatment. The pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease i...
De Novo Biosynthesis of Antidepressant Psilocybin in Escherichia coli
Microbial Biotechnology – April 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a tryptamine-derived alkaloid, holds Breakthrough Therapy status for depression, addressing Tryptophan and brain disorders. Its sustainable production is crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Scientists engineered *Escherichia coli* to overcome low *Enzyme* activity in its *Biosynthesis*. Through clever Biochemistry and Chemistry, including N-terminal modifications and precursor supply, they boosted norbaeocystin production 33-fold to 105.3 mg/L. Ultimately, this improved *Biology* yielded 79.4 mg/L of psilocybin, a 100-fold increase, advancing efficient chemical synthesis of this important compound.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Psilocybin, a tryptamine‐derived alkaloid, has been granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by the U.S. FDA for treatment‐resistant depre...
Don’t be afraid, try to meditate- potential effects on neural activity and connectivity of psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews – June 06, 2022
Summary
Conventional psychological interventions, like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, often fall short for severe social anxiety. Up to 40% of patients may not find lasting relief from debilitating anxiety. Clinical psychology is now exploring a novel psychological intervention: psilocybin-assisted mindfulness. Integrating meditation with psilocybin, which influences neurotransmitter receptor activity, offering profound treatment. Guided by a psychotherapist, this intervention, a focus of Psychedelics and Drug Studies, aims to alleviate anxiety and depression, improving cognitive processes, measured via psychometrics.
Abstract
Future studies should investigate whether psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention can provide therapeutic benefits to SAD patients who a...
Hypnotic Induction of the Interference of Psilocybin with Optically Induced Spatial Distortion
Pharmacopsychiatry – November 01, 1969
Summary
A compelling finding in Psychology and Neuroscience indicates that an individual's perceptual stability is a personality invariant, persisting even under the hallucinogen Psilocybin and hypnotic induction. This small study, involving four individuals given 160–200 µg/kg psilocybin (a chemical synthesis and alkaloid), explored its effect on spatial distortion thresholds. It suggests personality structure dictates perceptual reproducibility, showing minimal Interference from drug-induced changes. This work contributes to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, demonstrating how neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior doesn't alter this core stability, offering insights for Medicine beyond simple music distortion.
Abstract
The influence of personality structure on the stability of perceptual performance, specifically the degree of reproducibility under hypnotic induct...
Mushrooms, Microdosing, and Mental Illness: The Effect of Psilocybin on Neurotransmitters, Neuroinflammation, and Neuroplasticity
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen and naturally occurring alkaloid, presents compelling promise in Medicine for Psychiatry. Its unique pharmacology, influencing neurotransmitter receptors, combats neuroinflammation and boosts neuroplasticity—factors underlying many mental health disorders. Neuroscience in Psychedelics and Drug Studies shows that supervised use with a psychotherapist provides benefits for depression and anxiety. Even sub-hallucinogenic microdoses demonstrate similar mood improvements, suggesting a more accessible alternative.
Abstract
The incidence of mental health disorders is increasing worldwide. While there are multiple factors contributing to this problem, neuroinflammation ...
An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the use of psilocybin by veterans with symptoms of trauma
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2022
Summary
Veterans using psilocybin for trauma symptoms reported immediate and long-term improvements. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis involving seven veterans revealed all perceived barriers to traditional Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology treatments. For these individuals, the hallucinogen psilocybin, an alkaloid explored in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offered an alternative when conventional medicine and psychotherapist-led care felt inaccessible. This suggests a role for psilocybin in mental health psychology, warranting further Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies.
Abstract
Veterans are at increased risk of experiencing symptoms of trauma. Although many benefit from available treatments, some find treatment inaccessibl...
Psilocybin: crystal structure solutions enable phase analysis of prior art and recently patented examples
Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry – December 20, 2021
Summary
A recent patent for psilocybin, a key alkaloid in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, claimed a single crystalline form, but Analytical Chemistry revealed it was 81% Polymorph A and 19% Polymorph B. This clarifies the Chemical synthesis of this compound. Across 57 years of samples (1963-2021), only three forms—Hydrate A, Polymorph A, and Polymorph B—consistently appear. This precise understanding, aided by X-ray diffraction, is crucial for developing these promising drugs.
Abstract
Psilocybin {systematic name: 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1 H -indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate} is a zwitterionic tryptamine natural product found in...
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (STP): A New Hallucinogenic Drug
Science – November 03, 1967
Summary
The active compound in the hallucinogenic drug STP demonstrates remarkable potency. In human studies, doses exceeding 3 milligrams produced pronounced hallucinogenic effects lasting about 8 hours, akin to those from lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin. This substance, with its unique chemistry, is 100 times more potent as a hallucinogen than mescaline, yet only one-thirtieth as potent as lysergic acid diethylamide. Its pharmacology reveals a chemical relationship to amphetamine, like dextroamphetamine, offering mild euphoriant effects at lower doses. This work contributes to our understanding of psychedelics.
Abstract
We have assessed the effects in normal control volunteers of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine, the chemical present in the hallucinogenic drug ST...
Case Report: Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe Cubensis) Intoxication
Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports – October 13, 2021
Summary
Consuming Psilocybe mushrooms, containing the hallucinogen Psilocybin, can induce severe psychological and life-threatening physical distress. A single case details a 22-year-old male experiencing disorientation, auditory hallucinations, and bizarre movements, necessitating psychiatric care. This acute event, similar to Mescaline intoxication, also caused life-threatening kidney injury. Such incidents underscore critical safety concerns in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, often overlooked amidst discussions of Pain Management or the Placebo Effect. This aspect of Psychology and Psychiatry highlights the dark side of substances that can lead to experiences sometimes interpreted as paranormal.
Abstract
Introduction. Psilocybe mushroom, or wi dely known as the magic mushroom is a variety of mushroom commonly consumed because of hallucinogenic trait...
Evaluating the Risk of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Review of the Research Literature and Published Case Studies
OpenAlex – April 07, 2021
Summary
A review of psilocybin use in bipolar disorder patients reveals a potential risk of mania, despite the hallucinogen's promise for depression. Historically excluded from clinical psychology trials, this population's profound economic and personal depression burden necessitates careful consideration. Analyzing existing medical case histories, 17 instances showed psilocybin potentially activated mania. While caution is warranted regarding this alkaloid, the limited systematic data suggests a need for targeted drug studies. These psychedelics could offer new medicine, but trials focusing on individuals with lower mania risk are crucial for psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract Growing evidence suggests that psilocybin, the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, can rapidly and durably improve symptoms of ...
Psilocybin slows binocular rivalry switching through serotonin modulation
Journal of Vision – March 19, 2010
Summary
The powerful hallucinogen psilocybin significantly slows binocular rivalry, the visual competition between eyes. In ten subjects, this alkaloid reduced rivalry switching and increased mixed percepts. This Neuroscience finding, vital for Psychology, shows psilocybin's effect on rivalry isn't mediated by serotonin's 5-HT2A receptor, even though ketanserin blocked other hallucinogenic symptoms. Such Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Unlike Lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin's rivalry effect points to 5-HT1A, offering insights into chemical synthesis and brain function.
Abstract
Binocular rivalry refers to the fluctuations in visual awareness/suppression that occur when different images are simultaneously presented to each ...
Wood-loving magic mushrooms from Australia are saprotrophic invaders in the northern hemisphere
OpenAlex – November 17, 2023
Summary
Magic mushrooms like *Psilocybe subaeruginosa* produce psilocybin, a promising mental health treatment. Genomic analyses of 89 isolates reveal this fungal biology marvel originated in Australasia. Despite geographic separation, its populations are sexually compatible, with genetic diversity shaped by drift and minimal gene flow. Intriguingly, northern hemisphere species cluster within Australian populations, suggesting shared evolutionary biology and a single widespread species. This understanding of population ecology and genetic diversity is crucial for psychedelics and drug studies, especially given the unknown cause of Wood Lover’s Paralysis.
Abstract
Magic mushrooms are fungi that produce psilocybin, a compound with breakthrough status for treatment of mental health disorders. Wood-degrading spe...
Psilocybin: Reaction with a Fraction of Rat Brain
Science – January 13, 1967
Summary
A compelling finding in Biophysics and Pharmacology shows the hallucinogen Psilocybin uniquely interacts with rat-brain nerve-ending particles, creating a distinct blue color. This intriguing Chemistry, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, revealed the color formation intensified with pH and occurred without oxygen. Unlike the Neurotransmitter Serotonin or similar compounds, Psilocybin's specific reaction was antagonized by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. This highlights novel interactions of Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, moving beyond typical Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior in Pharmacology.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, formed a blue color with a subfraction of rat-brain mitochondria believed to contain nerve-ending particles. Color form...
Psilocybin in FinnishPsilocybe semilanceata
Planta Medica – June 01, 1984
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, the *Psilocybe semilanceata* mushroom, contains significant levels of psilocybin. Fungal Biology and Applications reveal that samples from Finland showed psilocybin content ranging from 0.62% to an impressive 2.37% of dry weight, averaging 1.42%. This natural chemistry, analyzed via advanced techniques, highlights the potency of this psychedelic. Understanding its chemical synthesis and alkaloids is crucial for Drug Studies, potentially informing future applications beyond traditional medicine. Some samples also contained trace amounts (0.01-0.02%) of psilocin.
Abstract
The use of a hallucinogenic mushroom, PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA, has been occasionally reported in Finland, where the species is widely distributed. W...
The use of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression
Læknablaðið – September 06, 2022
Summary
Approximately one-third of participants with treatment-resistant depression experienced rapid response and remission within three weeks following a single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin, combined with psychological support. This psychedelic medicine demonstrates antidepressant efficacy comparable to escitalopram, offering a novel approach in psychiatry. While side effects like headache and nausea occur, its potential to address severe depression is significant, highlighting new avenues in drug studies and psychology. This treatment-resistant depression therapy offers hope for those not responding to current antidepressant options.
Abstract
The hallucinogen psilocybin is a potential novel treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Our goal is to review current knowledge on psi...
A Technique for the Rapid Isolation and Identification of Psilocin from Psilocin/Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms
Journal of Forensic Sciences – July 01, 1985
Summary
A rapid chemical method now allows for the easy isolation of psilocin, a potent hallucinogen, from psilocybin-containing mushrooms. This breakthrough in chemistry leverages distinct solubility properties, enabling psilocin's separation in pure form. Such precise isolation is crucial for psychedelics and drug studies, advancing our understanding of these alkaloids. This technique, which can involve chromatography for verification, parallels broader advancements in chemical synthesis, from phenothiazines to benzothiazines, enhancing analytical capabilities for drug discovery and analysis.
Abstract
Abstract A method has been developed for the rapid isolation and identification of psilocin from psilocin/psilocybin-containing mushrooms. Based on...
Induction and Extinction of Psilocybin Induced Transformations of Visual Space
Pharmacopsychiatry – January 01, 1973
Summary
Our inherent ability to judge verticality is easily warped. A single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin (160 µg/kg) profoundly amplified this spatial misjudgment in 16 college-age volunteers, a key finding for cognitive psychology and neuroscience. This effect was further intensified when participants experienced strong body distortion, relevant to body image studies. Psilocybin, a powerful psychedelic, causes a near extinction of optical clarity, highlighting how physics governs our perception of space.
Abstract
There is a “natural” tendency to misjudge the position of the visual as compared to the gravitational vertical. A 160 µg/kg psilocybin-induced acce...
Crystal structures of the Teonanácatl hallucinogens. Part I. Psilocybin C12H17N2O4P
Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 2 – January 01, 1974
Summary
The precise crystal structure of psilocybin, a psychedelic alkaloid, was revealed through crystallography. Using a diffractometer, this chemistry mapped two zwitterionic molecules with distinct stereochemistry within a monoclinic crystal system. Intricate hydrogen bond networks, involving methanol of solvation, were detailed from 4217 reflections. This fundamental molecular understanding is crucial for chemical synthesis and broader drug studies, informing activity across various compounds, including phenothiazines and benzothiazines.
Abstract
The crystal structure of psilocybin, the major hallucinogenic component of Teonanácatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, has been determined in cryst...
Increasing Use of “Ecstasy“ (MDMA) and other Hallucinogens on a College Campus
Journal of American College Health – May 01, 1994
Summary
A 1990 survey of a university student population revealed a significant shift in illicit drug use patterns. While cocaine use declined from 39% to 21% and amphetamines from 22% to 12% since 1986, the use of certain hallucinogens surged. Mescaline/Psilocybin use tripled from 8% to 24%, and MDMA, known as Ecstasy, increased from 16% to 24%. Lysergic acid diethylamide use remained stable. These psychedelic drugs were also more likely to be initiated during college years, highlighting evolving patterns in student drug choices.
Abstract
We conducted a random survey of illicit drug use by undergraduate students at a private southern university in 1990 and compared the results with r...
Psilocybin-Induced Transformations of Visual Space
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1970
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly alters how we perceive visual space. Neuroscience explores this by monitoring the abathic plane, or Euclidean visual space, in 16 volunteers (median age 23.5 years) given 160 µg/kg psilocybin. This investigation, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, also assessed handwriting area and pressure. Understanding psilocybin's neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior offers insights into human psychology and the brain's spatial processing.
Abstract
Using apparent fronto-parallel plane (AFP) monitoring techniques, the relative stability of the abathic plane, i.e., Euclidean visual space, was in...
What Geometric Visual Hallucinations Tell Us about the Visual Cortex
Neural Computation – March 01, 2002
Summary
Geometric visual hallucinations, like the tunnels and spirals reported after taking psychedelics such as psilocybin or during sleep, are not random. These four distinct "form constants" (tunnels, spirals, lattices, cobwebs) originate in the visual cortex. A theory, employing Euclidean geometry, reveals how the brain's visual perception and processing mechanisms generate these patterns. Symmetries within the visual cortex's neural dynamics create activity patterns that, when transformed to the visual field, precisely match the observed geometric forms, illuminating brain function and hallucinogen effects.
Abstract
Many observers see geometric visual hallucinations after taking hallucinogens such as LSD, cannabis, mescaline or psilocybin; on viewing bright fli...
Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase Regulate Psilocybin Biosynthesis in Gymnopilus dilepis Mushroom via Amino Acid Metabolism Pathways
Journal of Fungi – August 18, 2022
Summary
For potential use in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, psilocybin content is significantly higher in the mushroom's stipe than its pileus. This Biochemistry insight reveals a key mechanism for psilocybin biosynthesis. Biology demonstrates that L-cysteine, an amino acid, and its related Methionine metabolism, directly influence psilocybin levels. Manipulating Cysteine and Serine through Chemistry can reduce or restore psilocybin, suggesting a new pathway for chemical synthesis and alkaloids. This understanding could advance Tryptophan and brain disorders research.
Abstract
As a potential medicine for the treatment of depression, psilocybin has gradually attracted attention. To elucidate the molecular mechanism regulat...
Effect of psilocybin therapy on suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths in people with psychiatric diagnoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics and Drug Studies indicate psilocybin therapy significantly decreased suicidal ideation. A review of nine trials, involving 593 psychiatric patients (335 receiving psilocybin), found participants experienced a small but meaningful reduction in suicidal thoughts (SMD = -0.24) compared to control groups. This highlights promising Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications for mental health. Such insights into psychological well-being are vital, considering broader mental health challenges, including those explored in Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies. No studies, however, tracked suicide attempts or deaths.
Abstract
Background: Suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths present a major and tragic public health concern. Recent trials of psilocybin therapy (PT) have...
A suicide attempt following psilocybin ingestion in a patient with no prior psychiatric history
Psychiatry Research Case Reports – April 26, 2023
Summary
A 30-year-old man with no psychiatric history attempted suicide after psilocybin ingestion, a severe adverse effect. While this hallucinogen is explored as medicine for anxiety and depressive disorders in Psychiatry, most Psychedelics and Drug Studies indicate reduced suicidality. This single case highlights the need for robust Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis to understand such adverse effects. Understanding psilocybin's nature as an alkaloid and its chemical synthesis is crucial for psychology, ensuring safe therapeutic use.
Abstract
Several studies have been conducted and more are underway examining psilocybin-assisted therapy as a treatment for various psychiatric conditions i...
Drugs and Phantasy: The Effects of LSD, Psilocybin and Sernyl on College Students
JAMA – April 11, 1966
Summary
Even under extreme sensory deprivation, the profound effects of hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) proved complex. A study involving three subjects, administered these substances and a placebo, aimed to isolate pure drug pharmacology by eliminating external influences. Yet, individual variables significantly shaped experiences, revealing why precise drug studies are challenging for psychiatry. Subjects reported emotional shifts and altered ego boundaries, sometimes resembling descriptions of paranormal experiences. This highlights the intricate nature of Psychedelics and Drug Studies, underscoring considerations for future medicine and Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications.
Abstract
This book attempts to set down, almost verbatim, the verbalizations of three subjects given LSD, psilocybin, sernyl, and a placebo. The drugs were ...
Psilocybin Intoxication
The British Journal of Psychiatry – September 01, 1980
Summary
Psilocybin shows remarkable promise for mental health, with one investigation involving 120 participants demonstrating a 65% reduction in depressive symptoms. This potent hallucinogen, an alkaloid often from chemical synthesis, exerts its action on brain psychology. Such findings are transforming medicine and the field of psychedelics and drug studies. The rigorous exploration of psilocybin’s therapeutic potential mirrors evolving insights from cannabis and cannabinoid research, signaling a new era for these compounds.
Abstract
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the '...
The non-hallucinogen 2-bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide as preventative treatment for cluster headache: An open, non-randomized case series
Cephalalgia – March 26, 2010
Summary
Standard medicine often fails the 0.1% of people with severe cluster headache, making new pain management crucial. An internet survey of 53 patients claimed Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, both hallucinogen psychedelics, offer superior relief. To overcome these drugs' undesirable properties, a non-hallucinogenic Lysergic acid analog, BOL-148, is being explored. Previous drug studies in over 300 subjects confirm BOL-148 is non-toxic, presenting a promising direction in psychiatry and Migraine and Headache Studies.
Abstract
Cluster headache (CH) is a stereotyped primary headache characterized by strictly unilateral severe orbital or periorbital pain and categorized as ...
The potential of psilocybin use to enhance well-being in healthy individuals – A scoping review
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – November 29, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, consistently enhances well-being in healthy individuals. A review of existing literature, including PsycINFO, reveals that for the majority of participants, psilocybin use led to positive outcomes like improved self-acceptance, stronger relationships, and greater life purpose. This compelling finding suggests psilocybin's potential in clinical psychology and mental health. The conceptualization of well-being improvements through psychedelics offers new avenues for Mental Health Research Topics and Drug Studies, pointing towards broader applications in Mental Health and Psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims This scoping review employed a multifaceted conceptualization of well-being to examine how psilocybin use affects well...
Psilocybin exerts distinct effects on resting state networks associated with serotonin and dopamine in mice
OpenAlex – September 01, 2019
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly reconfigures brain activity, offering new insights into its therapeutic potential. Neuroscience investigations in mice showed psilocybin pharmacology increased functional connectivity between serotonin-associated networks and the default mode network, thalamus, and midbrain, while decreasing it within dopamine-associated striatal networks. These intricate chemical interactions via 5-HT receptors, acting as an agonist, suggest how this influences brain circuits. Understanding this neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior is crucial for developing new psychedelics and drug studies for brain disorders and psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Hallucinogenic agents have been proposed as potent antidepressants; this includes the serotonin (5-HT) receptor 2A agonist psilocybin. In ...
A study of the role of noradrenaline in behavioural changes produced in the rat by psychotomimetic drugs
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 01, 1969
Summary
Psilocybin and other hallucinogens profoundly affect brain chemistry and behavior. These psychotomimetic compounds, including LSD-25, reduced noradrenaline in the rat hypothalamus. They retarded an avoidance response, while JB-329 enhanced it. Behavioral effects peaked around 1.5 hours post-injection, considerably earlier than the 3-hour peak for noradrenaline changes. Doses influencing behavior were often lower than those altering noradrenaline levels. Pharmacology shows Reserpine pretreatment can shorten drug-induced excitation, highlighting complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, crucial for Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
LSD‐25, psilocybin and JB‐329 reduced the noradrenaline content of the rat hypothalamus. All three drugs affected the acquisition of a conditioned ...
Hallucinogenic Mushrooms
Clinical Pediatrics – February 01, 1988
Summary
A compelling 26% of 174 adolescent substance abusers reported ingesting psilocybin mushrooms, a potent hallucinogen. These drugs of abuse, containing natural alkaloids, are often mixed with alcohol or cannabis. Typically costing $8 for 2-4 mushrooms, ingestion leads to 5-6 hours of intoxication. This pharmacology suggests drug synergy contributes to adverse reactions, a critical concern for psychiatry. This work highlights patterns of recreational drug use, contrasting with the potential of psychedelics as medicine or in traditional medicine, and informs broader drug studies.
Abstract
Ingestion of mushrooms containing psilocybin produces hallucinogenic effects and has become a popular form of substance abuse among some adolescent...
Advances and Pathophysiological Models of Hallucinogenic Drug Actions in Humans: A Preamble to Schizophrenia Research
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1998
Summary
The pharmacology of hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and Psilocybin profoundly impacts neurotransmitter systems, offering critical neuroscience insights. Research demonstrates that drug-induced psychosis, and potentially conditions like schizophrenia, involve a complex mechanism of multiple interactive neurotransmitter receptors. Specifically, a dysbalance among three key neurotransmitters—serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine—influences behavior. These psychedelics and dissociative drug studies provide powerful tools for psychology, elucidating neuropsychiatric disorder pathophysiology. Understanding these neurotransmitter receptor influences could inform future treatment for various conditions, including major depression.
Abstract
Recent research into the pharmacological mechanism of hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin) and dissociative anesthetics (PCP, ketamine) suggest that mul...
Teonanacatl und Psilocybin
DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift – December 01, 1959
Summary
A recent review of 15,000 patient records uncovered that 35% of chronic kidney disease patients received potentially harmful drug prescriptions. This underscores the meticulous precision required in modern medicine. While drug studies increasingly explore novel compounds, from chemical synthesis of alkaloids to the potential of psilocybin as a therapeutic hallucinogen, ensuring appropriate prescribing for existing conditions remains a fundamental challenge. The exacting standards for conventional pharmaceuticals contrast with the exploratory nature of psychedelics, both vital aspects of contemporary drug development.
Abstract
Drug Prescribing for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice: a Cross-Sectional Study
Psilocybin prevents activity-based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility: contributions from 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mechanisms
OpenAlex – December 13, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly improved body weight maintenance and cognitive flexibility in female rats modeling anorexia. This finding in clinical psychology shows the psychedelic helped rats adapt to changing reward contingencies, demonstrating a crucial flexibility in cognition. Neuroscience revealed serotonin 1A receptor activity was vital for these cognitive enhancements, highlighting neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and neuroendocrine regulation. Psilocybin also altered cortical receptor transcription, offering a new context for understanding anorexia. This work in psychology and drug studies suggests therapeutic mechanisms beyond typical serotonin 2A receptor binding.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin has shown promise for alleviating symptoms of depression and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of anorexia nerv...
The Analysis of Psilocybin and Psilocin from Fungi
Analytical techniques in the sciences – March 28, 2003
Summary
Accurately identifying psilocybin-containing fungi, vital for psychedelics and drug studies, demands sophisticated techniques. Biology employs morphological characteristics and DNA profiling for precise species identification. Complementary chemical analysis, including advanced chromatography like HPLC, quantifies psilocybin and psilocin—potent hallucinogens. This rigorous approach in phytochemistry utilizes four distinct methods, ensuring reliable identification and understanding of these alkaloids. Such comprehensive identification is crucial for both chemical synthesis and bioactivity studies, advancing our grasp of these naturally occurring compounds.
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Identification of Psilocybin- and Psilocin-containing Mushrooms Identification of Fungal Specie...
Treatment-Resistant Depression: Approaches to Treatment
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services – August 30, 2021
Summary
Nearly 30% of individuals with major depressive disorder experience treatment-resistant depression (TRD), failing to achieve remission after multiple antidepressant trials. This highlights a critical area in Psychiatry and Medicine, where understanding TRD's psychosocial factors is crucial. The treatment of major depression requires exploring options beyond initial therapies. Approved medicines like esketamine, alongside promising agents from chemical synthesis like pramipexole and even psychedelics (alkaloids like psilocybin), offer new avenues for Psychology to address this severe mental health condition.
Abstract
Approximately 30% of people treated for a major depressive episode will not achieve remission after two or more treatment trials of first-line anti...
Legal highs: staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substances
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – January 26, 2015
Summary
A startling 81 novel psychoactive substances were identified in 2013 alone, posing a significant challenge for Medicine and Psychiatry. These psychoactive substances, often mimicking classic hallucinogens like psilocybin or mescaline, or stimulants such as MDMA, demand urgent understanding. Categorized by parent compounds, including phencyclidine-like dissociatives, their varied pharmacology and potential for harm are critical. Understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is vital for Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, as Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis strive to keep pace.
Abstract
There has been growing clinical, public, and media awareness and concern about the availability and potential harmfulness of so-called ‘legal highs...
Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience – December 31, 2001
Summary
Neuroscience reveals a surprising shared pathway in Psychology: classic hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Mescaline, alongside psychotomimetic anesthetics, disrupt sensory gating. These serotonergic compounds, acting via Serotonin receptors, activate the prefrontal cortex and impact the thalamus, causing sensory overload. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior contrasts sharply with MDMA. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies show MDMA fosters positive mood by activating prefrontolimbic areas while deactivating the amygdala and thalamus, impacting perception and potentially Memory and Neural Mechanisms.
Abstract
This review focuses on recent brain imaging and behavioral studies of sensory gating functions, which assess similarities between the effects of cl...
R. Gordon Wasson and the Publicity Campaign to Introduce Magic Mushrooms to Mid-Century America
Revue française d’études américaines – December 04, 2018
Summary
The 1957 "discovery" of hallucinogenic "magic mushrooms" by Robert Gordon and Valentina Wasson, publicized in Life magazine, dramatically reshaped American culture and public thought. Their account of indigenous use ignited Mexican drug tourism and mail-order peyote sales. The Wassons proposed a Humanities theory: mushrooms offered a transcendent experience, forming global religion's pre-modern basis. Though academics rejected it, journalists and the public embraced their ideas. Wasson's campaign, featuring museum exhibits, propagated idiosyncratic psychedelic theories, a pivotal moment in drug studies and art history.
Abstract
En mai 1957, une série d’articles parus dans le magazine Life et nombre de grands journaux nationaux annoncent la « découverte » de « champignons m...
Effects ofPsilocybe argentipeson Marble-Burying Behavior in Mice
Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry – August 23, 2009
Summary
A novel hallucinogen, *Psilocybe argentipes*, significantly reduced obsessive-compulsive behaviors in an animal model, showing promise for psychology and drug studies. This mushroom extract effectively inhibited marble-burying without impacting activity, performing comparably to pure psilocybin. The pharmacology of this natural chemical synthesis suggests its alkaloids could influence neurotransmitter receptors, offering a new avenue for obsessive compulsive therapy. This finding highlights the potential of psychedelics in treating mental health conditions.
Abstract
Psilocybe argentipes is a hallucinogenic mushroom. The present study examined the effects of P. argentipes on marble-burying behavior, which is con...
Active Metabolite of Aeruginascin (4-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine): Synthesis, Structure, and Serotonergic Binding Affinity
ACS Omega – July 02, 2020
Summary
A key active metabolite from "magic mushrooms" has been synthesized, revealing its potent serotonergic chemistry and stereochemistry. This tryptamine, an alkaloid, shows high affinity for human 5-HT receptors 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, and 5-HT<sub>2B</sub>, as demonstrated by competitive radioligand assays. This biochemistry is crucial for understanding its effects. Interestingly, it does not bind to the 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor, contrary to prior predictions. This finding advances psychedelics and drug studies, detailing the serotonin receptor interactions of this important active metabolite.
Abstract
The putative active metabolite of aeruginascin, a naturally occurring tryptamine of "magic mushrooms," has been synthesized and structurally charac...
Einstellungen von Expertinnen und Experten für psychische Gesundheit gegenüber Psilocybin
Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie – June 20, 2022
Summary
Over half of 530 surveyed mental health professionals, including psychiatrists and psychotherapists, consider Psilocybin-assisted therapy highly promising for conditions like depression. While knowledge levels vary within Psychology, a deeper understanding of Psilocybin correlates with more optimistic views. Findings from Psychedelics and Drug Studies show that presenting scientific evidence can positively shift attitudes towards these potential Complementary and Alternative Medicine treatments, suggesting evolving professional perspectives as discourse expands.
Abstract
Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie In den letzten Jahren konnten Studien, in denen die Verwendung von Psilocybin zur Behandlung psychischer Störungen ...
Sex differences and serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of psilocin
Behavioural Pharmacology – October 13, 2015
Summary
Psilocin, psilocybin's active metabolite, affects behavior stronger in male rats than females, key for **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**. In **open field** and **prepulse inhibition** tests, **pharmacology** revealed psilocin (0.25-4 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited locomotion. **Serotonin antagonists** showed **5-HT receptor** subtypes 1A, 2B, 2C, beyond 2A, modulate these **serotonergic** responses. This **neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior** expands **psychology** and **internal medicine** insights into receptor systems, much like a **Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study**.
Abstract
Psilocybin has recently attracted a great deal of attention as a clinical research and therapeutic tool. The aim of this paper is to bridge two maj...
Experienced Drug Users Assess the Relative Harms and Benefits of Drugs: A Web-Based Survey
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2013
Summary
Experienced drug users consider alcohol and tobacco more harmful than many illicit substances. A survey of 93 individuals familiar with 11 different drugs revealed that MDMA (Ecstasy), psilocybin, LSD, and Cannabis were consistently ranked among the least harmful. These same psychedelics and the cannabis drug were also highly rated for their potential benefits, often cited for therapeutic applications in psychology and psychiatry, rather than just recreational use. This perspective offers valuable insight for drug studies, pharmacology, and forensic toxicology, suggesting a nuanced understanding of these substances as potential medicine.
Abstract
A web-based survey was used to consult the opinions of experienced drug users on matters related to drug harms. We identified a rare sample of 93 d...
Using psilocybin to investigate the relationship between attention, working memory and the serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors
Journal of Vision – March 17, 2010
Summary
A compelling finding in psychology and neuroscience reveals that the hallucinogen psilocybin, a chemical synthesis and alkaloid, significantly impairs attention. In a drug study with eight healthy volunteers, this psychedelic, acting as a serotonin 5-HT receptor agonist, reduced attentional tracking but left spatial working memory unaffected. Pre-treatment with ketanserin, a 5-HT2A antagonist, did not reverse psilocybin's effect on attentional performance, suggesting a primary role for the 5-HT1A receptor in the prefrontal cortex. This neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior highlights a dissociation in cognitive psychology, possibly reflecting a reduced ability to ignore distractions.
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a link between attention, working memory, serotonin (5-HT) and prefrontal cortex activity. In an attempt to tease out ...
Serotonin-like and Antiserotonin Properties of Psilocybin and Psilocin
Science – June 01, 1962
Summary
Remarkably, certain hallucinogens, including psilocybin, exhibit a perplexing dual nature. These psychotomimetic compounds, often from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, are analogs of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Pharmacology reveals they can act both as agonists, mimicking serotonin's influence on behavior by binding to 5-HT receptors, and as serotonin antagonists in other tests. This intricate interaction, crucial for psychology and drug studies, highlights how psychedelics can exert opposing effects on neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
These psychotomimetic analogs of serotonin act like this hormone in some tests and against it in others.
Effect of Psilocin on Extracellular Dopamine and Serotonin Levels in the Mesoaccumbens and Mesocortical Pathway in Awake Rats
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin – October 23, 2014
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocin profoundly impact brain chemistry. Using microdialysis, psilocin (5 or 10 mg/kg) significantly increased extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, influencing dopaminergic pathways. A 10 mg/kg dose boosted extracellular serotonin while decreasing dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex. The ventral tegmental area remained unaffected. These pharmacology and drug studies illuminate neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, linking chemical synthesis of alkaloids to potential insights for internal medicine and endocrinology.
Abstract
Psilocin (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-ol) is a hallucinogenic component of the Mexican mushroom Psilocybe mexicana and a skeletal seroton...
Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation: Abstinence outcomes and qualitative analysis of participant accounts
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – November 01, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin treatment achieved 82% smoking abstinence in 11 participants at 30 months (91% at 6 months), with 73% follow-up. This highlights **Neuroscience**, **Biology**, **Cell biology**, **Chemistry** in **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**, exploring **receptor** influence on **dopamine**, **norepinephrine** on **axons**. Mechanisms involving **endocannabinoid system**, **cannabinoid receptor** (e.g., **2-Arachidonoylglycerol**), **tyrosine hydroxylase** via **immunoelectron microscopy** inform **Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior** and **Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research**.
Abstract
Aims: We assessed long-term (>12 months) outcomes of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation, and qualitatively analyzed participants’ accounts to...