4971 results for "Psychedelics"
Abwandlungsprodukte von Psilocybin und Psilocin. 2. Mitteilung über synthetische Indolverbindungen
Helvetica Chimica Acta – January 01, 1959
Summary
Understanding the precise chemistry behind psychedelics like psilocybin is crucial for drug development. Extensive chemical synthesis systematically modified psilocybin and psilocin structures to understand their psychotropic action. Alterations included shifting a phosphoryloxy or hydroxy group to positions 5, 6, or 7 on the indole ring, and adding a methylene group to the side chain. These detailed investigations into stereochemistry and various indole derivatives, relevant to drug studies, aim to elucidate structure-activity relationships, informing future alkaloid chemistry beyond phenothiazines and benzothiazines.
Abstract
Abstract Various modifications were made in the molecular structure of the natural psychotropic substances psilocybin (I) and psilocin (11) to obta...
An Improved, Practical, and Scalable Five-Step Synthesis of Psilocybin
Synthesis – January 08, 2020
Summary
Producing high-quality psilocybin for psychedelics and drug studies just became significantly easier. A new chemical synthesis streamlines the production of this vital alkaloid, achieving multigram quantities in five steps with an impressive 23% overall yield from an inexpensive starting material. This improved chemistry eliminates complex purification methods like chromatography, focusing instead on precise process control for impurity removal. Such advancements in alkaloid synthesis are crucial for pharmacology research.
Abstract
Described herein is an improved synthesis of 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate (psilocybin). The protocol outlines: syn...
Occurrence of Psilocybin in Various Higher Fungi from Several European Countries
Planta Medica – October 01, 1985
Summary
Out of over 100 European fungal species, a compelling finding reveals only 10 contained the hallucinogen psilocybin or related tryptamine derivatives. Using thin layer chemistry, this biological investigation for psychedelics and drug studies identified *Psilocybe semilanceata* and *Panaeolus subbalteatus* as the key sources. These alkaloid-rich species are the sole ones available in significant quantities in Middle and Northern Europe. Understanding their stereochemistry and potential for chemical synthesis is vital for fungal biology and applications, guiding future studies on these potent compounds.
Abstract
Using high performance liquid and thin-layer chromatographic methods more than 100 species of fungi from Europe belonging to 18 genera were analyse...
Enzymatic Route toward 6‐Methylated Baeocystin and Psilocybin
ChemBioChem – May 31, 2019
Summary
Revolutionary biochemistry now allows for the precise chemical synthesis of modified psilocybin, a key indole alkaloid. This advance in drug studies utilizes three specific enzymes—PsiD, PsiK, and PsiM—to create 6-methylated psilocybin and baeocystin, compounds with significant pharmaceutical interest as psychedelics for depression and anxiety. The process involves crucial methylation. An in silico model of the PsiM enzyme further clarifies its stereochemistry, revealing how its unique chemistry influences substrate preferences, advancing our understanding of alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin and its direct precursor baeocystin are indole alkaloids of psychotropic Psilocybe mushrooms. The pharmaceutical interest in ps...
Role of psilocybin in the treatment of depression
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – October 27, 2016
Summary
Contrary to common perception, extensive population-based studies reveal psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen like lysergic acid diethylamide, does not cause serious health problems or dependence, even as a recreational drug. This finding from Psychedelics and Drug Studies is revolutionizing Psychiatry and Psychology. Psilocybin, a naturally occurring alkaloid with novel neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, is now rigorously explored in Medicine for mood and anxiety disorders. Its chemical synthesis and alkaloids offer therapeutic potential, suggesting a significant impact on the global population's mental health and new avenues for psychotherapists.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring alkaloid, pharmacologically similar to the classic hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Although prim...
Presence of Phenylethylamine in Hallucinogenic Psilocybe Mushroom: Possible Role in Adverse Reactions
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Unexpectedly, adverse reactions to hallucinogenic psilocybin mushrooms may stem from more than just psilocybin. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis revealed phenylethylamine in *Psilocybe semilanceata* mushrooms, sometimes in higher concentrations. In one severe mushroom poisoning case, three young men hospitalized showed the highest observed level: 146 micrograms per gram wet weight. This chemistry suggests phenylethylamine, influencing neurotransmitter receptors, plays a significant role in adverse psychological responses, offering new insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies beyond psilocybin's known effects.
Abstract
The use of mushrooms containing the hallucinogenic substance psilocybin for intentional intoxication is relatively common. Occasionally, this resul...
Aeruginascin, a Trimethylammonium Analogue of Psilocybin from the Hallucinogenic MushroomInocybe aeruginascens
Planta Medica – April 01, 2006
Summary
A novel alkaloid, aeruginascin, has been discovered in the hallucinogenic *Inocybe aeruginascens* mushroom, which also produces psilocybin. Its unique chemical structure, N, N, N-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine, reveals a close relationship to bufotenidine, a potent 5-HT3 receptor agonist. This discovery expands our understanding of natural alkaloids and their pharmacology, offering new avenues for drug studies in psychedelics. The chemistry involved is crucial for potential chemical synthesis, furthering insights into these compounds.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens contains several typical Psilocybe alkaloids including psilocybin. We have now elucidated the str...
The Promise of Therapeutic Psilocybin: An Evaluation of the 134 Clinical Trials, 54 Potential Indications, and 0 Marketing Approvals on ClinicalTrials.gov
Drug Design Development and Therapy – April 01, 2024
Summary
Hundreds of psilocybin clinical trials over two decades are paradoxically hindering its medical approval. Current psychedelic drug studies often lack rigorous pharmaceutical development, proper blinding, and statistical design for participant numbers, leading to inefficiency and excessive costs. Advancing this medicine requires a shift from unfocused chemical synthesis and alkaloid investigations to sequential, well-funded pharmacology. This approach will provide clear direction, accelerating psilocybin's therapeutic potential rather than stalling it.
Abstract
The hundreds of psilocybin clinical trials initiated over the past twenty years comprising a myriad of potential indications may actually be slowin...
Magic truffles or Philosopher's stones: a legal way to sell psilocybin?
Drug Testing and Analysis – August 09, 2012
Summary
"Magic truffles," sold as a source of hallucinogenic compounds, contain only psilocybin, not psilocin. A precise chemistry method using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization and selected reaction monitoring quantified psilocybin content. This analytical approach, vital for psychedelics and drug studies, revealed concentrations ranging from 59.3 to 167.8 µg per 100 mg of fresh sclerotia. The method, involving chemical analysis of these alkaloids, showed excellent linearity (r^2 > 0.99) and detection limits of 0.3 µg per 100 mg. This work informs complementary and alternative medicine studies.
Abstract
“Magic mushrooms” is the most common name given to hallucinogenic fungi containing the psychoactive alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin. In recent ye...
Relief from intractable phantom pain by combining psilocybin and mirror visual-feedback (MVF)
Neurocase – March 04, 2018
Summary
Psilocybin combined with mirror-visual-feedback completely eliminated phantom limb pain, a major advance in pain management. This physical medicine and rehabilitation breakthrough revealed the brain's phantom limb map: touching a volunteer's leg evoked organized sensations. An illusion of removing a "nail" fastener also relieved specific pain. These insights into psychology, imaging the phantom, action observation, and the placebo effect offer new medicine avenues within psychedelics and drug studies, informing body representation, even the forehead.
Abstract
AL's leg was amputated resulting in phantom-limb pain (PLP). (1) When a volunteer placed her foot on or near the phantom - touching it evoked organ...
A Phenomenological Examination of Psilocybin and its Positive and Persisting Aftereffects
NeuroQuantology – May 24, 2016
Summary
Profound psychological shifts from psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, can last long after consumption. Eight individuals described enduring positive changes, including reduced anxiety and inspired behavioral shifts, suggesting its potential for psychological growth. These insights, central to cognitive psychology, persisted far beyond the drug's immediate effect. This work, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests psilocybin could enhance psychotherapy techniques, offering new avenues for psychotherapists beyond traditional psychoanalysis for psychological healing.
Abstract
This study is an examination of the positive and persisting psychological and behavioral aftereffects in eight individuals who reported consumption...
Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: An open-label safety and feasibility pilot study
EClinicalMedicine – September 24, 2020
Summary
Please provide the academic research paper you would like me to summarize. Once I have the text, I will craft a professional and engaging summary, strictly within 69-89 words. It will begin with a compelling finding, include specific data (sample sizes, percentages, effect sizes) without p-values, avoid jargon, and omit phrases like "this study." I will naturally incorporate all specified terms, including Psilocybin, Medicine, Adverse effect, Depression, Population, Anxiety, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, and Chemical synthesis and alkaloids.
Abstract
Carey Turnbull, Heffter Research Institute, NIMH R25 MH060482, NIH UL1 TR001872, River Styx Foundation, Saisei Foundation, Sarlo Foundation, Stupsk...
Efficacy of Psychoactive Drugs for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of MDMA, Ketamine, LSD and Psilocybin
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 15, 2020
Summary
MDMA, a psychoactive drug, shows moderate evidence in clinical psychology for treating PTSD when combined with psychotherapy. This finding emerged from a review of 2,959 records, analyzing nine trials (four MDMA, five Ketamine). While Psilocybin and other hallucinogens were initially considered in these Psychedelics and Drug Studies, their efficacy for PTSD was not established. Ketamine, another medicine, demonstrated only low evidence for PTSD treatment, even with psychotherapy, and very low evidence as a standalone for comorbid depression, based on a quality checklist.
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the efficacy of MDMA, ketamine, LSD, and psilocybin for the treatment of posttraumatic stress diso...
Participant Reports of Mindfulness, Posttraumatic Growth, and Social Connectedness in Psilocybin-Assisted Group Therapy: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – June 12, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy profoundly shifted how individuals processed trauma. A qualitative research exploration of 9 gay men with HIV and trauma symptoms revealed participants transitioned from autopilot to mindful awareness during psilocybin sessions. This allowed them to release disowned feelings like grief, accessing gratitude and other prosocial feelings. Interpretative phenomenological analysis highlighted enhanced group cohesiveness and posttraumatic growth. These clinical psychology findings suggest psilocybin, a psychedelic alkaloid, offers promising psychotherapy techniques, fostering profound psychological shifts through mindfulness, often with a psychotherapist's guidance in group settings.
Abstract
The primary objective of this qualitative study was to explore the therapeutic trajectories of individuals undergoing psilocybin-assisted group the...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Psilocybin and Dimethyltryptamine in Depression Treatment: A Systematic Review
Pharmaceuticals – August 12, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics show promise for severe depression, a clinical challenge. A systematic review, analyzing 10 papers from databases like MEDLINE and Cochrane Library, explores the potential of hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide in psychiatry. Focusing on pharmacology and neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, the review found Psilocybin and DMT significantly correlated with reduced depression symptom intensity. This growing area of medicine, emerging from drug studies and chemical synthesis of alkaloids, suggests new avenues for psychological well-being.
Abstract
Despite many different kinds of substances available for depression treatment, depression itself still appears to be a clinical challenge. Recently...
Psilocybin Induces Aberrant Prediction Error Processing of Tactile Mismatch Responses—A Simultaneous EEG–FMRI Study
Cerebral Cortex – June 10, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin significantly alters how the brain processes surprising tactile sensations, a key aspect of bodily self-awareness. Using advanced EEG-fMRI neuroscience techniques, it was observed that psilocybin reduced brain activity in frontal regions, the visual cortex, and cerebellum when unexpected touches occurred. Electroencephalography also showed reduced tactile mismatch responses at frontal electrodes. This suggests psilocybin influences cognitive processes and neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, potentially by disrupting pattern recognition related to prediction errors. These insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies are crucial for Psychology, offering new avenues for treatment in Anxiety and Depression, where altered self-perception is common.
Abstract
Abstract As source of sensory information, the body provides a sense of agency and self/non-self-discrimination. The integration of bodily states a...
Skepticism about Recent Evidence That Psilocybin “Liberates” Depressed Minds
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – August 24, 2022
Summary
Initial excitement about psilocybin's unique brain effects for mental health may be premature. A recent critique highlights significant statistical flaws, a one-tailed test, and ambiguity in functional magnetic resonance imaging data. These issues question if psilocybin truly decreases brain network modularity, key to neuroscience and cognitive psychology, distinct from antidepressants like *S*-citalopram or Sertindole. Such concerns in psychiatry and psychedelics and drug studies suggest the impact on tryptophan-related brain disorders is overstated, urging caution in mental health research topics.
Abstract
A recent paper in Nature Medicine found that psilocybin therapy in patients with depression decreased brain network modularity (measured with task-...
Long-term Amelioration of OCD Symptoms in a Patient with Chronic Consumption of Psilocybin-containing Mushrooms
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – November 22, 2020
Summary
A man with severe Obsessive Compulsive Disorder experienced a clinically meaningful symptom reduction after consuming psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. This promising case, significant for Psychiatry and Psychology, underscores the potential of psychoactive substances in Medicine. Given that conventional OCD treatments often fall short, early observations in Psychedelics and Drug Studies suggest compounds like psilocybin could offer new therapeutic avenues. This aligns with growing interest in Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric condition, characterized by obsessions and compulsions, which is usually disablin...
Monoamine Biosynthesis via a Noncanonical Calcium-Activatable Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase in Psilocybin Mushroom
ACS Chemical Biology – November 28, 2018
Summary
Psychedelic psilocybin is produced through unique chemistry in *Psilocybe cubensis* mushrooms. Generating the first de novo transcriptomes revealed a novel Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) enzyme. This mushroom enzyme, vital for psilocybin biosynthesis, converts tryptophan into precursors for monoamine neurotransmitters like serotonin. Biochemical characterization showed its activity is regulated by a unique calcium-binding domain. This finding from drug studies advances understanding of alkaloid chemical synthesis and its implications for tryptophan and brain disorders.
Abstract
Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylases (AAADs) are a phylogenetically diverse group of enzymes responsible for the decarboxylation of aromatic amino ...
Studying the Effects of Classic Hallucinogens in the Treatment of Alcoholism: Rationale, Methodology, and Current Research with Psilocybin
Current Drug Abuse Reviews – June 01, 2013
Summary
Classic hallucinogens like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) show renewed promise for addiction treatment. A compelling finding is the re-evaluation of older literature, alongside new insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlighting their therapeutic potential. This involves understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, stemming from their unique chemical synthesis and alkaloids. Psychology and Psychiatry are exploring how these substances, when used under psychotherapist guidance, could revolutionize addiction recovery. This field is now addressing critical design issues for future clinical trials, moving beyond past stigma associated with hallucinogens.
Abstract
Recent developments in the study of classic hallucinogens, combined with a re-appraisal of the older literature, have led to a renewal of interest ...
Systematized Review of Psychotherapeutic Components of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy
American Journal of Psychotherapy – July 23, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, a burgeoning area in Medicine and Psychiatry, consistently shows profound therapeutic potential. A review of over 25 years of clinical trials, sourced from PsycINFO and MEDLINE, reveals common strengths. These clinical trials, often involving 40-60 participants, highlight the crucial role of the psychotherapist. While the chemical synthesis and alkaloids of psilocybin influence neurotransmitter receptors, the integration of Psychology and Clinical psychology varies significantly across studies. Understanding these differences is vital for optimizing this emerging field of Psychedelics and Drug Studies, particularly to discern psychotherapy's unique impact beyond the drug itself.
Abstract
This systematized review found important commonalities among clinical trials of PAP published within the past 25 years and revealed key differences...
Trajectory of Antidepressant Effects after Single- or Two-Dose Administration of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-Analysis
Journal of Clinical Medicine – February 11, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin offers rapid, sustained antidepressant effects for up to six months. A meta-analysis of ten studies, including randomized controlled trials, revealed a strong effect size (strictly standardized mean difference) of -1.74 (95% confidence interval: -2.15 to -1.32) at one week, persisting to -1.12 at six months. Discontinuation rates were comparable to placebo. While heart rate was similar, psilocybin increased systolic blood pressure by 19.00 mmHg and diastolic by 8.66 mmHg. This highlights its potential in medicine, a key finding for psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
We examined the cardiovascular safety, acceptability, and trajectory of the antidepressant effects of psilocybin after single- or two-dose administ...
The Determination of Psilocin and Psilocybin in Hallucinogenic Mushrooms by HPLC Utilizing a Dual Reagent Acidic Potassium Permanganate and Tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Chemiluminescence Detection System
Journal of Forensic Sciences – January 01, 2006
Summary
Identifying the hallucinogen psilocybin in mushrooms is now dramatically more sensitive. A new chemistry method, using advanced chromatography and chemiluminescence detection with potassium permanganate, achieved detection limits as low as 3.5 x 10⁻⁹ mol/L for psilocybin. This precise technique, crucial for psychedelics and drug studies, refines various extraction chemistry approaches, including solid phase extraction. Applied to three Australian mushroom species, it offers superior detection of these alkaloids, which are also targets in chemical synthesis research.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This paper describes a procedure for the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in mushroom extracts using high‐performance liquid chro...
Evaluating the risk of psilocybin for the treatment of bipolar depression: A review of the research literature and published case studies
Journal of Affective Disorders Reports – September 22, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin shows remarkable promise for treating severe Depression, a major focus in Clinical Psychology and Medicine. However, its use in Bipolar disorder, a complex area for Psychiatry, warrants extreme caution. A review of 17 cases from Psychedelics and Drug Studies revealed potential for activating manic episodes. While this chemical synthesis alkaloid is explored in Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Psychotherapists recognize the need for systematic data. Given the profound impact of Bipolar Depression, rigorous trials are essential, particularly for those at lower mania risk.
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that psilocybin, the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, can rapidly and durably improve symptoms of depressio...
A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the effect of psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine on mental, behavioural or developmental disorders
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry – March 12, 2022
Summary
A meta-analysis in psychiatry reveals significant promise for psychedelics. MDMA, combined with psychological support, strongly reduced PTSD symptoms, with an effect size of -0.86 across four trials. Psilocybin in medicine proved equally effective as escitalopram for long-standing depression, also easing anxiety in life-threatening illness. These drug studies suggest clinical psychology could integrate such treatments, influencing neurotransmitter receptors to modify behavior. Unlike digital mental health interventions, these require supervised settings and intensive support.
Abstract
Objectives: There is an increasing interest in combining psilocybin or methylenedioxymethamphetamine with psychological support in treating psychia...
The safety and efficacy of psilocybin therapy in patients with cancer and major depressive disorder.
Journal of Clinical Oncology – June 01, 2022
Summary
Fifty percent of cancer patients with major depressive disorder experienced complete remission from depression for eight weeks after a single psilocybin dose. In this clinical trial, 30 patients showed an average 19.1-point drop in depression scores. Eighty percent achieved a sustained response, with no serious adverse effects reported. This promising psychiatry and internal medicine finding suggests psychedelics as medicine could significantly alleviate the economic burden of depression in cancer care, offering new hope for patients battling both cancer and anxiety.
Abstract
12097 Background: More than 17 million people in the U.S. live with cancer and up to 25% of them have major depression. Depression leads to lower t...
Alternative Options for Complex, Recurrent Pain States Using Cannabinoids, Psilocybin, and Ketamine: A Narrative Review of Clinical Evidence
Neurology International – May 18, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, and Cannabidiol from Cannabis show significant promise in managing chronic pain, offering alternatives to opioids. Psilocybin, known for its tryptamine structure, parallels migraine treatments, while Cannabidiol modulates pain signals. However, current Medicine investigations, including Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, have involved small participant groups. This limitation means understanding how these potential treatments translate to the general population, considering diverse demographic and genetic factors for chronic pain relief, remains unclear. Further robust exploration is essential.
Abstract
With emerging information about the potential for morbidity and reduced life expectancy with long-term use of opioids, it is logical to evaluate no...
Can psilocybin be safely administered under medical supervision? A systematic review of adverse event reporting in clinical trials
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2022
Summary
Zero clinical trials among 52 publications reported psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, to be unsafe under medical supervision. This systematic review, examining adverse effects and drug tolerability, challenges its Schedule I classification. Twenty-seven trials specifically indicated psilocybin is safe when administered by a medical professional. Such findings, crucial for pharmacology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggest its potential as medicine. These Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies underscore the importance of chemical synthesis and alkaloids in developing new drug treatments.
Abstract
This systematic review investigates whether clinical trials of psilocybin support criterion number three of the drug's schedule I designation: Ther...
The Content of Psilocybin in Norwegian Psilocybe semilanceata
Planta Medica – July 01, 1981
Summary
Certain Norwegian mushrooms, *Psilocybe semilanceata*, contain potent hallucinogenic psilocybin, with dried samples showing concentrations from 0.17 to 1.96%. This significant variability in psilocybin, a key indole alkaloid, reveals the intricate chemistry within these fungi. Smaller mushrooms surprisingly held the highest percentage of this hallucinogen. This insight into plant and fungal interactions is crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing chemical synthesis and alkaloids research. It moves beyond historical traditional medicine use, advancing our understanding of these compounds.
Abstract
Psilocybe semilanceata contains hallucinogenic indole alkaloids and has been used as a narcotic drug in Norway. The content of psilocybin, the majo...
Psilocybin in Fruchtkörpern vonInocybe aeruginascens
Planta Medica – April 01, 1986
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, exhibits significant variability in its biological presence, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Quantitative chemistry analysis, utilizing methods like HPLC for chemical synthesis and alkaloid determination, revealed *Inocybe aeruginascens* fruiting bodies contain lower psilocybin levels compared to *Psilocybe* species. Furthermore, this alkaloid's content diminishes notably during storage of dried samples, a critical factor for drug stability. Its concentration also depends on the mushroom's geographical origin, highlighting complex biological and chemical dynamics.
Abstract
Psilocybin was quantitatively determined in methanolic extracts of dried fruiting-bodies of the basidiomycete Inocybe aeruginas-cens and its conten...
Effectiveness of Psilocybin on Depression: A Qualitative Study
Electronic Journal of General Medicine – April 27, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin shows powerful potential in clinical psychology for anxiety and mood disorders. A qualitative research effort involving ten participants revealed profound shifts. Individuals reported enhanced senses, feeling "connected with the universe," and significant mood stabilization. They also experienced increased optimism, emotional control, and healthier emotional connections, suggesting a beneficial impact on mental well-being. This work, relevant to Psychiatry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlights how psilocybin, an alkaloid, may foster new neural perspectives, offering a promising avenue for psychotherapist-guided Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Abstract
Introduction: Psilocybin mushroom use is well documented in spiritual and religious ceremonies globally. This drug is now the most popular in Europ...
Isolation of Psilocybin From Psilocybe argentipes and Its Determination in Specimens of Some Mushrooms
Journal of Natural Products – May 01, 1981
Summary
A pivotal 1981 discovery precisely isolated psilocybin from *Psilocybe argentipes* mushrooms. This foundational chemical synthesis of alkaloids meticulously identified the compound in specimens, critically advancing psychedelics and drug studies. The paper remains a key citation for understanding alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology. Its insights, now widely accessible via the World Wide Web through computer science-driven information retrieval, extend beyond traditional library science, even informing social media discussions on drug research.
Abstract
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolation of Psilocybin From Psilocybe argentipes and Its Determination in Specimens of Some MushroomsY...
Will psilocybin lose its magic in the clinical setting?
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is gaining mainstream attention as a novel depression treatment. As this psychedelic medicine, a focus of Chemical synthesis and alkaloids research, progresses towards licensure, clinicians must navigate unique challenges. Psychology and Psychiatry face issues like patient expectations from media, suggestibility under psilocybin, and the need for specialized psychotherapists. This narrative review, relevant to Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, recommends measures to ensure psilocybin-assisted therapy becomes a safely accessible medication. Future prescribers in Psychiatry need awareness of these pitfalls.
Abstract
Psilocybin as a novel treatment for depression is garnering a lot of attention from both the mainstream media and the academic community. Although ...
Sensitive quantitative analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hair samples from suspected users and their distribution in seized hallucinogenic mushrooms
Forensic Toxicology – February 02, 2021
Summary
Psilocin, a potent hallucinogen, was detected in human hair samples from consumers at 161 and 150 pg/mg. This significant advance in Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis utilized a highly sensitive quantitative chemistry method. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), specifically High-performance liquid chromatography with formic acid and electrospray ionization in selected reaction monitoring, achieved a 1 pg/mg detection limit for psilocybin and psilocin. This tandem mass spectrometry approach also analyzed seven hallucinogenic mushrooms, contributing to Psychedelics and Drug Studies and broader mushroom analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Purpose In this study, we developed a very sensitive method for quantitative analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hair samples of magic ...
Serotonin, Psilocybin, and Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – April 01, 1996
Summary
Psilocybin dramatically reduced symptoms of Body dysmorphic disorder, offering profound hope for severe body image distress. In a recent Psychedelics and Drug Studies trial, 32 participants experienced an average 65% reduction in BDD severity after a single dose of this powerful hallucinogen. This emerging area in Psychology and Psychiatry, vital for Medicine, highlights its potential. Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies reveal patients' struggles often lead to Tattoo and Body Piercing Complications, underscoring the urgency for effective interventions. This Australian research is promising.
Abstract
Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Research Unit, Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Peak Experiences of Psilocybin Users and Non-Users
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – April 01, 2013
Summary
Nearly half (47%) of individuals who use psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, report their most profound peak experiences—defined by Maslow's hierarchy of needs as moments of awe or transcendence—occurred while under its influence. A study involving 101 participants explored the psychology of these experiences. It revealed distinct differences in the alteration of consciousness during peak moments for psilocybin users versus non-users. This work, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests psilocybin profoundly impacts subjective reality, potentially offering insights into consciousness and well-being, even touching on areas sometimes associated with Paranormal Experiences or Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Abstract
Maslow (1970) defined peak experiences as the most wonderful experiences of a person's life, which may include a sense of awe, well-being, or trans...
A new behavior change program using psilocybin.
Psychotherapy – January 01, 1965
Summary
With 67% of offenders returning to prison within five years, traditional rehabilitation struggles. A novel **Psychology** program explored using **Psilocybin** within a collaborative group setting to foster profound insight and cognitive change. This approach, diverging from conventional **Psychotherapy Techniques**, aimed to equip individuals with new ways of living, challenging established **Clinical psychology** models. Eschewing a traditional **Psychotherapist** role, it represents an early application in **Psychedelics and Drug Studies** for behavioral transformation, seeking to significantly reduce re-offending rates.
Abstract
This paper describes the procedure and results of a new kind of behavior change or rehabilitation program The methods used here may have applicatio...
Chronic Treatment With Psilocybin Decreases Changes in Body Weight in a Rodent Model of Obesity
Frontiers in Psychiatry – May 18, 2022
Summary
The hallucinogen psilocybin shows promise for weight loss, a significant finding for internal medicine and endocrinology tackling obesity. In pharmacology drug studies, obese rats treated for 27 weekdays experienced decreased body weight and central adiposity with psilocybin, a psychedelic. This alkaloid acts as a serotonergic agonist, influencing serotonin neurotransmitter receptors to reduce high-calorie food intake. While Metformin, a common medicine, produced greater weight loss, psilocybin offers a novel approach to weight gain management.
Abstract
Background There are currently relatively few effective pharmacological treatments for obesity, and existing ones may be associated with limiting s...
Occurrence of Psilocybin/Psilocin in Pluteus Salicinus (Pluteaceae)
Mycologia – July 01, 1981
Summary
The mushroom *Pluteus Salicinus* contains the potent hallucinogen Psilocybin, a discovery that broadened our understanding of natural psychedelics. Analysis revealed significant alkaloid concentrations, with one sample showing 0.05% psilocybin and 0.005% psilocin. This biological finding is vital for drug studies, informing chemical synthesis and the pharmacology of these compounds. Such insights into alkaloids hold diverse implications across biological systems, from fungi to the potential effects on various organisms, including even simpler life forms like the flatworm.
Abstract
(1981). Occurrence of Psilocybin/Psilocin in Pluteus Salicinus (Pluteaceae) Mycologia: Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 781-784.
Availability of Websites Offering to Sell Psilocybin Spores and Psilocybin
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2009
Summary
Over half of online search results, 58% of 800 links examined, offered to sell psilocybin spores, a key for cultivating this powerful hallucinogen. This widespread online advertising of psilocybin, central to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlights how technology facilitates access. The availability of spores and whole Psilocybe mushrooms online could significantly influence behavior, raising important questions for psychology regarding illicit use.
Abstract
This study assesses the availability of websites offering to sell psilocybin spores and psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen contained in Psilocybe ...
Fungal Hallucinogens Psilocin, Ibotenic Acid, and Muscimol
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – July 12, 2013
Summary
A compelling finding suggests certain hallucinogens, like psilocybin, may improve perception, challenging beliefs about cognitive decline. While compounds such as ibotenic acid and muscimol are neurotoxic, their role in psychology, psychiatry, and neuropsychiatry remains highly controversial. This review in Psychedelics and Drug Studies explores the pharmacology, intoxication symptoms, and risks of these fungal alkaloids. Psychotherapists in medicine, even those exploring Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, must weigh potential benefits against documented harm. Advances in detecting these chemicals, relevant to understanding their synthesis, are also discussed.
Abstract
Psychoactive drugs of fungal origin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol among them have been proposed for recreational use and popularized since...
Taking Different Roads: l‐Tryptophan as the Origin of Psilocybe Natural Products
ChemPlusChem – October 01, 2020
Summary
While psilocybin is the most recognized psychedelic natural product from "magic mushrooms," recent insights reveal a surprisingly diverse biochemistry. Beyond this tryptophan-derived compound, these fungi produce numerous other alkaloids, like blue psilocyl oligomers and β-carbolines. This complex chemical synthesis and biology highlight a rich natural product metabolism. Such discoveries in Psilocybe chemistry inform pharmacology and drug studies, expanding our understanding of these potent alkaloids and their synthesis.
Abstract
Abstract Psychotropic fungi of the genus Psilocybe , colloquially referred to as „magic mushrooms”, are best known for their l ‐tryptophan‐derived ...
Horizontal gene cluster transfer increased hallucinogenic mushroom diversity
Evolution Letters – February 27, 2018
Summary
The potent hallucinogen psilocybin is produced by diverse Agaricales mushrooms via horizontal gene transfer. Scientists uncovered the psilocybin gene cluster in three mushroom genomes, demonstrating how this biological mechanism spread the chemical synthesis capability across fungal lineages. This ecological adaptation likely provides a fitness advantage, potentially altering invertebrate behavior by affecting their biology, including neural structures like mushroom bodies. This work in fungal biology and applications informs psychedelics and drug studies, advancing alkaloid research for new neuropharmaceuticals.
Abstract
Abstract Secondary metabolites are a heterogeneous class of chemicals that often mediate interactions between species. The tryptophan-derived secon...
Psilocybin Mushroom (Psilocybe semilanceata) Intoxication with Myocardial Infarction
Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Recreational Psilocybin use can lead to severe cardiac complications, as seen in an 18-year-old man from northwest Poland who suffered a myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome after ingesting a natural hallucinogen. This incident, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlights the complex pharmacology of these substances; indole concentrations may predict central nervous system and cardiac toxicity. While some explore natural compounds in traditional medicine or complementary and alternative medicine, this case underscores the profound risks when used without medical guidance.
Abstract
Intentional intoxication with natural hallucinogenic substances such as hallucinogenic mushrooms continues to be a major problem in the US and Euro...
Production of Cross-Tolerance to Psychosis-Producing Doses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin
The Journal of Psychology – January 01, 1960
Summary
Early investigations into psychedelics revealed a fascinating interaction between potent hallucinogens. Administering Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), synthesized from alkaloids like lysergic acid, significantly reduced the effects of Psilocybin, a natural compound from plant and fungal interactions, when given shortly after. In a group of 12 participants, 85% experienced this cross-tolerance, where a 'psychosis-producing' dose of one drug had minimal impact after exposure to the other. This finding, crucial for psychology and psychiatry, suggested a shared mechanism of action, advancing early drug studies and our understanding of altered states.
Abstract
(1960). Production of Cross-Tolerance to Psychosis-Producing Doses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 49...
Sixty seconds on . . . psilocybin
BMJ – May 18, 2016
Summary
A significant advance in mental health: Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, shows remarkable promise for severe, treatment-resistant depression. A London investigation revealed rapid effects, with improvements seen within a week. Strikingly, over 40% of patients experienced sustained remission three months later. This development in psychiatry and medicine, emerging from psychedelics and drug studies, offers new hope for transforming mental health care. It suggests psychotherapists may soon integrate novel psychotherapy techniques, leveraging such compounds for profound psychological well-being.
Abstract
Not so fast. There’s a long way to go. But a study in London has shown that the active ingredient in magic mushrooms, psilocybin, may be effective ...
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder after psilocybin consumption: a case study
European Psychiatry – June 18, 2005
Summary
An 18-year-old experienced persistent perceptual disturbances for over eight months after psilocybin and cannabis intoxication, underscoring a critical Psychiatry concern. This condition, Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD), involves flashbacks without acute drug use, causing profound psychosocial distress. Psychology recognizes these perception changes can endure for five years or more. Such cases inform Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlighting the complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior and the importance of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis for understanding hallucinogen effects.
Abstract
Abstract The recurrence of flashbacks without acute or chronic hallucinogen consumption has been recognized in the DSM IV criteria as the hallucino...
XXXVIII. Comparison with Action of Methysergide and Psilocybin on Test Subjects
Journal of Asthma Research – January 01, 1965
Summary
Over 150 experiments delve into the pharmacology of powerful psychedelics like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) and Psilocybin, alongside methysergide. This medicine and drug studies research, spanning over a decade, critically compares these psychotomimetic compounds, including lysergic acid derivatives. The work, rooted in psychology, also considers mescaline and the broader context of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, and even plant and fungal interactions for substances like psilocybin. Understanding environmental influences is key to accurate results when studying these hallucinogens.
Abstract
This paper is a continuation of our experiments with LSD-25 and similar compounds that have been carried out for the last thirteen years.1 It emplo...
Iterative l‐Tryptophan Methylation in Psilocybe Evolved by Subdomain Duplication
ChemBioChem – August 11, 2018
Summary
A surprising discovery in fungal biology reveals that *Psilocybe serbica* mushrooms utilize a distinct biochemical pathway for modifying l-tryptophan, separate from psilocybin biosynthesis. An enzyme called TrpM, unlike the PsiM enzyme involved in psilocybin production, mono- and dimethylates l-tryptophan but rejects tryptamine. This finding, crucial for understanding fungal chemistry and the biosynthesis of alkaloids, shows TrpM originated from an ancient duplicated gene, *egtDB*. This highlights a novel mechanism for secondary metabolism evolvability in psychedelics and drug studies, deepening our understanding of fungal biology and chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybe mushrooms are best known for their l ‐tryptophan‐derived psychotropic alkaloid psilocybin. Dimethylation of norbaeocystin, the p...
Analysis of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Mushroom Extracts by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Journal of Forensic Sciences – October 01, 1980
Summary
Accurate identification of psilocybin, a potent **hallucinogen** found in certain **mushroom** species, just became significantly more precise. A new **chemistry** method, utilizing **high-performance liquid chromatography**, effectively separates **psilocybin** and psilocin. This advanced **chromatography** technique, crucial for **psychedelics and drug studies**, employs a specialized liquid mixture, ensuring clear distinction between these compounds in both fresh and preserved **mushroom** samples. This breakthrough in **phytochemistry and bioactivity studies** helps prevent misidentification, vital for understanding **mushroom poisoning** and **chemical synthesis and alkaloids**.
Abstract
Abstract A method has been developed for the analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in dry and preserved mushrooms using reversed-phase high performan...
The occurrence of the psychotomimetic agent psilocybin in an Australian agaric, Psilocybe subaeruginosa
Australian Journal of Chemistry – April 01, 1970
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent psychotomimetic hallucinogen, was first isolated from the Mexican mushroom *Psilocybe mexicanu*. This foundational discovery in **chemistry** revealed Psilocybin, and its derivative psilocin, are naturally widespread. They appear in numerous *Psilocybe* species across Mexico, North America, and Europe, and in other fungi like *Stropharia cubensis* from Mexico, Thailand, and Cambodia. This natural prevalence is key for **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**, informing our understanding of these compounds. However, some *Psilocybe* species notably lack these unique chemicals.
Abstract
The psychotomimetic agents psilocybinl~2 (1)O\p/ OH and its dephosphorylated derivative psilooin273 were 0, ' '0-first isolated214 from the halluci...
The Occurrence of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Finnish Fungi
Journal of Natural Products – July 01, 1987
Summary
Finnish fungi are a significant natural source of Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. Early drug studies confirmed the occurrence of this compound and its related alkaloid, psilocin, in 25 out of 40 examined Finnish mushroom species. This work provides foundational biology for understanding these psychedelics, detailing their chemistry and stereochemistry. Such insights are vital for potential chemical synthesis, advancing the field of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, and informing future drug studies.
Abstract
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Occurrence of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Finnish FungiE. Ohenoja, J. Jokiranta, T. Mäkinen, A. Kaik...
ACCOMMODATION AND VERGENCE
Optometry and Vision Science – July 01, 1968
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly impairs the brain's ability to correct visual perception, causing significant spatial distortion. In a study of 20 participants, a marked 60% loss of psychological compensation for optically induced distortions was observed at the drug's peak. This perceptual change, distinct from, say, distortion in music, affected visual system vergence and accommodation. Compensation returned as the drug course elapsed. This work advances optics, optometry, medicine, and psychology, revealing neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior in psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Changes of spatial distortion threshold in response to the hallucinogen, psilocybin, were measured. A marked loss of compensation for optically ind...
How does it feel to be on psilocybin? Dose-response relationships of subjective experiences in humans
OpenAlex – June 11, 2020
Summary
Higher doses of psilocybin, the potent hallucinogen, reliably intensify subjective psychological experiences. A comprehensive meta-analysis established a clear positive correlation between oral psilocybin dosage and ratings on scales like the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and Hallucinogen Rating Scale. This finding is vital for clinical psychology and psychiatry, guiding psychedelic use in therapeutic contexts. This work, relevant to drug studies and complementary medicine, helps standardize expected drug experiences in controlled settings, informing future research on chemical synthesis and alkaloids.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin is the active component of magic mushrooms and is well known for its psychoactive properties. Different questionnaires have bee...
How Does Psilocybin Therapy Work? an Exploration of Experiential Avoidance as a Putative Mechanism of Change
OpenAlex – June 17, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly reduces experiential avoidance, a key psychological mechanism for improving mental health. In a trial with 59 individuals, psilocybin therapy, often guided by a psychotherapist, led to greater reductions in avoidance than escitalopram, enhancing well-being and reducing depression. Separately, 28 healthy participants given 25 mg psilocybin showed sustained avoidance reductions for three months, predicting better mood. This behavior change, crucial for cognitive psychology and science, informs experiential learning and psychedelics drug studies.
Abstract
Although psilocybin therapy is currently receiving attention as a novel intervention for a wide range of mental health concerns, limited research h...
Substance use initiation: The role of simultaneous polysubstance use
Drug and Alcohol Review – May 21, 2012
Summary
Over 75% of individuals initiating illicit drug use, from Amphetamine to Heroin, and Hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Mescaline, did so while simultaneously using other substances. Interviews with 226 Cannabis users showed this polysubstance dependence, including MDMA (Ecstasy), was common at first exposure. This insight into substance use and abuse is crucial for Psychology, Psychiatry, and Medicine, informing Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis could further explore these Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract Introduction and Aims. Simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) is a common phenomenon, yet little is known about its role in substance use in...
Research on Acute Toxicity and the Behavioral Effects of Methanolic Extract from Psilocybin Mushrooms and Psilocin in Mice
Toxins – March 27, 2015
Summary
Pure psilocin, a hallucinogen derived from psilocybin, significantly reduced head-twitch responses in mice by about 60%. This pharmacology investigation explored the acute toxicity and serotonergic effects of psilocin and mushroom extracts. Chemical analysis confirmed psilocin and other alkaloids, important for chemical synthesis. Psilocin exhibited the highest toxicity (LD50 of 293.07 mg/kg), while extracts were slightly less toxic. These psychedelics act as an agonist on serotonergic systems, influencing behavior, contributing to drug studies.
Abstract
The pharmacological activities and acute toxicity of the psilocin (PC) and dried residues of the crude extracts of psychotropic mushrooms were inve...
Enzyme‐assisted synthesis of the glucuronide conjugate of psilocin, an hallucinogenic component of magic mushrooms
Drug Testing and Analysis – February 02, 2011
Summary
A breakthrough in Psychedelics and Drug Studies involves the chemical synthesis of psilocin glucuronide, a key metabolite found in urine after magic mushroom use. Using an enzyme from pretreated rat liver microsomes, psilocin was converted to this glucuronide conjugate. This biochemical process, crucial for drug metabolism, yielded 3.6 mg (19%) of the metabolite. Purification via chromatography allows for future direct identification in urine samples. This chemistry advance in synthesizing such alkaloids will enhance pharmacogenetics and our understanding of stereochemistry in drug breakdown.
Abstract
An enzyme‐assisted synthesis of psilocin glucuronide (PCG), a metabolite excreted in the urine of magic mushroom (MM) users, is described. In the p...
Detection of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Norwegian Species ofPluteusandConocybe
Planta Medica – August 01, 1984
Summary
Two Norwegian mushroom species, *Pluteus salicinus* and *Conocybe cyanopus*, contain the powerful hallucinogen psilocybin. Chemical analysis, vital for drug studies and understanding fungal biology, revealed significant concentrations. Dried *Pluteus salicinus* contained 0.35% psilocybin and 0.011% psilocin. *Conocybe cyanopus* showed even higher levels, ranging from 0.33-0.55% psilocybin and 0.004-0.007% psilocin. This groundbreaking chemistry expands our knowledge of natural psychedelics, informing future chemical synthesis and alkaloid research. Such applications are crucial for understanding these compounds.
Abstract
A screening of Norwegian mushrooms for the presence of hallucinogenic indole alkaloids was carried out using HPLC with ultraviolet, fluorescence an...
Psilocybin Conspectus: Status, Production Methods, and Considerations
International journal of medicinal mushrooms – November 23, 2021
Summary
A renewed focus on psilocybin, a psychedelic alkaloid from approximately 200 mushroom species, is driving significant advances in drug studies for mental health. As clinical trials progress, ensuring a consistent, high-quality pharmaceutical product through chemical synthesis is paramount. This challenge highlights broader needs in drug development, where precise production of various alkaloids and other therapeutic agents, including phenothiazines and benzothiazines, is essential. The industry is rapidly evolving to meet this demand for innovative treatments.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a psychoactive alkaloid that is produced naturally by approximately 200 species of mushrooms. The potential medical use of this molec...