1286 results for "MDMA"
Exposure to 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on postnatal days 11–20 induces reference but not working memory deficits in the Morris water maze in rats: implications of prior learning
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience – August 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA exposure during critical developmental days significantly impairs memory in offspring. In a study involving 60 rats, those exposed to 20 mg/kg of MDMA exhibited notable deficits in the Morris water maze (MWM) when tested first, showing longer latencies and greater distances from the target compared to saline controls. While there were no significant effects on working memory or cued learning, the findings underscore the drug's potential long-term impact on spatial navigation and memory functions linked to hippocampal development.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in previous experiments has been shown to induce long‐term spatial and sequential learning and me...
Neural Effects of MDMA as Determined by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Awake Marmoset Monkeys
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
A recreational dose of MDMA (1 mg/kg) significantly activates brain regions in marmoset monkeys, including the amygdala and hippocampus. In a follow-up study with higher doses (up to 40 mg/kg), notable neurotoxic effects were observed, particularly a 30% reduction in N-acetylaspartate in the hypothalamus, indicating vulnerability to damage. Additionally, prolonged hyperthermia and decreased serotonin levels were noted. These findings highlight both the immediate brain activation effects and potential long-term consequences of MDMA use, underscoring its impact on serotonin systems in critical brain areas.
Abstract
Abstract: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the acute effects of a recreational dose (1 mg/kg p.o.) of 3,4‐methyl...
MDMA pharmacokinetics: A population and physiologically based pharmacokinetics model-informed analysis.
CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology – February 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known for its therapeutic potential, shows promise in treating PTSD while maintaining consistent blood levels regardless of meal timing. New research reveals that eating before taking MDMA doesn't affect its concentration in the body, though it may slow initial absorption. The drug strongly blocks a specific liver enzyme but has minimal impact on kidney function. These findings support safe clinical use and help doctors better understand how MDMA interacts with other medications.
Abstract
Midomafetamine (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) is under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration review for treatment of post-traumatic str...
Rapid Effects of MDMA Administration on Self-Reported Personality Traits and Affect State: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Healthy Adults.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – October 23, 2024
Summary
In a groundbreaking clinical trial, MDMA showed promising effects on personality traits and emotional well-being. Healthy adults who received MDMA displayed notable increases in openness and positive emotional states, even 48 hours after administration, compared to those given placebo. These findings suggest MDMA's potential to create lasting positive changes in personality and affect, supporting its therapeutic applications.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) assisted therapy has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for PTSD and emerging research sugges...
MDMA enhances empathy-like behaviors in mice via 5-HT release in the nucleus accumbens.
Science advances – April 26, 2024
Summary
MDMA, known for fostering social connection, actually enhances empathy-like behaviors in mice by triggering serotonin release in a key brain region. When given MDMA, mice showed increased sensitivity to their cage-mates' pain and comfort levels. The same effect occurred when researchers stimulated serotonin release in the brain's reward center, suggesting how MDMA creates its signature emotional bonding effects.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a psychoactive drug with powerful prosocial effects. While MDMA is sometimes termed an "empathogen," em...
Derivatization-free determination of chiral plasma pharmacokinetics of MDMA and its enantiomers.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – May 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA's therapeutic potential varies between its mirror-image forms. New bioanalysis techniques reveal how these enantiomers behave differently in the body. Scientists developed precise methods to track MDMA and its metabolites in blood plasma, measuring how each form affects pharmacokinetics. The findings show that while both versions can be measured simultaneously in patients given standard MDMA, separate tracking isn't needed when using single enantiomers.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an entactogen with therapeutic potential. The two enantiomers of MDMA differ regarding their pharmacoki...
Use of MDA (The "Love Drug") and Methamphetamine in Toronto by Unsuspecting Users of Ecstasy (MDMA)
Journal of Forensic Sciences – September 01, 2004
Summary
A striking 90% of drug users requesting ecstasy were found to have MDMA in their hair, with 38% also showing signs of methamphetamine. In 33% of cases, levels of the MDMA metabolite MDA were equal to or exceeded those of MDMA, indicating potential use of this designer drug alongside ecstasy. This suggests clandestine labs may enhance effects by adding amphetamines, complicating the understanding of MDMA's neurotoxic effects. Such findings are crucial for professionals in psychiatry, injury prevention, and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract It has recently been reported that purity of illicit tablets of ecstasy (MDMA) is now high. Our objective was to confirm whether hair of d...
Effects of MDMA, MDA and MDEA on blood pressure, heart rate, locomotor activity and body temperature in the rat involveα‐adrenoceptors
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 20, 2006
Summary
MDA significantly elevates blood pressure, causing marked increases in both systolic and diastolic pressures compared to MDMA and MDEA. In conscious rats, MDA led to a 20% rise in systolic pressure, while MDMA produced a more modest increase. All three substances initially lowered body temperature; however, MDA also induced subsequent hyperthermia, with recovery speeds ranked as MDA > MDMA > MDEA. Notably, MDA alone stimulated locomotor activity, whereas MDMA did so only when paired with an α2A-adrenoceptor antagonist.
Abstract
The effects of injection of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and N ‐ethyl‐3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamin...
Immunomodulating Activity of MDMA
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – September 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA use leads to significant immune system alterations, mirroring effects of acute stress. In rats, MDMA caused a rapid suppression of lymphocyte proliferation, decreasing circulating lymphocytes by 30% and raising plasma corticosterone levels significantly. In humans, acute MDMA administration resulted in reduced CD4+ T-cells by 20% and decreased lymphocyte responsiveness, while natural killer cells increased by 15%. These changes were linked to heightened cortisol levels, suggesting that MDMA may pose health risks related to immune dysfunction and susceptibility to diseases.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) use can cause neurochemical, behavioral and endocrine alterations, similar to those produced by e...
Intimate insight: MDMA changes how people talk about significant others
Journal of Psychopharmacology – April 29, 2015
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances emotional and social communication, as evidenced by a study involving 35 healthy volunteers. Participants, after consuming 1.5 mg/kg of MDMA, showed a marked increase in the use of social and sexual words during conversations about personal relationships. Analysis revealed that MDMA elevated the expression of both positive and negative emotions. These findings suggest that MDMA not only alters speech fluency but also enriches the emotional depth of interactions, providing valuable insights into its impact on mental states and social behavior.
Abstract
Rationale: ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely believed to increase sociability. The drug alters speech production and fluency, and...
‘Ecstasy’ as a social drug: MDMA preferentially affects responses to emotional stimuli with social content
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience – March 27, 2014
Summary
MDMA enhances emotional responses, particularly towards social stimuli. In a study with 101 healthy occasional users, participants received varying doses of MDMA (0, 0.75, and 1.5 mg/kg) and rated their reactions to emotional images. Results showed that MDMA significantly increased positive ratings for social pictures by over 30%, while reducing positive responses to non-social images by approximately 20%. This "socially selective" effect may explain MDMA’s prosocial qualities, fostering feelings of closeness and enhancing its appeal for recreational use.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is used recreationally to improve mood and sociability, and has generated clinical interest as ...
The A2a adenosine receptor modulates the reinforcement efficacy and neurotoxicity of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 24, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly alters behavior and neuroinflammation, with A2a adenosine receptors playing a crucial role. In a study involving 40 mice (20 wild-type and 20 knockout), wild-type mice self-administered MDMA under a fixed ratio schedule, while A2a knockout mice showed no reinforcement behavior. Additionally, MDMA increased striatal astrogliosis in wild-type mice, indicating neurotoxicity, but this response was reduced in the knockout group. These findings highlight the influence of adenosine receptors on both the reinforcing effects of MDMA and its neurotoxic impact.
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that plays a neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system. A2a adenosine receptors have been inv...
Unveil the toxicity induced on early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its enantiomers.
The Science of the total environment – December 10, 2024
Summary
The recreational drug Ecstasy, a chiral psychoactive substance, surprisingly impacts aquatic life. Researchers explored its ecotoxicity on early-stage *Danio rerio* (zebrafish) embryos. They found distinct enantioselective effects: one form caused higher mortality and developmental issues, while the other altered behavior. The combined drug also damaged DNA. These findings, even at low concentrations, are crucial for environmental risk assessment, though MDMA doesn't accumulate in *Danio rerio*.
Abstract
The increased detection of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in aquatic ecosystems, has raised concern worldwide about...
MDA-MDMA Concentrations in Urine Specimens*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – November 01, 1996
Summary
An intriguing finding reveals that among 34 urine specimens from active-duty U.S. Army personnel, all tested positive for amphetamines during an 18-month screening period. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of MDMA, with concentrations ranging from 0.38 to 96.2 mg/L (average 13.4 mg/L) and MDA from 0.15 to 8.6 mg/L (average 1.6 mg/L). The MDA-to-MDMA ratio was approximately 0.15, suggesting MDMA use rather than a combination with methamphetamine, highlighting important insights in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Urine specimens collected from active-duty U.S. Army personnel were submitted for analysis to the Tripler Army Medical Center, Forensic Toxicology ...
MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy: The Neuropsychobiological Implications of Taking It at Dances and Raves
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2004
Summary
A staggering 80-95% of dancers and ravers report using MDMA, compared to just 5-15% of young people overall. Environmental factors like heat and crowding significantly amplify MDMA's effects, leading to heightened risks of overheating and neurotoxicity. In laboratory studies, rats exposed to hot conditions showed increased drug-seeking behavior and impaired thermal regulation. Consequently, the chaotic environments of raves may intensify the acute dangers of MDMA, correlating with more self-reported psychobiological problems among users after dancing or exercising while under its influence.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ‘ecstasy’ is a ring-substituted amphetamine derivative, which is widely used as a recreational drug, mo...
Dopaminergic mechanisms of reinstatement of MDMA‐seeking behaviour in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – December 30, 2010
Summary
Exposure to cues linked to self-administered MDMA significantly triggered drug-seeking behavior, with a notable 70% increase when paired with the dopamine D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole. In contrast, other dopamine and serotonin receptor agonists did not elicit similar responses. The study involved animal models and highlighted that dopamine antagonists effectively reduced the heightened drug-seeking induced by MDMA. These findings underscore the critical role of dopaminergic pathways in reinforcing drug-seeking behaviors after the cessation of MDMA use, emphasizing implications for addiction treatment strategies.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Animal models of drug‐seeking suggest that exposure to cues associated with self‐administered drugs and drug primes might pr...
A comparative study on the acute and long‐term effects of MDMA and 3,4‐dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) on brain monoamine levels after i.p. or striatal administration in mice
British Journal of Pharmacology – January 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly reduced striatal dopamine levels in mice, with a notable 30 mg/kg dose given three times resulting in a decrease one hour post-injection. Interestingly, this effect was not observed with the major metabolite, HHMA, which also induced hyperthermia but did not alter long-term dopamine levels. Seven days after MDMA administration, dopamine depletion persisted, indicating that the long-term neurotoxic effects are not solely linked to MDMA or HHMA. This highlights the complexity of how these compounds interact within the brain's chemistry.
Abstract
This study investigated whether the immediate and long‐term effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on monoamines in mouse brain are du...
A prospective study of learning, memory, and executive function in new MDMA users
Addiction – July 26, 2012
Summary
MDMA use significantly impairs memory, particularly in visual paired associates learning. In a study involving 149 new MDMA users, 109 were reassessed after one year. Those who consumed more than 10 pills (averaging 33.6) showed notable deficits in immediate and delayed recall compared to non-users, with effect sizes of 0.136 and 0.144, respectively. No differences were found in other cognitive tests or potential confounders like age and cannabis use. These findings suggest that MDMA may disrupt serotonin function in brain regions vital for memory.
Abstract
Abstract Aims It is still unclear if cognitive abnormalities in human 3,4‐methylenedioxymeth‐amphetamine ( MDMA ) users existed before the beginnin...
A randomized controlled trial of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and fear extinction retention in healthy adults
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 15, 2022
Summary
MDMA significantly improved fear extinction retention in a study involving 34 healthy adults aged 21-55. Participants receiving 100 mg of MDMA demonstrated enhanced retention of learned extinction compared to those on a placebo, with a notable effect size observed (χ² = 7.29). The drug was well-tolerated, with no serious adverse effects reported. This promising finding suggests that MDMA could play a vital role in therapies for PTSD by enhancing memory and neural mechanisms related to fear extinction, warranting further exploration in clinical settings.
Abstract
Background: Fear conditioning and extinction are well-characterized cross-species models of fear-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sympt...
MDMA, politics and medical research: Have we thrown the baby out with the bathwater?
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, once a therapeutic tool for psychotherapists, has seen its medical potential overshadowed by political demonization, particularly during the 1980s. Despite its prohibition as a Schedule 1 drug in the UK, which limits human research, MDMA's therapeutic benefits warrant exploration. With over 30 years of cultural penetration and growing recreational use, the ongoing debate highlights a critical issue: political agendas may be stifling scientific inquiry into MDMA’s psychological and medicinal applications. A more objective examination could uncover valuable insights for psychiatry and psychology.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethlyamphetamine (MDMA) has penetrated extensively into our culture in the last thirty years. It started life in medicine when a...
Direct effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on serotonin or dopamine release and uptake in the caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the dorsal raphé nucleus slices
Synapse – April 27, 2000
Summary
MDMA significantly inhibits the uptake of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA), showing a different mechanism than (+)amphetamine. In rat brain slices from key areas like the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens, pressure-ejected MDMA did not trigger 5-HT or DA release but enhanced electrically stimulated 5-HT release by 30% in the substantia nigra and DA release by 25% in the caudate putamen. Notably, neurotransmitter uptake rates decreased significantly after MDMA exposure, highlighting its unique neuropharmacological profile.
Abstract
We examined the effects of pressure ejected 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) from a micropipette on direct chemically stimulated release, ...
Motivations for Using MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly) among African Americans: Implications for Prevention and Harm-Reduction Programs
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – April 13, 2017
Summary
Understanding the motivations behind MDMA use among African Americans reveals crucial insights. In a study with 15 young adults from Southwest Florida, key reasons for using MDMA included enhancing experiences with marijuana and alcohol (60%), prolonging sexual activity (53%), boosting sexual pleasure (47%), and facilitating adventurous sexual encounters (40%). These findings highlight a distinct contrast to motivations typically reported by predominantly White users, underscoring the need for tailored harm reduction strategies that address unique cultural contexts and potential risks associated with MDMA use.
Abstract
Despite the growing popularity of MDMA (ecstasy/molly) among African Americans, their motives for using the drug are still largely unknown. The pur...
Pharmacology of novel psychoactive substances
edoc (University of Basel) – January 01, 2016
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
This PhD work consists of an in vitro and in vivo part. In the in vivo part, we investigated the role of dopamine in the acute clinical effects of ...
Characterization of the Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of the Phenethylamine 2-Cl-4,5-MDMA in Adolescent and Adult Male Rats.
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology – May 01, 2024
Summary
A newly emerging synthetic drug shows dramatically different effects in teenage versus adult brains. Scientists found this novel psychoactive substance alters dopamine and serotonin levels uniquely across age groups. Young rats showed stronger behavioral responses but lower dopamine spikes, while adults had the opposite pattern. The drug failed to trigger pleasure-associated vocalizations, suggesting limited addiction potential.
Abstract
The proliferation of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) in the drug market raises concerns about uncertainty on their pharmacological profile and ...
Chemical cousins with contrasting behavioural profiles: MDMA users and methamphetamine users differ in social-cognitive functions and aggression.
European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology – June 01, 2024
Summary
Despite their chemical similarities, MDMA and methamphetamine users show striking differences in social behavior. While meth users displayed reduced empathy and higher aggression across situations, MDMA users only showed increased reactive aggression when provoked. Higher dopamine activity in meth may explain these social-cognitive deficits, highlighting how similar drugs can lead to vastly different behavioral outcomes.
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH, "Crystal Meth") and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") share structural-chemical similarities but have dist...
Additive Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Compassionate Imagery on Self-Compassion in Recreational Users of Ecstasy
Mindfulness – November 04, 2017
Summary
Ecstasy (MDMA) and compassionate imagery, a technique from Psychology, together profoundly increase self-compassion. In a study of 20 participants, both MDMA and compassionate imagery separately boosted feelings of self-compassion and emotional empathy, with their effects on self-compassion being additive. This suggests a powerful synergy for promoting prosocial behavior towards oneself. Such findings from Psychedelics and Drug Studies offer promising avenues for Clinical psychology, potentially informing new treatment approaches for anxiety, depression, and other conditions by enhancing cognitive processes and fostering compassion through mindfulness interventions.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA;'ecstasy') produces prosocial subjective effects that may extend to affiliative feelings towards the self...
Deaths Involving MDMA and the Concomitant Use of Pharmaceutical Drugs
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 2011
Summary
A striking 41% of fatalities involving MDMA, or "ecstasy," also included other drugs, particularly pharmaceuticals. An analysis of 106 cases from the Victorian State Coroner revealed that 43 involved concomitant use, with four high-risk interactions linked to moclobemide. Additionally, there were ten moderate-risk and five minor-risk cases. These findings underscore the critical need for awareness regarding potential drug interactions with MDMA, especially concerning serotonin toxicity, emphasizing the importance of informed use in both recreational and medical contexts.
Abstract
The increasing use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") and tendency of users to combine MDMA with pharmaceutical agents (especia...
Test–re‐test reliability of DSM‐IV adopted criteria for 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abuse and dependence: a cross‐national study
Addiction – August 04, 2009
Summary
A striking 59% of MDMA users in a study across St. Louis, Miami, and Sydney met criteria for dependence, while 15% were classified as abusing the substance. With a sample size of 593 participants, reliability of diagnoses was substantial (κ = 0.69). The most common dependence indicators included continued use despite issues (87%) and withdrawal symptoms (68%). Findings suggest MDMA should be categorized separately from hallucinogens in diagnostic manuals, given the consistent reporting of withdrawal symptoms and abuse criteria across diverse locations.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims This study evaluated the prevalence and reliability of DSM‐IV adopted criteria for 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abuse and...
Mechanisms mediating the ability of caffeine to influence MDMA (‘Ecstasy’)‐induced hyperthermia in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – May 24, 2010
Summary
Caffeine significantly amplifies the hyperthermic effects of MDMA, as shown in a study involving 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats. When administered together, caffeine (10 mg/kg) and MDMA (15 mg/kg) led to heightened core body temperatures. Notably, blocking catecholamines prevented this hyperthermia. Additionally, using receptor antagonists like SCH-23390 and ketanserin effectively mitigated these effects. The findings suggest that interactions between serotonin and catecholamines underlie the hyperthermic response, with caffeine's exacerbation linked to adenosine A2A receptor antagonism and phosphodiesterase inhibition.
Abstract
Background and purpose: Caffeine exacerbates the hyperthermia associated with an acute exposure to 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstas...
Role of α2A‐adrenoceptors in the effects of MDMA on body temperature in the mouse
British Journal of Pharmacology – July 18, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly raises body temperature, showing a marked hyperthermic response in wild-type mice (20 mg/kg), starting around 100 minutes post-injection and normalizing by 300 minutes. In contrast, α 2A-knockout mice displayed a biphasic response: initial hypothermia followed by hyperthermia. Clonidine, an α 2-adrenoceptor agonist, induced hypothermia in wild-type but not in knockout mice. These findings highlight the complex role of MDMA's α 2-adrenoceptor interactions in thermoregulation, shifting expected responses from biphasic to monophasic hyperthermia.
Abstract
3,4‐Methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA) produces complex effects on body temperature, including hypo‐ and hyperthermic components that vary with am...
Variability in content and dissolution profiles of MDMA tablets collected in the UK between 2001 and 2018 – A potential risk to users?
Drug Testing and Analysis – April 22, 2019
Summary
Recent analysis of MDMA (Ecstasy) tablets revealed alarming findings: in 2018, the median MDMA content surpassed 100 mg for the first time among 412 UK samples collected from 2001-2018. Notably, within-batch variability reached up to 136 mg. Dissolution tests on 247 tablets indicated that no visual characteristics could predict whether a tablet was fast or slow-releasing, complicating user safety. This inconsistency poses significant risks, especially with high-content, slow-releasing tablets potentially leading to delayed toxicity and increased likelihood of re-dosing.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) tablets are widely used recreationally, and not only vary in appearance, but also in MDM...
Next-Generation MDMA Analogue SDMA: Pharmacological and Metabolic Insights
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – December 02, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known for its potential in treating depression and PTSD, has led to the development of safer analogues like SDA and SDMA. In tests with human embryonic kidney cells, SDA and SDMA exhibited similar interactions at the serotonin transporter while showing greater potency in inhibiting dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. Notably, SDA induced a drug preference in mice only at low doses, while SDMA showed faster metabolism and lower abuse potential than MDMA. These findings suggest that SDMA could be a promising candidate for future therapeutic applications.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy, shows promise in treating depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)...
Differential effects of MDMA and methylphenidate on social cognition
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 22, 2014
Summary
MDMA, at a low dose of 75 mg, significantly enhanced emotional empathy in positive situations, with 30 healthy participants showing increased feelings of closeness and trust. In contrast, methylphenidate (40 mg) did not produce similar subjective effects or alter emotional processing. While MDMA improved recognition of joyful emotions, it tended to reduce the identification of sadness. Notably, MDMA elevated plasma oxytocin and prolactin levels, suggesting its role in fostering social connections. These findings highlight MDMA's unique impact on social cognition compared to traditional neuroenhancers.
Abstract
Social cognition is important in everyday-life social interactions. The social cognitive effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecsta...
Persistent Effects of (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) on Human Sleep
SLEEP – September 01, 1993
Summary
MDMA users experience significant sleep disturbances, averaging 19 minutes less total sleep and 23.2 minutes less non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Specifically, they spend 37 minutes less in stage 2 sleep, a key phase for restorative rest. This study involved 23 MDMA users and 22 controls, highlighting potential long-term effects of MDMA on central nervous system structures related to sleep generation. These findings raise concerns about the recreational use of MDMA and its impact on sleep quality.
Abstract
(+/- )3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a recreational drug of abuse which damages serotonin neurons in animals. It is not known whether ...
Action of MDMA (Ecstasy) and Its Metabolites on Arginine Vasopressin Release
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA significantly elevates arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels, with a notable increase observed in plasma concentrations at 1, 2, and 4 hours after administering a low dose of 40 mg to eight healthy male volunteers. While no overall correlation between plasma MDMA and AVP was found, a significant negative correlation emerged at the one-hour mark. Additionally, five MDMA metabolites were tested, with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) proving most effective in enhancing AVP release from isolated rat hypothalamus, highlighting the complex interplay between MDMA's chemistry and neuroendocrine behavior.
Abstract
A bstract : 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been reported to cause hyponatraemia, which appears to result from inappropriate secretion...
Studies on the effect of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on the body temperature of rats housed at different ambient room temperatures
British Journal of Pharmacology – July 04, 2005
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can cause hyperthermia in rats at normal temperatures (20°C) but induces hypothermia when temperatures drop to 15°C. In a study with 40 rats, administering MDMA (5 mg/kg) led to a significant drop in rectal temperature at 15°C, which was blocked by a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. Notably, neurotoxic doses of MDMA reduced serotonin levels by about 30% after seven days. These findings highlight how MDMA affects thermoregulation and heat loss mechanisms in different temperatures.
Abstract
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) administration to rats produces hyperthermia if they are housed in normal or warm ambient room ...
Differential effects of cathinone compounds andMDMAon body temperature in the rat, and pharmacological characterization of mephedrone‐induced hypothermia
British Journal of Pharmacology – October 08, 2012
Summary
Mephedrone induces a transient decrease in body temperature, unlike MDMA, which causes sustained reductions. In a study involving 40 individually housed rats, mephedrone's impact on rectal temperature was enhanced by blocking specific receptors, while cathinone and methcathinone led to sustained increases in temperature. Notably, MDMA reduced key brain metabolites like homovanillic acid, whereas cathinones increased them. These findings highlight distinct thermoregulatory effects and neurochemical profiles between MDMA and cathinones, emphasizing that adverse effects of synthetic drugs cannot be inferred from MDMA data alone.
Abstract
Background and Purpose Recreational users report that mephedrone has similar psychoactive effects to 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA ). MD...
Sex‐dependent long‐term effects of adolescent exposure to THC and/or MDMA on neuroinflammation and serotoninergic and cannabinoid systems in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – November 15, 2013
Summary
Adolescent exposure to THC and MDMA leads to significant long-term neurochemical changes in male and female rats. In males, both drugs increased reactive microglia cells by 41%, while in females, MDMA reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) positive fibers by 25%. Interestingly, the combination of THC and MDMA normalized this effect in females. THC also decreased cannabinoid receptor CB1 immunostaining by 30% in females, exacerbated when combined with MDMA. These findings highlight the complex interplay between these substances and their sex-dependent effects on neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
Background and Purpose Many young people consume ecstasy as a recreational drug and often in combination with cannabis. In this study, we aimed to ...
Cerebral 1H MRS alterations in recreational 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) users
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging – October 01, 1999
Summary
Recreational MDMA users show a notable 16.3% increase in myo-inositol concentration in parietal white matter compared to non-users, indicating potential neurochemical changes. A sample of 22 MDMA users and 37 controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, revealing normal N-acetyl compounds across brain regions, suggesting minimal neuronal injury. However, the elevated myo-inositol levels imply increased glial cell activity linked to MDMA exposure. This highlights the complex effects of MDMA on brain chemistry, even at recreational doses.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an illicit drug that has been associated with serotonergic axonal degeneration in animals. This study e...
Application of the Syva EMIT and Abbott TDx Amphetamine Immunoassays to the Detection of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-Methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA) in Urine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 1990
Summary
MDMA and MDEA show significant cross-reactivity in urine testing, highlighting the complexities of monitoring these popular hallucinogenic amphetamines. In a comprehensive analysis involving 60 spiked urine samples, the Syva EMIT-d.a.u. assay only detected MDMA and MDEA at high concentrations (10.0 micrograms/mL), while the Abbott TDx assay demonstrated cross-reactivity rates of 18% to 118% for MDMA and 12% to 47% for MDEA at lower concentrations. Precision was strong, with coefficients of variation below 6% for MDMA and below 16% for MDEA across multiple testing days.
Abstract
MDMA and MDEA are hallucinogenic analogs of amphetamine. The need for laboratory monitoring of these substances has developed as a result of their ...
Acute Effects of Dexfenfluramine (d‐FEN) and Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) before and after Short‐Course, High‐Dose Treatment
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
High-dose MDMA exposure in rhesus monkeys led to a notable behavioral tolerance to the acute effects of both MDMA and dexfenfluramine (d-FEN). In a study involving nine monkeys, those treated with MDMA showed reduced sensitivity to behavioral disruptions on specific tasks, while d-FEN did not produce the same effect. Despite similar neurochemical impacts—around 50% reduction in serotonin levels in key brain areas—only the MDMA group exhibited this residual tolerance, highlighting its unique influence on behavior.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The acute behavioral effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and dexfenfluramine (d‐FEN) were assessed in six rhesus monkeys usin...
The Acute Effect in Rats of 3, 4‐Methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA, “Eve”) on Body Temperature and Long Term Degeneration of 5‐HT Neurones in Brain: A Comparison with MDMA (“Ecstasy”)
Pharmacology & Toxicology – June 01, 1999
Summary
A single dose of MDEA, a recreational drug, caused a significant hyperthermic response in Dark Agouti rats, peaking at 35 mg/kg, comparable to MDMA's 15 mg/kg. Seven days post-administration, MDMA led to a drastic 50% reduction in serotonin levels in key brain areas, while MDEA only caused a 20% decrease. MDEA demonstrated about half the potency of MDMA for hyperthermia and only 25% for serotonin degeneration. These findings suggest that MDEA is not a safer alternative to MDMA regarding acute toxicity or long-term neurotoxicity.
Abstract
Abstract: Administration of a single dose of the recreationally used drug 3, 4‐methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA or “eve”) to Dark Agouti rats res...
Mood, cognition and serotonin transporter availability in current and former ecstasy (MDMA) users: the longitudinal perspective
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
Ex-ecstasy users displayed significant psychological challenges, with the highest symptom scores in anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. A study involving 46 participants (11 current users, 10 ex-users, 11 polydrug users, and 15 drug-naive controls) revealed that verbal memory was notably impaired in ex-users. Despite a transient recovery of serotonin transporter availability in current users, their cognitive performance did not decline over time. In contrast, ex-users showed no improvement even after 2.5 years of abstinence, suggesting potential long-lasting effects of MDMA on cognition and mood.
Abstract
Although 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a known serotonergic neurotoxin in different animal species, there is to date no conc...
'Eve' and 'Ecstasy'. A report of five deaths associated with the use of MDEA and MDMA
JAMA – March 27, 1987
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, has sparked significant discussion regarding its safety and therapeutic potential. While many users perceive it as safe, five reported deaths linked to MDMA or its legal substitute, MDEA, reveal a darker reality. In three cases, these substances potentially triggered fatal arrhythmias in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions. Additionally, one user exhibited dangerous behavior leading to accidental death. Although fatalities from MDMA are infrequent, they highlight risks, particularly for those with underlying cardiac issues.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy"), a synthetic analogue of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, has been the center of recent debate ov...
Analysis of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its Metabolites in Plasma and Urine by HPLC-DAD and GC-MS
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1996
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, shows significant presence in the illicit drug scene, especially at techno parties. In a controlled clinical study involving two patients, peak plasma levels reached 331 ng/mL for MDMA and 15 ng/mL for MDA after a single oral dose of 1.5 mg/kg. Urine analysis revealed peak concentrations of 28.1 µg/mL MDMA after 21.5 hours, alongside notable metabolites: up to 35.1 µg/mL HMMA and 2.3 µg/mL MDA detected within 16-21.5 hours post-administration.
Abstract
In Europe, the compound 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy, Adam), in addition to cannabis, is the most abused illicit drug at all-ni...
MDMA and MDA Concentrations in Antemortem and Postmortem Specimens in Fatalities Following Hospital Admission
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA concentrations can spike significantly after death, complicating interpretations of toxicity. In a review of five fatalities, antemortem MDMA levels ranged from 0.55 to 4.33 mg/L, while postmortem levels soared between 0.47 and 28.39 mg/L. All cases showed higher postmortem concentrations, with ratios for MDMA varying from 1.1 to 6.6 compared to antemortem samples. Notably, central anatomical sites like the heart exhibited much greater concentrations than peripheral sites, highlighting the critical impact of postmortem redistribution on forensic toxicology assessments.
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, numerous deaths involving "Ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) have been reported and described in the liter...
Brain hyperthermia induced by MDMA (‘ecstasy’): modulation by environmental conditions
European Journal of Neuroscience – July 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly elevates brain temperatures, with increases of 89% during social interactions and a staggering 268% at elevated ambient temperatures. In a study involving male rats, MDMA (9 mg/kg) led to hyperthermia that exceeded 41 °C, resulting in fatalities for 83% of subjects when jugular veins were occluded, limiting heat dissipation. This indicates that the combination of metabolic activation and restricted blood flow amplifies the risk of neurotoxicity under conditions mimicking human recreational use, highlighting the dangers of MDMA in party environments.
Abstract
Abstract Drugs of abuse, such as 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), often have more powerful effects during states of increased activation a...
Cerebral1H MRS alterations in recreational 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ?ecstasy?) users
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging – October 01, 1999
Summary
Recreational MDMA users exhibit notable neurochemical changes, with myo-inositol levels increasing by 16.3% and the myo-inositol to creatine ratio rising by 14.1% in parietal white matter compared to 37 non-users. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed normal N-acetyl levels across brain regions, indicating no significant neuronal injury. However, the cumulative lifetime MDMA dose correlated with elevated myo-inositol concentrations in both the parietal white matter and occipital cortex, suggesting potential glial content increases linked to MDMA use.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an illicit drug that has been associated with serotonergic axonal degeneration in animals. This study e...
Reinforcing Effects of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) in Drug-Naive and Cocaine-Trained Rats
Pharmacology – January 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, demonstrated similar reinforcing effects in both drug-naive rats and those trained with cocaine, with doses ranging from 0.032 to 10 mg/(kg·injection). In this study involving a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, MDMA sensitized rats to its own effects without influencing their response to cocaine. Notably, when administered after cocaine, MDMA did not carry over any reinforcing effects from cocaine, indicating that these drugs produce distinct behavioral responses in the brain, highlighting important differences in addiction mechanisms.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) is one of the most prevalent illegal drugs of abuse among European adolescents, a population no...
MDMA and Sexual Behavior: Ecstasy Users' Perceptions About Sexuality and Sexual Risk
Substance Use & Misuse – January 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly influences sexual behavior and risk-taking. Among 98 users interviewed, a notable portion reported using MDMA over 100 times. While many experienced emotional closeness without the urge for penetrative sex, others—particularly gay and bisexual females—found it enhanced sexual arousal. Those engaging in sex under the influence exhibited high-risk behaviors, such as multiple partners and unprotected intercourse. These findings highlight the complex interplay between MDMA use and human sexuality, emphasizing the need for targeted prevention strategies.
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between MDMA (Ecstasy), sexual behavior, and sexual risk taking. The sample consisted of 98 current and former...
Usefulness of Sweat Testing for the Detection of MDMA after a Single-Dose Administration*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2003
Summary
MDMA was detected in sweat as early as 1.5 hours after a single 100-mg dose, peaking at 24 hours. In a study involving nine healthy male subjects, sweat patches showed MDMA concentrations ranging from 3.2 to 1326.1 ng/patch, with variability among individuals reaching up to 30-fold. The onsite Drugwipe test was positive for all participants at 1.5 hours, although 18% experienced false negatives within the first six hours. These findings highlight the potential of sweat testing for noninvasive MDMA monitoring.
Abstract
Nine healthy male subjects and recreational users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) participated in a study aimed to assess the usefulnes...
Sensitive determination of MDMA and its metabolite MDA in rat blood and brain microdialysates by HPLC with fluorescence detection
Biomedical Chromatography – May 02, 2007
Summary
A new method effectively detects MDMA and its metabolite MDA in rat blood and brain microdialysates, achieving detection limits as low as 1.2 ng/mL for MDA and 4.2 ng/mL for MDMA. Utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, the calibration curves showed linearity from 2.5 to 500 ng/mL for MDA and 5.0 to 1000 ng/mL for MDMA. The method demonstrated impressive precision, with intra- and inter-assay variations below 5.6%. This advancement aids pharmacokinetic studies of these substances in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Simultaneous determination of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in rat blood and brain micr...
Stimulant effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) 75 mg and methylphenidate 20 mg on actual driving during intoxication and withdrawal
Addiction – August 08, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, shows mixed effects on driving performance. In a study involving 18 recreational users, MDMA improved road-tracking accuracy, reducing the standard deviation of lateral position by approximately 2 cm compared to placebo. However, it also impaired speed adaptation during car-following tests, leading to increased overshooting responses. Notably, driving performance returned to baseline levels during the withdrawal phase. These findings highlight MDMA's dual impact as a stimulant that can enhance some driving skills while compromising others, raising concerns about safety.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently one of the most popular drugs of abuse in Europe. Its increasing use over...
Repeated MDMA (“Ecstasy”) exposure in adolescent male rats alters temperature regulation, spontaneous motor activity, attention, and serotonin transporter binding
Developmental Psychobiology – January 01, 2005
Summary
Repeated exposure to MDMA in adolescent rats led to significant behavioral and physiological changes. In a study involving 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats, those treated with 5 mg/kg of MDMA every fifth day showed reduced body weight gain and altered anxiety responses. Notably, these rats exhibited increased locomotor activity and decreased attention in memory tests four days post-treatment. Additionally, there was a reduction in serotonin transporter binding in the neocortex, highlighting how moderate MDMA doses can impact neurochemistry and behavior during critical developmental stages.
Abstract
Previous research in our laboratory found that repeated exposure of adolescent rats to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impaired working me...
One-Year Outcomes of Prenatal Exposure to MDMA and Other Recreational Drugs
PEDIATRICS – August 21, 2012
Summary
Heavier prenatal exposure to MDMA is linked to significant delays in motor development in infants. In a study involving 96 women, those with higher MDMA use during pregnancy had infants who scored lower on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, particularly in gross motor skills. Specifically, heavily exposed infants showed marked delays, while lighter-exposed infants performed similarly to non-exposed peers. These findings highlight the potential long-term neurotoxic effects of prenatal MDMA exposure on child development, underscoring concerns within clinical psychology and pediatrics.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: A widely used illicit recreational drug among young adults, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy, is an indirect monoamin...
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): Serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms related to its use and misuse
Journal of Neurochemistry – March 12, 2021
Summary
MDMA, an amphetamine-like drug, primarily boosts serotonin (5HT) release while causing minor increases in dopamine (DA). The ratio of these neurotransmitters is crucial; higher DA to 5HT ratios indicate greater abuse potential. In studies with laboratory animals, repeated MDMA exposure led to neuroadaptive changes in both 5HT and DA systems, influencing self-administration behaviors. Specifically, 5HT appears to inhibit the acquisition of MDMA use, while DA plays a vital role in maintaining it, highlighting complex interactions within the brain's circuitry and receptor mechanisms.
Abstract
Abstract Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine analogue that preferentially stimulates the release of serotonin (5HT) and results ...
Development and Characterization of a Novel Animal Model of Intermittent MDMA (“Ecstasy”) Exposure during Adolescence
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 2008
Summary
Intermittent adolescent exposure to MDMA, or ecstasy, leads to significant behavioral changes and memory deficits in adult rats. This model mirrors human weekend use patterns, with treated animals showing only minor increases in body temperature and plasma MDMA levels comparable to heavy users. Notably, 70% of these rats exhibited increased impulsivity and reduced sensitivity to serotonin challenges. Additionally, serotonin transporter density decreased by 30% in the hippocampus, highlighting its vulnerability during adolescence. Interestingly, these animals developed tolerance to subsequent MDMA binge effects, suggesting complex neuroadaptive responses.
Abstract
Adult animals treated with high doses of MDMA (“ecstasy”) either on a single day or for several consecutive days show numerous behavioral changes a...
Relation of sex and estrous phase to deficits in prepulse inhibition of the startle response induced by ecstasy (MDMA)
Behavioural Pharmacology – March 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly impairs sensorimotor gating, as evidenced by a dose-dependent decrease in prepulse inhibition (PPI) among male and female Wistar rats. Administered at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, MDMA heightened the acoustic startle response (ASR) more in males than females. Notably, female rats in the diestrous and metestrous phases exhibited greater sensitivity to MDMA's effects, with higher PPI deficits compared to those in proestrous and estrous phases. This highlights the influence of the estrous cycle on drug response.
Abstract
Sensorimotor gating is the ability of a weak sensory event to inhibit the motor response to an intense stimulus. Drugs that act as serotonin releas...
Acute psychomotor effects of MDMA and ethanol (co-) administration over time in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 22, 2009
Summary
Combining MDMA (100 mg) and ethanol significantly boosts psychomotor speed but impairs accuracy. In a crossover study with 16 healthy volunteers aged 18-29, MDMA enhanced subjective arousal while ethanol reduced both speed and accuracy, inducing sedation. When taken together, the substances improved speed but worsened accuracy compared to placebo. Maximal effects were observed 90-150 minutes post-MDMA administration, highlighting a disconnect between perceived performance and actual psychomotor functioning. These findings raise concerns about the cognitive risks associated with simultaneous use of these popular recreational drugs.
Abstract
In Western societies, a considerable percentage of young people use 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’). The use of alcohol (etha...
Metabolites of the ring-substituted stimulants MDMA, methylone and MDPV differentially affect human monoaminergic systems
Journal of Psychopharmacology – April 30, 2019
Summary
MDMA and its analogs, like methylone and MDPV, exhibit significant interactions with human monoaminergic systems. In a study involving human embryonic kidney cells, MDMA and methylone demonstrated a 70% greater potency in inhibiting norepinephrine uptake compared to dopamine and serotonin. Interestingly, while N-demethylation of MDMA did not alter inhibition profiles, it reduced methylone's transporter inhibition. Additionally, O-demethylenation produced catechol metabolites that maintained norepinephrine and dopamine inhibition but decreased serotonin activity, highlighting the complex pharmacology of these substances and their metabolites.
Abstract
Background: Amphetamine analogs with a 3,4-methylenedioxy ring-substitution are among the most popular illicit drugs of abuse, exerting stimulant a...