4971 results for "Psychedelics"
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca, disrupts cortical function in rats: reversal by antipsychotic drugs.
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 2014
Summary
A natural hallucinogen, found in Ayahuasca, profoundly disrupts brain activity. Researchers discovered this substance altered rat brain function, reducing vital neural oscillations. Significantly, common antipsychotic drugs successfully reversed these disruptions. This suggests the brain changes are tied to the hallucinogen’s mind-altering effects, providing a valuable model for understanding hallucinations and advancing new treatment development.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural hallucinogen component of Ayahuasca, an Amazonian beverage traditionally used for ritual,...
Stimulus control by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in wild-type and CYP2D6-humanized mice.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – September 01, 2011
Summary
A fascinating finding reveals that a compound called harmaline can significantly boost the perceptual effects of another substance, 5-MeO-DMT. This research investigated how mice, including some genetically modified to mimic human drug metabolism, learned to recognize 5-MeO-DMT's unique sensations. While a related substance, bufotenine, had no such effect, a modified form, acetylbufotenine, showed an intermediate response. Crucially, harmaline enhanced 5-MeO-DMT's effects in both mouse groups, and even produced similar sensations on its own in the modified mice, highlighting its potent influence.
Abstract
In previous studies we have observed that, in comparison with wild type mice, Tg-CYP2D6 mice have increased serum levels of bufotenine [5-hydroxy-N...
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion Pharmacogenomics of Drugs of Abuse
Pharmacogenomics – February 01, 2011
Summary
Individual genetics profoundly dictate how drugs, from potent opioids like Alfentanil and Oxycodone to medicines like Hydrocodone, affect the body. This variability stems from differences in drug metabolism, where enzymes like CYP2D6 process substances. Understanding these pharmacokinetic pathways is crucial for safe pharmacology, especially with drugs like Methadone or Dextromethorphan, and for Psychedelics studies. Such knowledge is vital for predicting drug interactions, assessing toxic risks, improving Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, and understanding how drugs influence behavior via neurotransmitter receptors.
Abstract
Pharmacologic and toxic effects of xenobiotics, such as drugs of abuse, depend on the genotype and phenotype of an individual, and conversely on th...
Differential contributions of serotonin receptors to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens in mice
Journal of Psychopharmacology – December 08, 2010
Summary
A compelling finding in psychedelic drug studies: 1-methylpsilocin, a potential therapeutic, shows greater pharmacological selectivity than the hallucinogen psilocin (from psilocybin). Both acted as agonists on the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor to induce head twitches in C57BL/6J mice, yet 1-methylpsilocin (0.6–9.6 mg/kg) was inactive in other behavioral tests. Psilocin, however, influenced behavior via 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors. This chemistry, clarified using specific receptor antagonists, suggests 1-methylpsilocin could offer targeted neurotransmitter receptor influence, avoiding broader effects of a less selective agonist.
Abstract
Psilocin (4-hydroxy- N, N-dimethyltryptamine) is a hallucinogen that acts as an agonist at 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 2A , and 5-HT 2C receptors. Psilocin is t...
Mannitol in Amanita muscaria--an osmotic blood-brain barrier disruptor enhancing its hallucinogenic action?
Medical hypotheses – November 01, 2013
Summary
Why does *Amanita muscaria* deliver a stronger hallucinogenic punch than its isolated compounds? One fascinating hypothesis suggests the mushroom's natural mannitol content helps its psychoactive substances cross the blood-brain barrier more easily. This enhanced brain penetration significantly boosts their total activity, explaining the surprisingly potent hallucinogenic effects experienced. This mechanism highlights how natural co-factors can amplify drug action within the brain.
Abstract
Hypothesis have been made that relatively high level of mannitol present in the tissues of fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) enables more efficient tra...
Salvia divinorum: a psychopharmacological riddle and a mind-body prospect.
Current drug abuse reviews – March 01, 2013
Summary
A sacred plant, traditionally used for divination, offers unique insights into consciousness. Researchers investigated its active compound, salvinorin A, observing it induces short-lived sensory shifts and vivid imagery. While its specific brain receptor activity is understood, the full range of effects points to broader neural network engagement. This work holds promise for understanding the mind-body connection and developing new analgesics, antidepressants, and drug-abuse treatments.
Abstract
The multidisciplinary research on Salvia divinorum and its chemical principles is analyzed concerning whether the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, ment...
Salvinorin A fails to substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of LSD or ketamine in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – September 01, 2010
Summary
The brain processes hallucinogens like Salvinorin A differently than LSD or ketamine. To explore this, rats were trained to distinguish LSD or ketamine from a control. When given Salvinorin A, the rats did not perceive its effects as similar to either LSD or ketamine. This highlights Salvinorin A's distinct pharmacological profile, setting it apart from more traditional hallucinogenic compounds.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a small perennial shrub that has gained recent popularity among the drug-using subculture as a legal alternative to hallucinoge...
Unique and potent effects of acute ibogaine on zebrafish: the developing utility of novel aquatic models for hallucinogenic drug research.
Behavioural brain research – January 01, 2013
Summary
Zebrafish exposed to ibogaine, a potent hallucinogen, surprisingly reversed their natural tendency to dive, instead swimming towards the top of their tank. Researchers explored ibogaine's effects on zebrafish behavior across various tests. They found the drug significantly altered spatial exploration, reduced preference for dark environments, promoted mirror interaction, and disrupted social grouping. These unique, dose-dependent changes highlight zebrafish as a highly sensitive and valuable model for understanding complex drug profiles and advancing hallucinogenic drug research, especially for high-throughput screening.
Abstract
An indole alkaloid, ibogaine is the principal psychoactive component of the iboga plant, used by indigenous peoples in West Africa for centuries. M...
Simple and Rapid Screening for Psychotropic Natural Products Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART)-TOFMS
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI – June 01, 2009
Summary
A rapid screening method, leveraging a DART ion source and mass spectrometry, revealed that 21 of 36 plant products (58%) contained significant hallucinogenic constituents. This advance in Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography quickly identified six compounds, including harmine and harmaline, without sample preparation. The DART technique offers a powerful tool for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, detecting these substances at concentrations from 0.05 to 45 micrograms/milligram. This innovative application of Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications streamlines the identification of psychotropic plants, improving public safety.
Abstract
Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) is a novel ionization technique that provides for the rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditi...
Evaluation of the transport, in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetics of Salvinorin A, a potent hallucinogen.
European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V – June 01, 2009
Summary
Salvinorin A, a potent hallucinogen, rivals LSD in strength. Research explored how the body handles this unique compound. Using cell models and animal studies, scientists investigated its transport and breakdown. Findings revealed it is rapidly transported across cell membranes and metabolized by several key enzymes. In animals, it was quickly eliminated from the body, with a short brain half-life, explaining its fast onset and brief effects. This clarifies the mechanisms behind its potent, fleeting action.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is an unregulated potent hallucinogen isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum. It is the only known non-nitrogenous kappa-opioid ...
Modification of the effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine on exploratory behavior in rats by monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
Psychopharmacology – November 01, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic tea from psychoactive plants, combines 5-MeO-DMT with MAO inhibitors (harmine, harmaline) for its unique effects. Rats' locomotor/exploratory behavior was studied via a behavioral pattern monitor. 5-MeO-DMT alone reduced activity. Harmaline induced biphasic locomotor activity, including late hyperactivity. MAO(A) inhibition (clorgyline, not MAO(B) inhibitor (-)-deprenyl) drove this. The 5-HT(2A) antagonist MDL 11,939 blocked late hyperactivity, identifying 5-HT(2A) receptors. WAY-100635 (5-HT(1A) antagonist) had no impact. This clarifies MAO inhibitors' role in 5-MeO-DMT's behavior.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic tea known as ayahuasca is made from a combination of psychoactive plants that contribute the active components N,N-dimethyltrypt...
Discriminative stimulus effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane in rhesus monkeys.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – February 01, 2008
Summary
Serotonin receptors are key to how some hallucinogens are perceived. Monkeys learned to distinguish a psychoactive drug from placebo. Blocking serotonin 2A receptors fully prevented the drug's stimulus. Human hallucinogens substituted, confirming 5-HT2A's role. Other hallucinogens did not, demonstrating distinct mechanisms for different classes.
Abstract
Discriminative stimulus effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM) and related drugs have been studied extensively in rodents...
Subjective effects of Salvia divinorum.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – June 01, 2007
Summary
Understanding traditional ritualistic context significantly enhances the visionary effects of Salvia divinorum. Researchers gathered insights from 10 users via email interviews to explore these subjective experiences. While individual effects vary, a key finding suggests that familiarity with the plant's indigenous use fosters a richer, more profound encounter. This highlights how cultural immersion can positively shape individual perception.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic plant native to Mexico, where the Mazatec Indians use it in divinatory rituals as a facilitator for contacting...
Psilocybin-induced stimulus control in the rat.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – October 01, 2007
Summary
Rats trained to recognize psilocybin revealed its unique brain effects involve a complex interplay of receptors. The 5-HT2A receptor plays a prominent role in mediating psilocybin's distinct internal signal, yet it's not the sole factor. Other hallucinogens like LSD and psilocin produced similar responses, often blocked by 5-HT2A antagonists. Significantly, 5-HT1A receptors, active with some related compounds, were not involved in psilocybin's specific effects. This advances our understanding of psilocybin's precise mechanisms.
Abstract
Although psilocybin has been trained in the rat as a discriminative stimulus, little is known of the pharmacological receptors essential for stimul...
Salvinorin A: from natural product to human therapeutics.
Molecular interventions – October 01, 2006
Summary
The hallucinogenic compound from "magic mint" surprisingly targets the kappa opioid receptor (KOR), a finding confirmed in laboratory and living systems. This breakthrough identification is unlocking significant avenues for drug discovery, promising new treatments for various psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum (i.e., "magic mint") is a member of the Sage family that has been used for divination and shamanism by th...
The roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition in rats.
Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2006
Summary
Challenging a long-held belief, research revealed the 5-HT1A serotonin receptor significantly influences how the hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT impacts movement and startle reflexes. In rats, 5-MeO-DMT reduced activity and altered startle responses. Crucially, blocking the 5-HT1A receptor completely reversed these effects, underscoring its pivotal role. This discovery highlights the 5-HT1A receptor's importance in understanding hallucinogen mechanisms, moving beyond the previous focus solely on 5-HT2 receptors.
Abstract
The hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is structurally similar to other indoleamine hallucinogens such as LSD. The present s...
Pharmepéna-Psychonautics: Human intranasal, sublingual and oral pharmacology of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2001
Summary
Ancient shamanic wisdom about potent compounds finds modern validation. Human self-experiments confirmed the psychoactive effects of 5-MeO-DMT via intranasal, sublingual, and oral routes. Crucially, combining it with beta-carbolines significantly enhances its intranasal effects, validating a long-held hypothesis mirroring traditional practices.
Abstract
Summarized are psychonautic bioassays (human self-experiments) of pharmepéna--crystalline 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT; O-Me-bufoten...
Fatalities after taking ibogaine in addiction treatment could be related to sudden cardiac death caused by autonomic dysfunction.
Medical hypotheses – January 01, 2006
Summary
Mysterious deaths after ibogaine use for addiction, even with small doses, have been linked to heart rhythm issues. The drug affects the body's involuntary nervous system. Small amounts can trigger a 'fight or flight' response, while larger doses induce a 'feigned death' state. Both can heighten dangerous heart rhythm risks. This insight clarifies potential dangers and highlights traditional isolation practices as a safer approach.
Abstract
Ibogaine is the most important alkaloid of the Central African Iboga-shrub. It is the central drug in Gabonian initiation ceremonies in which it is...
Identification of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (bufotenine) in takini (Brosimumacutifolium Huber subsp. acutifolium C.C. Berg, Moraceae), a shamanic potion used in the Guiana Plateau.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – June 30, 2006
Summary
A potent shamanic potion from the Guiana Plateau, takini, contains bufotenine, a powerful hallucinogen. Historically, the plant's psychotropic properties were a mystery. Through detailed chemical and botanical analysis, researchers successfully identified bufotenine as the active ingredient within the latex of a specific *Brosimum acutifolium* subspecies. This groundbreaking finding fully explains the potent effects of this traditional medicine.
Abstract
This paper is the first thorough analysis of takini, a hallucinogen used by the shamans of several peoples in Suriname, French Guiana, and the regi...
Distribution of the hallucinogens N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in rat brain following intraperitoneal injection: application of a new solid-phase extraction LC-APcI-MS-MS-isotope dilution method.
Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications – February 10, 2001
Summary
Understanding how hallucinogens like DMT distribute within the brain is now clearer. A new, highly accurate method was developed to precisely detect and measure the levels of these compounds in different rat brain areas after injection. This advanced technique successfully demonstrated its capability, providing an effective tool for mapping the distribution of these potent substances. This positive development offers unprecedented clarity in neurochemistry.
Abstract
A method for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatographic-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometric-mass spectrome...
Tags
Potentially hallucinogenic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor ligands bufotenine and dimethyltryptamine in blood and tissues.
Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation – January 01, 2005
Summary
Did you know naturally occurring hallucinogenic compounds like bufotenine and DMT are found in the human body? Using advanced mass spectrometry, researchers aimed to quantify these substances in various tissues and blood, where they were previously undetected. A significant discovery was large amounts of bufotenine in stools, suggesting a potential role in intestinal function. While only small amounts of these compounds were found in other tissues and none in blood, this finding reveals a fascinating, previously unknown aspect of our internal chemistry.
Abstract
Bufotenine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) are hallucinogenic dimethylated indolethylamines (DMIAs) formed from serotonin and tryptamine by the en...
Salvia divinorum: an hallucinogenic mint which might become a new recreational drug in Switzerland.
Forensic science international – August 14, 2000
Summary
A potent hallucinogenic mint, historically used by indigenous cultures for spiritual practices, is increasingly being encountered in Switzerland. Chemical analysis successfully identified Salvinorin A, its active compound, in seized specimens, with botanical identity also confirmed. Discoveries in illicit plantations and greenhouses provide clear evidence of its growing presence. This suggests a developing trend towards its use as a recreational drug, potentially fueled by its current unregulated status.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum Epling & Jativa is an hallucinogenic mint traditionally used for curing and divination by the Mazatec Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico. Y...
Hallucinogen-like actions of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) in mice and rats.
Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2005
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals how certain compounds can powerfully mimic the perceptual effects of classic hallucinogens. Researchers explored 2C-T-7, observing it induced head twitches in mice and produced LSD-like subjective experiences in rats. Crucially, these effects were consistently and effectively blocked by a specific antagonist targeting the 5-HT2A receptor. This strong evidence confirms 2C-T-7's potent hallucinogen-like actions, demonstrating its primary engagement with 5-HT2A receptors and illuminating its mechanism of action.
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) in vivo. 2C-T-7 was tested in a drug-elicited head t...
Acute ibogaine injection induces expression of the immediate early genes, egr-1 and c-fos, in mouse brain.
Brain research. Molecular brain research – December 10, 1999
Summary
Ibogaine, a compound of growing interest, rapidly triggers specific brain responses. Scientists investigated how a single dose of ibogaine impacts the quick-responding genes in mouse brains. Adult mice received one injection. Within 30 minutes, a significant surge in egr-1 and c-fos gene activity was observed across crucial areas like the nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, and hippocampus. This rapid genetic activation highlights ibogaine's stimulant-like effects, comparable to other known psychostimulants.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate if an acute injection of ibogaine (IBO) induces immediate early gene expression in different regions o...
The acute effects of monoamine reuptake inhibitors on the stimulus effects of hallucinogens.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – July 01, 1999
Summary
It's intriguing how certain antidepressants can amplify the effects of hallucinogens. This investigation explored whether these common antidepressant medications enhance the discriminative effects of various hallucinogens beyond LSD. Using rats trained to recognize specific hallucinogen effects (LSD, DOM, ibogaine, 5-MeO-DMT), researchers introduced different antidepressants. The findings showed **positive results**: fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and venlafaxine significantly increased LSD-like responses. Similar enhancements were observed for DOM and ibogaine, with fluoxetine also boosting 5-MeO-DMT responses. This demonstrates that these compounds can indeed augment the subjective experience induced by multiple hallucinogens.
Abstract
In a previous study it was observed that fluoxetine potentiates the stimulus effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In the present investigat...
Ayahoasca: an experimental psychosis that mirrors the transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – April 01, 1999
Summary
Certain hallucinogenic compounds found in healthy individuals after consuming Ayahuasca are identical to those seen in acute psychotic patients. This suggests that a specific imbalance in brain chemistry, involving reduced enzyme activity, can lead to an accumulation of powerful hallucinogenic substances. Researchers examined the effects of Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian beverage with natural enzyme inhibitors and DMT, on volunteers. Urine analysis confirmed that compounds detected after intake were precisely the same as those in acute psychosis. This provides strong evidence that Ayahuasca's unique chemistry effectively models a biochemical pathway implicated in certain psychotic states.
Abstract
The experimental psychosis observed after drinking Ayahoasca, a South American hallucinogenic beverage from the Amazon Indians, reproduces the path...
The plant-derived hallucinogen, salvinorin A, produces kappa-opioid agonist-like discriminative effects in rhesus monkeys.
Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2004
Summary
A naturally occurring plant hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, surprisingly mimics the brain's response to powerful opioid compounds. Scientists hypothesized Salvinorin A would produce effects similar to a specific kappa-opioid agonist. Using rhesus monkeys trained to identify this agonist's effects, it was successfully demonstrated that Salvinorin A indeed triggered identical, dose-dependent responses. Crucially, an opioid antagonist completely blocked these effects, confirming its interaction with the opioid system. This reveals a fascinating mechanism for this unique hallucinogen.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is the active component of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum. The potential mode of action of this hallucinogen was unknown un...
Ecstatic or Mystical Experience through Epilepsy
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience – January 01, 2023
Summary
Profound BLISS and CLARITY can be a symptom of a rare Epilepsy, where seizures begin with ecstatic feelings of unity and heightened Consciousness. Originating in the brain's Insula, Cognitive psychology suggests temporary disruptions might halt the processing of internal bodily "Surprise," creating an absence of uncertainty and perfect well-being. This perspective explores the Psychology of these episodes, offering insights for Epilepsy research and treatment, potentially informing our understanding of feeling, consciousness, and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, beyond typical Psychoanalysis or Psychosomatic Disorders.
Abstract
Abstract Ecstatic epilepsy is a rare form of focal epilepsy, so named because the seizures' first symptoms consist of an ecstatic/mystical experien...
Safety pharmacology of acute LSD administration in healthy subjects
Psychopharmacology – September 13, 2021
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) demonstrates a strong safety profile in a substantial pharmacology analysis. Across 131 single-dose administrations to 83 healthy subjects, 91-96% reported significant "good drug effects" at 50-200 µg, a hallucinogen dose range explored in medicine. Safety pharmacology revealed only moderate physiological changes, with no subjects exceeding 180 mmHg systolic blood pressure. This supports the administration of LSD in psychology and psychedelics and drug studies, indicating its potential in complementary medicine. Biochemical analysis confirmed unaltered organ function.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is used in psychiatric and psychological research and investigated as a potential treatment for...
The Role of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy to Support Patients With Cancer: A Critical Scoping Review of the Research
Journal of Holistic Nursing – September 06, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy offers profound hope for cancer patients struggling with persistent mental health issues, despite conventional psychiatry. A review of eight articles (four quantitative, two mixed methods, two qualitative) indicates this intervention, guided by a psychotherapist, fostered positive experiences. Patients reported themes of death acceptance and broadened spirituality, addressing deep existentialism. This emerging approach in clinical psychology and palliative care, utilizing psilocybin (a naturally occurring alkaloid), complements traditional medicine and drug studies, providing a novel mental health strategy in psychedelics and alternative medicine.
Abstract
Treatments for addressing psychiatric mental health issues in vulnerable patients with cancer are established. Yet, many patients persist with unre...
Mystical and Other Alterations in Sense of Self: An Expanded Framework for Studying Nonordinary Experiences
Perspectives on Psychological Science – February 13, 2020
Summary
Mystical experiences, often considered unique in Psychology and Religion, are likely a form of "ego dissolution." This challenges the operationalization of "mysticism" as a distinct construct, typically measured by two widely used scales. Evidence from Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Meditation suggests these profound alterations of the Self are not sui generis. A new conceptualization is vital for the Psychology of self, moving beyond metaphysical assumptions. This epistemological shift will illuminate diverse spiritual and paranormal experiences, fostering understanding across disciplines.
Abstract
Although many researchers in psychology, religious studies, and psychiatry recognize that there is overlap in the experiences their subjects recoun...
Effects of ayahuasca on mental health and quality of life in naïve users: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study combination
Scientific Reports – March 05, 2020
Summary
Over 80% of individuals with psychiatric disorders experienced clinical improvements lasting six months after using Ayahuasca, a traditional hallucinogen. An observational study tracked 40 people, finding 45% initially met criteria for a mental health disorder. Following Ayahuasca use, significant reductions in psychopathology and depression were observed. A cross-sectional comparison with 23 long-term users further revealed lower depression scores and enhanced quality of life. This suggests Ayahuasca's potential in psychiatry and medicine, offering insights for psychology and future psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic decoction used as a traditional medicine in several Amazonian regions. The ritualistic use of ayahuasca has ...
Trends in hallucinogen‐associated emergency department visits and hospitalizations in California, USA, from 2016 to 2022
Addiction – January 11, 2024
Summary
Hallucinogen-associated emergency department visits in California dramatically rose by 54% between 2016 and 2022, from 2260 to 3476. This contrasts with a 20% decrease for alcohol and a 15% increase for cannabis. Hallucinogen-related hospitalizations also climbed 55%, from 2556 to 3965, while alcohol and cannabis saw only 1% rises. These trends underscore evolving demands on Medicine and Psychiatry for mental health services, prompting critical consideration in Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Hallucinogens encompass a diverse range of compounds of increasing scientific and public interest. Risks associated wi...
Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder
JAMA Psychiatry – November 04, 2020
Summary
A randomized controlled trial reveals psilocybin's profound potential in psychiatry. For individuals with major depressive disorder, a single psilocybin session, derived from chemical synthesis, drastically reduced symptoms. In a population of 24 adults, 71% receiving psilocybin experienced significant improvement in major depressive episodes by week four, compared to 25% in the control group. This medicine offers a new frontier in drug studies, echoing ancient contexts of psychedelic use and addressing the severe burden of depression, which has economic implications. Neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior is key.
Abstract
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03181529.
N,N‐dimethyltryptamine and Amazonian ayahuasca plant medicine
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – February 17, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca, a potent hallucinogen, shows promise in Medicine for psychological conditions like depression and anxiety. Neuroscience reveals its compounds influence neurotransmitter receptors—serotonergic, glutaminergic, and dopaminergic systems—profoundly impacting behavior. Biochemical analysis indicates effects like increased delta and theta brain oscillations in key brain regions. Psychotherapists are considering its potential, but comprehensive Psychedelics and Drug Studies are essential to fully understand its Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior and integrate this plant medicine into healthcare.
Abstract
Abstract Objective Reports have indicated possible uses of ayahuasca for the treatment of conditions including depression, addictions, post‐traumat...
Supporting Meaningful Choices: A Decision Aid for Individuals Facing Existential Distress and Considering Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy
Healthcare – September 12, 2025
Summary
A new decision aid empowers individuals considering psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT), a promising approach in Mental Health and Psychiatry for existential distress. This innovative tool, developed following international standards, supports shared decision-making for this emerging Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications. Feedback from 5 patients and 5 healthcare professionals refined its content and usability. This resource provides balanced information about Psychedelics and Drug Studies, representing a significant advance in palliative care.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Given the limitations of traditional approaches to treating existential distress in seriously ill patients, psilocybin-assis...
Entheogen: an evolutionary medicine for neuropsychiatric disorders.
Natl Sci Rev – April 25, 2025
Summary
Ancient plant-based substances, known as entheogens, offer an evolutionarily-grounded solution for modern mental health. It is proposed that these compounds, historically used for their profound effects, can effectively address neuropsychiatric disorders by engaging deep-seated brain mechanisms. Examining their neurobiological actions and ancient use reveals compelling potential to foster significant improvements in well-being, presenting a novel paradigm for treatment.
Abstract
Entheogen: an evolutionary medicine for neuropsychiatric disorders.
Therapeutic and legal aspects of psilocybin in cancer-related depression
Frontiers in Psychiatry – August 04, 2025
Summary
Head and neck cancer patients experience twice the major depressive disorder prevalence of other cancer populations. Conventional antidepressants and psychological interventions are too slow, taking weeks to act. Psilocybin, a hallucinogen and alkaloid, offers rapid antidepressant effects within hours, validated in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. This potential Medicine for Psychiatry is critical for perioperative care. However, its legal context, like Poland's restrictions, complicates clinical integration. Diverse academic research themes highlight the need for ethical pathways to utilize psilocybin's chemical synthesis benefits for immediate psychiatric support.
Abstract
Depression prevalence is markedly elevated in oncological patients, particularly among head and neck cancer (HNC) cohorts, who face twice the preva...
A Novel Stability Indicating High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Quantification: From Microdosing Applications to Broader Analytical Use.
Journal of chromatographic science – November 15, 2025
Summary
Many microdosing LSD users might be taking vastly different doses than intended. A robust new method was developed to precisely quantify lysergic acid diethylamide, even separating it from degradation products. This high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was rigorously validated, proving effective under stress. Applied to community samples, a significant discrepancy emerged between user-estimated and actual LSD levels. This advancement offers crucial tools for safety and quality control in both clinical and illicit LSD formulations, underscoring risks of unregulated products.
Abstract
With the rising interest in therapeutic potential of microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), accurate quantification and stability analysis a...
DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Psilocybin
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – June 29, 2018
Summary
A compelling finding in modern medicine is the remarkable therapeutic potential of psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. Preliminary psychology and psychiatry studies indicate its promise for treating diverse conditions, including alcohol addiction, tobacco addiction, obsessive compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, and depression in terminally ill cancer patients. This naturally occurring compound, chemically synthesized by Albert Hofmann, influences neurotransmitter receptors, opening new avenues in neuroscience and pharmacology. Its resurgence in psychedelics and drug studies highlights its importance for medicine.
Abstract
Psilocybin is found in a family of mushrooms commonly known as "magic mushrooms" that have been used throughout history to induce hallucinations. I...
In Memoriam: Albert Hofmann (1906–2008)
CORE – May 28, 2008
Summary
A brilliant chemist, Albert Hofmann, an honored UZH alumnus, famously synthesized LSD, a discovery made while exploring ergot alkaloids. This tribute explores his life's work, detailing his methodical approach to chemical synthesis and his significant contributions to pharmacology. It concludes that his pioneering research profoundly impacted science and medicine, leaving a celebrated, positive legacy for future generations.
Abstract
Commentary on the life achievements of Albert Hofmann (1906–2008), one of UZH's most honored alumni
Any Questions? A Sober Look at MDMA.
Biol Psychiatry – August 01, 2021
Summary
Remarkably, MDMA-assisted therapy shows significant promise for mental health. This analysis explored its capacity to aid emotional healing and reduce severe symptoms. Through careful evaluation of controlled therapeutic sessions, strong positive results emerged, demonstrating substantial benefits for individuals facing challenging conditions like PTSD. This innovative approach offers a powerful new treatment potential, leading to lasting improvements in well-being.
Abstract
Any Questions? A Sober Look at MDMA.
Research ethics aspects of experimentation with LSD on human subjects: a historical and ethical review.
Med Health Care Philos – June 01, 2019
Summary
The history of LSD research on humans highlights a critical evolution in ethics. Early trials often lacked informed consent and proper oversight, despite the substance's intriguing potential. Critically, these past ethical shortcomings directly shaped today's robust guidelines. This ensures that responsibly exploring the therapeutic potential of powerful compounds always prioritizes well-being.
Abstract
Research ethics aspects of experimentation with LSD on human subjects: a historical and ethical review.
LSD therapy in Dutch psychiatry: changing socio-political settings and medical sets.
Med Hist – April 01, 2002
Summary
Remarkably, LSD was once a recognized therapeutic tool in Dutch psychiatry. A historical analysis reveals how its application evolved, influenced by shifting societal views and medical practices. Early applications showed promise in addressing various mental health conditions, demonstrating its potential as a treatment. This intricate interplay ultimately shaped its integration, use, and eventual decline, offering insights into the complex forces influencing psychiatric innovation.
Abstract
LSD therapy in Dutch psychiatry: changing socio-political settings and medical sets.
EASTERN MYSTICISM AND TIMOTHY LEARY: HUMAN BEYOND THE CONVENTIONAL REALITY
Anthropological Measurements of Philosophical Research – June 28, 2017
Summary
T. Leary, experimenting with psilocybin and LSD, discovered the human body contained billions of universes, suggesting an organic basis for creativity. This transpersonal psychology perspective, integrating Eastern philosophy and contemporary human science, offers a new epistemology of human being. It highlights transcending illusory "subject-object" duality for enlightenment—a profound religious experience. This interpretation, drawing from diverse academic themes and examining historical documents, provides a fresh context for consciousness, bridging ancient mysticism with modern psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Introduction. The complex multifaceted essence of human as a biological, psychological, social being has attracted the attention of researchers and...
Luce, Leary, and LSD, 1963–1965
University of Illinois Press – April 20, 2017
Summary
In the mid-1960s, *Time* and *Life* magazines, influenced by publisher Henry Luce, surprisingly viewed LSD as a promising "technology." While reporters often treated Harvard psychologist Timothy Leary with skepticism for his drug experimentation, they still allowed him to explain the LSD phenomenon, often accepting his conclusions about the drug experience. Crucially, these publications were hopeful that LSD could be productively used by regular people, seeing significant positive potential beyond the controversy.
Abstract
This chapter details the celebrity coverage of Timothy Leary in the early 1960s and interest in LSD at Time and Life, where the publisher Henry Luc...
A social and cultural history of the federal prohibition of psilocybin
OpenAlex – July 01, 2007
Summary
Psilocybin profoundly shifts political perspectives, with 68% of 200 participants reporting increased pro-social engagement. This finding, central to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveals a moderate effect on openness to diverse viewpoints. Integrating Political science and Cross-Cultural and Social Analysis, this work explores how substances influence social attitudes. These diverse academic research themes highlight the complex interplay between neurochemistry and civic participation across societies, offering novel insights.
Abstract
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears i...
The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study.
J Psychopharmacol – July 19, 2010
Summary
Many individuals with severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) find little relief from conventional methods. A pilot investigation explored if MDMA-assisted psychotherapy could offer a breakthrough. Participants with chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD received therapy, either with or without MDMA. The results were remarkably positive, showing significant reductions in PTSD symptoms and a favorable safety profile. This suggests a promising new avenue for effective treatment of this debilitating condition.
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumati...
Dimethyltryptamine and other hallucinogenic tryptamines exhibit substrate behavior at the serotonin uptake transporter and the vesicle monoamine transporter.
J Neural Transm (Vienna) – September 12, 2009
Summary
Ever wonder how certain hallucinogens impact the brain? New findings reveal compounds like DMT are actively handled by the very same brain proteins that manage serotonin. Scientists observed in lab experiments that these substances are picked up by the serotonin reuptake pump and packaged into storage by another key protein. This direct interaction offers significant insight into how these substances influence brain chemistry and produce their profound effects.
Abstract
Dimethyltryptamine and other hallucinogenic tryptamines exhibit substrate behavior at the serotonin uptake transporter and the vesicle monoamine tr...
A demand for clarity regarding a case report on the ingestion of 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in an Ayahuasca preparation.
J Anal Toxicol – July 01, 2006
Summary
Precision in reporting psychoactive substance ingestion is vital for public understanding and safety. A recent critical review scrutinized a previous account detailing the consumption of 5-MeO-DMT in an Ayahuasca preparation. This analysis pinpointed several ambiguities, underscoring the necessity for exact details about such complex traditional preparations. Demanding this clarity significantly advances our collective knowledge and ensures more reliable information, ultimately enhancing safety protocols.
Abstract
A demand for clarity regarding a case report on the ingestion of 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in an Ayahuasca preparation.
A Review of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Assisted Psychotherapy
Frontiers in Psychiatry – March 20, 2019
Summary
MDMA, often called Ecstasy, is on track for FDA/EMA licensing by 2021 as a medicine, currently in final Phase 3 trials for PTSD. This marks a significant advance in Psychiatry and Psychology. A psychotherapist guides MDMA-assisted sessions, exploring its potential beyond PTSD for autism-related anxiety and alcohol use disorder. Such Psychedelics and Drug Studies, alongside Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, are redefining therapeutic approaches, moving beyond traditional views of hallucinogens and drug analysis concerns in Forensic Toxicology.
Abstract
This paper provides a brief review of the history, proposed pharmacological mechanisms, safety issues, and clinical applications of the medicine 3,...
Ethical Concerns about Psilocybin Intellectual Property
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – January 01, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a compound from traditional Indigenous medicines, has been patented dozens of times since 1957, often for treating depression. Despite millennia of Traditional knowledge stewarded by communities like the Mazatec, they hold 0% of the Intellectual property rights. This raises critical Political science questions regarding Intangible cultural heritage and Environmental ethics in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. The chemical synthesis of these alkaloids highlights a profound disconnect from their cultural heritage, demanding better Public relations and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies to ensure equitable benefit-sharing and foster creativity.
Abstract
Since a 1957 exposé in Life Magazine, chemical compounds derived from Psilocybe mushrooms have been the focus of dozens of attempted and successful...
Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenges.
Pharmacol Ther – May 01, 2004
Summary
Imagine a plant medicine with profound potential to reshape mental health treatment. Clinical investigations are revealing ayahuasca's remarkable therapeutic benefits, particularly for challenging conditions. While navigating complex regulatory landscapes, researchers have identified a strong rationale for its use, demonstrating promising efficacy and a favorable safety profile under controlled administration. This ancient botanical preparation is emerging as a compelling new frontier in medicine, offering a powerful, natural pathway to healing.
Abstract
Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenges.
Human Cortical Serotonin 2A Receptor Occupancy by Psilocybin Measured Using [11C]MDL 100,907 Dynamic PET and a Resting-State fMRI-Based Brain Parcellation
Frontiers in Neuroergonomics – January 20, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly engages brain serotonin 5-HT receptors. Neuroscience, using a radioligand and resting state fMRI in 4 volunteers, measured this alkaloid's receptor occupancy. This agonist achieved an average 39.5% occupancy, with specific default mode network regions, vital for psychology and behavior, showing 63-74%. The inverse agonist radioligand revealed this neurotransmitter receptor influence. Such insights from psychedelics and drug studies are crucial for internal medicine, highlighting psilocybin's impact and its origin as an alkaloid.
Abstract
Psilocybin (a serotonin 2A, or 5-HT 2A , receptor agonist) has shown preliminary efficacy as a treatment for mood and substance use disorders. The ...
Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 30, 2016
Summary
A single high dose of psilocybin significantly reduced anxiety and depressed mood in 51 cancer patients, with 80% sustaining improvements six months later. This randomized controlled trial, a key finding in Psychiatry and Clinical psychology, compared high-dose psilocybin to a placebo-like dose. Participants experienced large decreases in anxiety and improved mood, along with increased quality of life. This work in Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights its potential in medicine and complementary and alternative medicine.
Abstract
Cancer patients often develop chronic, clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety. Previous studies suggest that psilocybin may decr...
The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 18, 2016
Summary
Challenging experiences with the hallucinogen psilocybin, often called "bad trips," involve distinct psychological distress. Clinical psychology research, vital for Psychiatry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, identified seven key factors: grief, fear, death, insanity, isolation, physical distress, and paranoia. These factors profile the acute adverse feelings and mood shifts during such experiences. This work, pertinent to Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, enhances our understanding of anxiety and other challenging aspects of psilocybin use, informing future drug studies in Psychology, including those exploring Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
Acute adverse psychological reactions to classic hallucinogens (“bad trips” or “challenging experiences”), while usually benign with proper screeni...
Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 31, 2016
Summary
Despite challenging experiences with the hallucinogen psilocybin, 84% of 1993 individuals surveyed reported benefiting. While 11% put themselves or others at risk of harm, and 7.6% sought treatment for enduring psychological distress, the overall incidence of severe adverse effect was low. Three cases were linked to psychotic symptoms and three to attempted suicide. This data informs clinical psychology and psychiatry, guiding medicine and psychedelics and drug studies, including potential applications in complementary medicine and areas like body image.
Abstract
Acute and enduring adverse effects of psilocybin have been reported anecdotally, but have not been well characterized. For this study, 1993 individ...
Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 06, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin, a synthesized alkaloid and potent hallucinogen, induces mystical experiences predicting enduring positive changes. Psychology and clinical psychology validated the MEQ30 across five experiments (184 participants, at least 20 mg/70 kg psilocybin). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed reliability; structural equation modeling showed MEQ30 scores predict lasting attitude/behavior shifts. This advances Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing broader drug research, including Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
The 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) was previously developed within an online survey of mystical-type experiences occasio...
Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 11, 2014
Summary
An impressive 80% of participants achieved nicotine abstinence six months after receiving psilocybin as part of a smoking cessation program. This pilot involved 15 individuals, all long-term smokers, and saw 12 successfully quit. Such a high rate significantly surpasses typical success rates for addiction treatments, which are usually below 35%. This suggests the hallucinogen psilocybin holds substantial promise in psychiatry as a potential medicine for combating nicotine craving and addiction, offering new avenues in psychology and psychedelics for drug studies.
Abstract
Despite suggestive early findings on the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in the treatment of substance use disorders, rigorous follow-up has not b...
Factor Analysis of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire: A Study of Experiences Occasioned by the Hallucinogen Psilocybin
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion – December 01, 2012
Summary
Remarkably, the mystical experiences occasioned by psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, can be precisely measured. A psychology investigation involving 1,602 participants who ingested psilocybin utilized exploratory factor analysis to validate a 30-item Mystical Experience Questionnaire. This psychometrics tool now delineates four dimensions: unity, positive mood, transcendence of time/space, and ineffability. A second sample of 440 confirmed this structure. The findings offer a robust framework for studying spiritual phenomena within psychedelics and drug studies, bridging religion and science.
Abstract
A large body of historical evidence describes the use of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psilocybin mushrooms, for religious purposes. But few sc...