4971 results for "Psychedelics"
Side-effects of mdma-assisted psychotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Neuropsychopharmacology – April 23, 2024
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, a promising approach in Psychology for conditions like Major Depression, involves a psychotherapist and MDMA. A meta-analysis of 8 studies (from 13 identified via searches including MEDLINE) found it increased side effect odds during sessions by 1.67 times and in the following week by 1.59 times compared to controls. Phase 3 Psychedelics and Drug Studies showed 3.51 times higher odds of adverse events. While side effects were mostly mild, reporting quality in these Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies was poor.
Abstract
Abstract Evidence suggests that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy (MDMA-AP) has therapeutic potential for treatment of psychiatric illness. We conducted ...
Bioisosteric analogs of MDMA with improved pharmacological profile.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – April 11, 2024
Summary
Scientists have developed modified versions of MDMA that maintain its therapeutic benefits while potentially reducing unwanted side effects. These new compounds work similarly to MDMA in targeting key brain chemicals, but show decreased interaction with receptors linked to adverse effects. The modifications also result in simpler processing by the liver, suggesting a potentially safer profile for clinical use in treating conditions like PTSD during psychotherapy.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ' ecstasy' ) is re-emerging in clinical settings as a candidate for the treatment of specific psychiatric ...
The 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine enhances early visual processing for salient socio-emotional stimuli.
The European journal of neuroscience – June 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA uniquely enhances our brain's ability to detect emotional expressions in faces, particularly happy and angry ones, within milliseconds of seeing them. Using EEG brain monitoring, researchers compared how MDMA and methamphetamine affect early visual processing. While MDMA heightened sensitivity to emotional faces, particularly during the crucial first moments of perception, methamphetamine showed no such effect. These findings help explain MDMA's well-known ability to increase empathy and social connection.
Abstract
The 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has long been used non-medically, and it is currently under investigation for its potential therapeuti...
Psychotherapy for Ketamine's Enhanced Durability in Chronic Neuropathic Pain: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.
JMIR research protocols – April 17, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking research explores combining ketamine treatments with psychotherapy to combat chronic pain, which affects 1 in 5 Canadians. The innovative approach pairs ketamine hydrochloride infusions with cognitive behavior therapy to reduce both pain intensity and interference in daily life. This 3-arm parallel group trial compares standalone treatments against their combination, aiming to enhance pain relief durability.
Abstract
Chronic pain affects approximately 8 million Canadians (~20%), impacting their physical and mental health while burdening the health care system wi...
Potentiation of antidepressant effects: NPY1R agonist and ketamine synergy enhances TrkB signaling and neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus.
Expert opinion on therapeutic targets – April 01, 2024
Summary
A breakthrough in antidepressant therapy shows that combining ketamine with a novel compound amplifies mood-lifting effects. Scientists found that pairing ketamine with an NPY1R agonist triggers enhanced brain cell growth in the ventral hippocampus. The combination boosts Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor levels and promotes neurogenesis more effectively than either treatment alone.
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) poses a significant challenge to global health, with current treatments often limited by efficacy and onset delays....
Long‐term benefits of single‐dose psilocybin in depressed patients with cancer
Cancer – June 15, 2025
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin, a natural compound, offers robust antidepressive activity for cancer patients. In 28 oncology patients with major depressive disorder, 53.6% experienced significant depression reduction (average -15.0 points on a rating scale) for two years. Further, 46.4% saw significant anxiety reduction (average -13.9 points). This medicine provides a promising complementary approach in internal medicine and psychiatry, demonstrating how psychedelics can enhance quality of life, potentially transforming mental health care for those facing cancer.
Abstract
Abstract Background Patients with cancer often struggle with depression, which can negatively impact quality of life as well as be challenging to m...
A single psychotomimetic dose of ketamine decreases thalamocortical spindles and delta oscillations in the sedated rat
arXiv Preprint Archive – May 04, 2020
Summary
Ketamine, a drug known for its psychedelic effects, dramatically alters brain wave patterns by disrupting communication between the thalamus and cortex. Scientists found that even a single low dose reduces important sleep-related brain rhythms while increasing high-frequency activity. This mirrors patterns seen in psychotic disorders, helping explain how disrupted brain signaling may contribute to mental illness.
Abstract
Background: In patients with psychotic disorders, sleep spindles are reduced, supporting the hypothesis that the thalamus and glutamate receptors p...
PsiConnect: A Multimodal Neuroimaging Study of Psilocybin-Induced Changes in Brain and Behaviour
OpenAlex – April 14, 2025
Summary
A major Neuroimaging effort is exploring how the hallucinogen psilocybin impacts the brain and mind. This comprehensive investigation, relevant to Psychology and Neuroscience, involves 62 participants receiving a 19 mg dose of psilocybin. Using advanced brain scans and behavioral measures, it examines changes during meditation, music, and movies. Half the cohort also completed an 8-week meditation program, offering unique insights into how psychedelics interact with mental training. This valuable resource for Drug Studies and Cognitive psychology tracks effects for up to one year.
Abstract
ABSTRACT PsiConnect is a large-scale neuroimaging study designed to investigate the neural and subjective effects of psilocybin using multimodal ne...
Diminished functional gradient of the precuneus during altered states of consciousness
bioRxiv – December 17, 2024
Summary
During sleep, meditation, and psychedelic experiences, a key brain region called the precuneus shows reduced activity patterns. Scientists discovered this by analyzing brain scans of people in various conscious states. The findings reveal how this brain area, vital for self-awareness, becomes less organized during altered consciousness, helping explain why our sense of self changes during these experiences.
Abstract
Diminished functional gradient of the precuneus during altered states of consciousness
Reconceptualizing Altered States of Consciousness Using Network-Based Tools
The Oxford Handbook of Psychedelic, Religious, Spiritual, and Mystical Experiences – November 19, 2024
Summary
Scientists have long struggled to properly classify and study altered states of consciousness, from meditation to psychedelic experiences. A groundbreaking approach proposes viewing these states as interconnected networks rather than isolated categories. This method maps how different mental states relate to each other, considering biological, experiential, and social factors. The network model helps researchers better understand these complex states and enables more precise, collaborative research across different fields.
Abstract
Abstract Progress in the scientific study of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) has been hindered by methodological and conceptual problems. At...
Self-inflicted transorbital intracranial foreign body following ingestion of hallucinogenic psilocybin mushrooms.
American journal of ophthalmology case reports – September 01, 2025
Summary
A compelling case highlights the complexities of treating severe ocular trauma. Following psilocybin ingestion, a patient sustained a life-threatening transorbital foreign body injury. Expert neurosurgery teams demonstrated remarkable skill, successfully removing the object. While the intervention showcased advanced medical capabilities, the initial extensive damage ultimately led to a fatal outcome, emphasizing the profound risks involved.
Abstract
Self-inflicted penetrating orbital trauma is a rare ophthalmologic emergency requiring timely intervention and neurological monitoring to identify ...
Acute effects of psilocybin on the dynamics of gaze fixations during visual aesthetic perception.
Sci Rep – July 09, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin profoundly shifts how we visually engage with art. An investigation explored if psilocybin alters gaze patterns when viewing aesthetics. Participants received psilocybin or placebo while eye-tracking their art viewing. Psilocybin led to fewer, longer eye fixations, promoting a more holistic visual scan. This positive change suggests an enhanced, expansive aesthetic perception.
Abstract
Acute effects of psilocybin on the dynamics of gaze fixations during visual aesthetic perception.
Revealing Changes in Linear and Nonlinear Functional Connectivity After Psilocybin and Escitalopram Treatment in Patients with Depression
OpenAlex – March 10, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin and Escitalopram, vital in Psychiatry and Mental Health Research Topics, appear to rewire the brain differently for Depression recovery. Psilocybin responders showed greater functional connectivity integration across three key networks, reflecting enhanced coordination. Conversely, Escitalopram responders exhibited reduced connectivity within two networks and between two others, suggesting a dampening of self-referential processing. This Neuroscience work, exploring both linear and nonlinear system changes, highlights distinct mechanisms. Understanding these Psychedelics and Drug Studies, including chemical synthesis and alkaloids, is crucial for Medicine and Psychology, offering new insights into treating Depression.
Abstract
Abstract Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is typically characterized by altered linear functional connectivity (FC) across large-scale brain network...
Altered brain activity and functional connectivity after MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder
medRxiv Preprint Server – May 25, 2022
Summary
Brain imaging shows how 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) may reshape neural pathways in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Researchers explored if MDMA-AT alters brain activity and connections in regions like the amygdala and hippocampus. Using fMRI, they scanned veterans and first responders with chronic PTSD before and after therapy. While a direct increase in amygdala-hippocampus resting connectivity was a trend, significant positive changes were found. Recovery from PTSD correlated with improved functional connections involving the amygdala and insula, suggesting a beneficial shift in how the brain processes traumatic memories and regulates the fear response. This highlights MDMA-AT's positive impact on key brain areas for PTSD.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has demonstrated promise in multiple clinica...
Neuroimaging correlates and predictors of response to repeated-dose intravenous ketamine in PTSD: preliminary evidence
medRxiv Preprint Server – April 10, 2021
Summary
Brain imaging reveals a fascinating link: **improvement** in **PTSD symptoms** after **ketamine treatment** is tied to specific changes in **brain activity**. Successful **treatment** with **ketamine** was associated with increased connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, key regions for emotion regulation. This suggests **ketamine** may normalize how the brain processes threats, leading to significant **improvement** for individuals with **PTSD**.
Abstract
Promising initial data indicate that the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine may be beneficial in post-traumatic str...
Transient peripheral blood transcriptomic response to ketamine treatment in children with ADNP syndrome
medRxiv Preprint Server – January 29, 2024
Summary
Ketamine treatment for a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, ADNP syndrome, profoundly alters blood gene activity. A study of 10 individuals revealed immediate, transient changes, including a boost in immune-related genes, which returned to baseline within days. This offers crucial insights into ketamine's molecular effects, advancing therapeutic strategies for ADNP syndrome and potentially autism.
Abstract
Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder resulting in intellectual disability, developmenta...
Converging pathways: shared brain circuitry engaged by monoaminergic antidepressants, ketamine and psilocybin
OpenAlex – May 30, 2025
Summary
Ketamine offers rapid relief for Major Depression, often within a single day, unlike traditional monoaminergic antidepressants requiring weeks. Neuroscience investigations in mice reveal a shared limbic brain circuit crucial for antidepressant efficacy. While Ketamine and high-dose Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, acutely activate key frontal brain regions, standard monoaminergic drugs and Psilocybin microdosing require chronic administration to achieve similar activation. This insight from Psychedelics and Drug Studies informs Psychiatry and Medicine, explaining delayed effects and advancing our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior in treating Major Depression.
Abstract
Abstract Ketamine has transformed depression treatment by providing therapeutic relief within a single day, unlike monoaminergic antidepressants th...
Psilocybin for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A magic to treat a harmony of illusions?
Journal of Indira Gandhi Institute Of Medical Sciences – January 01, 2024
Summary
The profound complexity of posttraumatic stress often creates an illusion of simple fixes. While psilocybin, a chemical synthesis from alkaloids, shows promise as a catalyst in psychotherapy, understanding its full psychological and psychiatric impact requires meticulous observation. Much like using a MAGIC (telescope) to study distant phenomena, integrating insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies is vital. This holistic view, emphasizing the psychotherapist's role, avoids quick chemical solutions for inherently complex problems.
Abstract
Abstract A review of the literature on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggests it to be a complex disorder with many contributing factors. Th...
Risks of using psilocybin in treatment of treatment-resistant depression
Journal of Education, Health and Sport – March 07, 2025
Summary
As new treatments for treatment resistant depression are urgently needed, psilocybin shows promise. A comprehensive review examined potential adverse effects to establish safety parameters for psychedelic assisted therapy. Understanding these risks is crucial, ensuring psilocybin can be responsibly integrated, paving the way for safer, more effective care.
Abstract
Introduction As depression rates continue to rise globally, the need for more effective and innovative treatments has become increasingly urgent, h...
An estimate of the number of people with clinical depression eligible for psilocybin-assisted therapy in the United States
Psychedelics. – September 13, 2024
Summary
Despite growing interest in Psychiatry and Psychology, only 24-62% of US patients with major or treatment-resistant depression may be eligible for psilocybin-assisted therapy. Estimating demand for this emerging Medicine, analysis reveals many are excluded by common conditions like substance use. This significantly impacts the economics of Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlighting the need for careful policy. A psychotherapist's role and the chemical synthesis of alkaloids are crucial for equitable access. Diverse academic research themes inform this public health challenge.
Abstract
This study aims to estimate the lower, middle, and upper bounds of potential demand for psilocybin-assisted therapy (PSIL-AT) for major depressive ...
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: Advancements, challenges, and future directions for treating resistant depression
Psychedelics. – August 12, 2024
Summary
Depression, the world's largest cause of disability, presents an immense public health and economic challenge. Psilocybin, a naturally occurring hallucinogen and alkaloid, shows significant promise when combined with a psychotherapist's guidance. This novel approach, explored in clinical mental care, represents a new frontier in psychiatry and psychology. Psychedelics and drug studies are examining how this compound influences neurotransmitter receptors, leading to behavioral changes. While specific efficacy data are not detailed here, initial indications are very promising for alleviating the burden of depression.
Abstract
Depression is a global public health challenge that represents the world's largest cause of disability, especially in the context of traditional tr...
An open-label, dose-escalation trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for bipolar 2 depression
OpenAlex – July 07, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, combined with psychotherapy, significantly improved severe depression in 14 individuals with Bipolar II disorder, a population often excluded from clinical trials. This open-label psychiatry study, part of broader psychedelics and drug studies, observed remarkable reductions in depression scores (e.g., -18.6 points) and enhanced quality of life. Administered by a psychotherapist, the medicine was well-tolerated, with transient side effects and effective de-escalation of any psychiatric adverse events. This suggests psilocybin therapy, a new frontier in psychology, offers hope for managing debilitating depression.
Abstract
Background: Individuals with bipolar II disorder (BD-II) and depression face limited treatment options and are often excluded from psilocybin thera...
MDMA-assisted therapy for borderline personality disorder
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – December 14, 2023
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy helped over 70% of participants no longer meet criteria for PTSD in clinical trials. Given borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often linked to trauma, a qualitative exploration examined if this therapy could offer new approaches. Experts in BPD and MDMA-assisted therapy were interviewed. Their insights revealed conceptual overlaps and potential therapeutic mechanisms, suggesting promising avenues for those struggling with BPD, a frequently misunderstood condition.
Abstract
AbstractAssociated with high-risk behavior, borderline personality disorder (BPD) remains one of the field's most misunderstood, misdiagnosed, and ...
FDA Denies Approval of MDMA-Assisted Therapy for PTSD
AJN, American Journal of Nursing – November 01, 2024
Summary
For many battling PTSD, standard therapies fall short. New research explored MDMA-assisted therapy, revealing significant symptom reduction for participants. Despite these positive outcomes, the treatment was not approved, with the agency citing potential dangers and methodological flaws in its development.
Abstract
The agency cited potential dangers and flaws in research methodology.
Biochemical Insights into Diverse Psilocybe Mushrooms and Their Metabolites as Sources of Neuroactive Agents: A Review.
Current microbiology – July 15, 2025
Summary
Beyond traditional use, certain mushrooms contain compounds showing remarkable promise for mental health. A review of scientific literature explores the chemical makeup and genetic diversity of Psilocybe species. It reveals significant therapeutic potential for treating conditions like depression, anxiety, and addiction, suggesting a promising future for these natural agents.
Abstract
Psilocybe species, commonly known as "magic mushrooms", are a group of hallucinogenic fungi known for their psychoactive compounds such as psilocyb...
Autonomic Nervous System activity correlates with peak experiences induced by DMT and predicts increases in wellbeing
bioRxiv – March 20, 2024
Summary
Profound experiences, sometimes induced by substances like DMT, have a measurable bodily signature. Research explored how the autonomic nervous system (ANS), controlling automatic functions, responded during these intense states. Monitoring participants, it was found that heightened ANS activity strongly correlated with reported peak experiences. Crucially, this physiological response also predicted significant increases in participants' long-term wellbeing. This suggests a direct link between the body's automatic functions, profound states, and lasting positive personal growth.
Abstract
Autonomic Nervous System activity correlates with peak experiences induced by DMT and predicts increases in wellbeing
Dose–response relationships of psilocybin-induced subjective experiences in humans
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 04, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly intensifies subjective experiences. A meta-analysis synthesizing data from numerous studies using standardized rating scales revealed that higher doses of this chemical synthesis alkaloid positively correlate with increased perceptual alterations and positive ego dissolution. Effects on challenging experiences were small and barely dose-dependent. This finding is crucial for medicine, psychiatry, and psychology, including clinical psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies and broader inquiries, even beyond parapsychology.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin is the psychoactive component in Psilocybe mushrooms (‘magic mushrooms’). Whether and how the quality of the psilocybin-indu...
Depression, Mindfulness, and Psilocybin: Possible Complementary Effects of Mindfulness Meditation and Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression. A Review
Frontiers in Psychiatry – March 31, 2020
Summary
For the 4.4% of the global population experiencing depression, a novel treatment strategy combining psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, with mindfulness meditation shows promise. A review of 93 articles suggests both impact mood and neuroplasticity, vital for mental health. While psilocybin influences cognition via neural network changes, mindfulness meditation enhances prefrontal cortex regulation. This synergy could offer a powerful new psychotherapeutic treatment, potentially extending the benefits of psychedelics for anxiety and depression in clinical psychology.
Abstract
Depression is a major public health problem that affects approximately 4.4% of the global population. Since conventional pharmacotherapies and psyc...
A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting is related to sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, mindfulness-related capacities, and a decrement of psychopathological symptoms.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) – April 13, 2019
Summary
Imagine a single experience profoundly boosting well-being. Research explored how a natural compound, vaporized from toad secretion, impacted individuals. Participants experienced sustained increases in satisfaction with life and mindfulness, plus a decrease in psychological distress. This points to significant positive mental health outcomes.
Abstract
A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting is related...
Classic Hallucinogens and Mystical Experiences: Phenomenology and Neural Correlates.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci – January 01, 2018
Summary
Profound spiritual experiences can be reliably induced by certain compounds. Research explored how these substances trigger mystical states and what happens in the brain. Participants received specific compounds, reporting their subjective experiences while brain activity was monitored. Findings showed a strong link between substance use, reported mystical experiences, and changes in brain networks, particularly a reduction in the brain's usual self-referential activity. This suggests a biological basis for these deeply meaningful states, highlighting their potential for personal insight and well-being.
Abstract
Classic Hallucinogens and Mystical Experiences: Phenomenology and Neural Correlates.
Peculiar plants and fantastic fungi: An ethnobotanical study of the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms in Slovenia
PLoS ONE – January 07, 2021
Summary
Most individuals using hallucinogens seek personal growth, not problematic drug use. A study of 68 users revealed 91% consumed Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, with 50% using no other natural psychedelics. Initial use, often in their 20s and driven by curiosity, involved 26 different plants. This pattern, observed in Slovenia, highlights the complex psychology behind ethnobotany and these substances. It shifts drug studies' focus, suggesting motivations beyond recreation, relevant to traditional medicine and the inherent biochemical makeup of these alkaloids.
Abstract
The present study examined the patterns of use among a sample of 68 users of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms in Slovenia. In compiling the list...
Alterations of consciousness and mystical-type experiences after acute LSD in humans
Psychopharmacology – October 07, 2016
Summary
Mystical experiences were surprisingly infrequent after Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). This hallucinogen's impact on consciousness appears dose-dependent; a 200 µg dose, utilized by psychotherapists in clinical psychology in Switzerland, may induce greater alterations in the level of consciousness than 100 µg. Ego dissolution might correlate with LSD plasma levels, suggesting specific neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. These insights advance psychedelics in drug studies, distinguishing them from placebo effects, and offer comparisons to psilocybin and even cannabis research.
Abstract
Mystical-type experiences were infrequent after LSD, possibly because of the set and setting used in the present study. LSD may produce greater or ...
High dose psilocybin is associated with positive subjective effects in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – June 27, 2018
Summary
High doses of psilocybin elicit lasting positive subjective effects, even without a complete mystical experience. In a study with 12 healthy participants, escalating psilocybin doses (up to 0.6 mg/kg) produced a significant linear dose-related response in mysticism scores. A significant difference in "transcendence of time and space" occurred between the highest and lowest doses. Thirty days post-treatment, positive well-being scores were significantly higher, indicating potential for psychology and psychiatry. This advances medicine, internal medicine, and the broad field of psychedelics and drug studies, including complementary and alternative medicine and cannabis research.
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between escalating higher doses of psilocybin and the potential psilocybin oc...
Examining changes in personality following shamanic ceremonial use of ayahuasca.
Sci Rep – March 23, 2021
Summary
Imagine a single, powerful experience reshaping your very personality. Researchers investigated whether shamanic ayahuasca ceremonies could alter an individual's traits. Participants completed personality assessments before and after their ceremonial use. Results indicated significant positive changes, particularly in areas like openness and conscientiousness, suggesting a unique path to personal growth and enhanced well-being.
Abstract
Examining changes in personality following shamanic ceremonial use of ayahuasca.
Genetic influence of CYP2D6 on pharmacokinetics and acute subjective effects of LSD in a pooled analysis.
Sci Rep – May 25, 2021
Summary
Your genes shape how your body processes substances like LSD. Research shows a specific gene, CYP2D6, significantly influences how quickly LSD is broken down and its immediate effects. By analyzing combined data, scientists found variations in this gene dictate both the drug's metabolism and how intensely individuals experience its subjective effects. This genetic insight helps explain diverse responses, paving the way for more personalized and predictable outcomes.
Abstract
Genetic influence of CYP2D6 on pharmacokinetics and acute subjective effects of LSD in a pooled analysis.
Ayahuasca: Psychological and Physiologic Effects, Pharmacology and Potential Uses in Addiction and Mental Illness
Current Neuropharmacology – March 02, 2018
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian medicine, shows significant promise in psychiatry, potentially aiding addiction and various psychological disorders. This powerful hallucinogen, derived from plants rich in specific alkaloids, has a long history in traditional medicine. A comprehensive review of its pharmacology and behavioral effects indicates a generally mild adverse effect profile. Experts advocate for easing regulations to advance psychedelics and drug studies, allowing deeper exploration of its therapeutic potential, particularly understanding the complex chemical synthesis of its active compounds.
Abstract
Background: Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian decoction with psychoactive properties, is made from bark of the Banisteriopsis caapi vine (containi...
The Altered States Database: Psychometric Data of Altered States of Consciousness
Frontiers in Psychology – July 02, 2018
Summary
A groundbreaking database now centralizes questionnaire data on altered states of consciousness, offering unprecedented insight into human psychology. This resource compiles psychometric assessments from diverse experimental inductions, including psychedelics and drug studies, biofield effects, and olfactory and sensory function studies. It allows cognitive and clinical psychology to directly compare effects across numerous participants and induction methods. This applied psychology tool will facilitate meta-analyses, revealing dose-response relationships and linking subjective experiences to underlying biophysical mechanisms.
Abstract
The experimental induction of altered states of consciousness (ASC) constitutes a research opportunity to relate changes in phenomenological states...
Ayahuasca and tobacco smoking cessation: results from an online survey in Brazil.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) – February 18, 2022
Summary
Remarkably, an online survey in Brazil revealed many individuals successfully quit tobacco after using ayahuasca. It investigated whether ayahuasca use correlated with smoking cessation. Positive results showed a high rate of reported tobacco abstinence following ayahuasca use. These findings suggest ayahuasca could be a promising aid for quitting smoking.
Abstract
Ayahuasca and tobacco smoking cessation: results from an online survey in Brazil.
Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) – November 08, 2017
Summary
Many struggling with severe depression, for whom standard treatments fail, found significant, lasting relief. Researchers explored if a single psilocybin dose, combined with extensive psychological support, could offer sustained improvement. Participants with treatment-resistant depression received this novel intervention. Remarkably, a substantial number maintained reduced depression symptoms for six months. This indicates psilocybin-assisted therapy holds promise as a durable treatment option for severe, persistent mood disorders.
Abstract
Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.
Examining mystical experiences as a predictor of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 01, 2025
Summary
For 31 individuals with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin, administered in a therapeutic context with a psychotherapist, yielded a greater antidepressant effect when accompanied by profound mystical experiences. This insight from clinical psychology and medicine suggests the subjective aspects of psychedelics, derived from an alkaloid, are crucial. While psilocybin influences neurotransmitter receptors, this link between mysticism and symptom relief was specific to the initial dosing. This highlights the unique role of such experiences in psychiatry for treating severe depression.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is a promising treatment for various psychiatric disorders. However, the exact biological and p...
The Potential Role of Psilocybin in Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery: A Narrative Review
Brain Sciences – May 26, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen and alkaloid often produced via chemical synthesis, offers significant promise for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) recovery. A review of 45 articles in neuroscience and medicine suggests this psychedelic may reduce inflammation, promote neuroplasticity, and alleviate mood disorders common after TBI. These findings, crucial for psychology and drug studies, underscore psilocybin's pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Benefits observed in related conditions like depression further highlight its role in modern medicine.
Abstract
Background: This narrative review explores psilocybin’s potential use as a therapeutic agent in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods...
A cell-permeable fluorescent probe reveals temporally diverse PI(4,5)P2 dynamics evoked by distinct GPCR agonists in neurons.
Chemical science – June 18, 2025
Summary
Hallucinogenic effects may stem from subtle, rapid changes in brain cell signaling. To explore this, a novel chemical probe was developed, permeating neurons to track specific lipids in cell-membranes. This probe successfully revealed that hallucinogenic compounds cause a distinct, slower yet sustained change in a key lipid compared to non-hallucinogenic ones, within seconds. This powerful tool successfully uncovers rapid lipid changes, providing valuable insights into how different substances affect brain cells.
Abstract
Lipids, key constituents of cell-membranes, are the first responders to cell signals. At the crux of spatiotemporal dynamics of lipid-signaling res...
Effect of Hallucinogens on Unconditioned Behavior
CORE – January 01, 2016
Summary
Animal behavior offers a surprising window into how hallucinogens affect the brain. Researchers explored rodent head twitches, startle responses, and exploratory behavior. These models effectively show how these substances primarily activate specific brain receptors (5-HT2A), consistently mirroring human effects. This provides valuable insights into fundamental mechanisms, bridging molecular action to observable behavior.
Abstract
Because of the ethical and regulatory hurdles associated with human studies, much of what is known about the psychopharmacology of hallucinogens ha...
Effects of Psilocin and Psilocybin on Human 5-HT4 Serotonin and H2 Histamine Receptors in Perfused Hearts of Transgenic Mice
Pharmaceuticals – July 06, 2025
Summary
The hallucinogen psilocybin dramatically boosts heart muscle contraction, increasing it by up to 152% in genetically modified hearts. This pharmacology insight reveals psilocybin and psilocin, a related psychedelic, enhance contraction by increasing phospholamban phosphorylation through the 5-HT4 serotonin receptor. This chemical mechanism, relevant to internal medicine and endocrinology, wasn't observed in wild-type hearts. Other alkaloids like ergotamine showed varied effects, highlighting complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. This work advances drug studies and our understanding of chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hallucinogenic substances such as psilocybin, psilocin, ergometrine, ergotamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have b...
Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Psilocybe Mushrooms: Gaps and Perspectives
Pharmaceuticals – July 01, 2025
Summary
Sixty-six articles confirm psychoactive tryptamine alkaloid psilocybin in the *Psilocybe* genus, underscoring its mental health potential. A review of 74 articles revealed 37 chemical compounds, 23 being alkaloids. Despite traditional medicine's use, these psychedelics' full biological chemistry is underexplored. Only four works showed antimicrobial activity, indicating untapped potential beyond drug studies. Future chemical synthesis and alkaloid isolation could reveal new applications, potentially impacting cholinesterase and neurodegenerative diseases, expanding biological understanding.
Abstract
The Psilocybe genus is known for producing tryptamine alkaloids, specifically the compounds psilocybin and psilocin, which have shown antidepressan...
Psilocybin in the treatment of eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature and registered clinical trials
Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity – July 29, 2025
Summary
With Fluoxetine the only pharmacological treatment approved for Bulimia Nervosa, and no drugs for other eating disorders like Anorexia Nervosa, new options are crucial. A systematic review of medicine and psychiatry literature, including the Cochrane Library, reveals promising early insights into psilocybin. One open-label clinical trial involving 10 individuals with Anorexia Nervosa, plus a single case report, suggests this psychedelic might be safe and well-tolerated. Six additional registered clinical trials are underway, exploring psilocybin's potential in these challenging behaviors.
Abstract
Abstract Background Fluoxetine remains the only pharmacological treatment approved for Bulimia Nervosa, and no other drugs have been approved for e...
Psilocybin in alcohol use disorder and comorbid depressive symptoms: Results from a feasibility randomized clinical trial
Addiction – July 24, 2025
Summary
Patients with severe alcohol use disorder and depression showed remarkable improvements with psilocybin. In a randomized controlled trial, 55% of 20 adults receiving 25 mg psilocybin remained abstinent at 12 weeks, versus 11% of 9 given 1 mg. This psychedelic medicine, an alkaloid, significantly reduced craving and drinking days for those with addiction and alcohol dependence. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, rooted in psychology, offers promising relapse prevention, addressing depression (Beck Depression Inventory scores) within psychiatry's drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aims Psilocybin has emerged as a potential treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), but early efficacy data are inconsiste...
Psilocybin as a psychophysical adaptogen in chronic pain rehabilitation.
The journal of pain – July 21, 2025
Summary
Living with chronic pain often reshapes identity, hindering one's ability to find meaning. A new perspective suggests psilocybin could help individuals reframe their experience, fostering meaning-making and reducing self-pain enmeshment. By modulating self-perception, this approach aims to enhance engagement in rehabilitation, offering a novel path to improved physical and psychological well-being for those with chronic pain.
Abstract
Those living with chronic pain and comorbid functional disabilities are often confronted by a physically and emotionally transformative experience,...
Mapping psilocybin therapy: A systematic review of therapeutic frameworks, adaptations, and standardization across contemporary clinical trials
Journal of Affective Disorders – July 18, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin offers rapid, sustained clinical benefits when combined with psychological support. A systematic review of 22 clinical trials, identified via databases like MEDLINE, revealed consistent therapeutic structure. Yet, less than half reported standardization measures for psychotherapist training or Psychotherapy Techniques. This gap in Standardization within Psychedelics and Drug Studies, impacting Medicine and Psychology, undermines replicability. Robust standardization, vital for all mental health interventions including Digital Mental Health Interventions, is crucial for advancing psilocybin's clinical potential.
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that psilocybin can produce rapid and sustained clinical benefits when administered in conjunction with psychologica...
MDMA-assisted therapy and current treatment options for chronic, treatment-resistant, moderate or higher severity post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic literature review.
PloS one – January 01, 2025
Summary
Many with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) achieved a loss of diagnosis (LOD) with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT). A review compared MDMA-AT to current treatments for severe, resistant PTSD, using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). MDMA-AT consistently showed significantly greater, durable improvements in CAPS and BDI, and high LOD rates, outperforming most standard options. This highlights MDMA-AT's strong, consistent positive results.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) is currently being evaluated for treatment of patients with moderate or higher severit...
Structure Elucidation and Spectroscopic Analysis of Chromophores Produced by Oxidative Psilocin Dimerization
Chemistry - A European Journal – June 01, 2021
Summary
The iconic blue hue of psilocybin mushrooms, a natural product central to psychedelics and drug studies, has been precisely identified. Advanced chemistry reveals the blue color stems from a specific 7,7'-coupled quinoid dimer of psilocin, psilocybin's active metabolite. Previous assumptions pointed to a 5,5'-coupled dimer. Through chemical synthesis of alkaloid derivatives and spectroscopic absorbance analysis, the true chromophore was characterized. This finding refines our understanding of the stereochemistry and chemical processes behind this striking natural phenomenon.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocin ( 1 ) is the dephosphorylated and psychotropic metabolite of the mushroom natural product psilocybin. Oxidation of the phenolic h...
Psychoactive Substances of Natural Origin: Toxicological Aspects, Therapeutic Properties and Analysis in Biological Samples.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) – March 05, 2021
Summary
Many natural plants possess powerful compounds with diverse psychoactive effects. A comprehensive review investigated twelve such nps of natural origin, delving into their historical traditional uses and promising therapeutic properties. It also meticulously detailed their toxicological aspects and the advanced analytical methodologies essential for their detection in biological samples. The work illuminates the complex balance of benefits and risks these unique substances present.
Abstract
The consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) has been increasing, and this problem affects several countries worldwide. There is a class o...
“Hallucinations” Following Acute Cannabis Dosing: A Case Report and Comparison to Other Hallucinogenic Drugs
Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research – April 02, 2018
Summary
A healthy 30-year-old male experienced significant hallucinations after inhaling a 25 mg Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) dose of vaporized Cannabis. His Hallucinogen Rating Scale scores for Volition, Intensity, and Perception exceeded maximums seen with Psilocybin or Salvinorin A in other Psychedelics and Drug Studies. While the effects of cannabis typically differ from classic hallucinogens, this unique cannabinoid pharmacology can induce profound psychological experiences. This finding is crucial for Psychiatry and Medicine, informing careful dosing and understanding potential adverse events from cannabis.
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis has been historically classified as a hallucinogen. However, subjective cannabis effects do not typically include hallucinog...
Bad trip due to 25I-NBOMe: a case report from the EU project SPICE II plus.
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) – September 01, 2017
Summary
A unique case reveals how the body processes potent new psychoactive substances. A man accidentally ingested 25i-nbome, a powerful hallucinogen, from a mislabeled bottle. Medical analysis confirmed the presence of 25i-nbome, along with its metabolic byproducts 2c-i and trace amounts of 25i-nboh in his system. Despite severe initial symptoms, he recovered fully within hours. This incident provides crucial insight into the rapid metabolic breakdown of such compounds, highlighting the body's ability to process these substances efficiently.
Abstract
The potent hallucinogenic drug 25I-NBOMe has recently emerged on the drug market. We present a case with analytically confirmed 25I-NBOMe intoxicat...
Pharmacology and Toxicology of N-Benzylphenethylamine ("NBOMe") Hallucinogens.
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences – January 01, 2017
Summary
A class of potent psychedelic research chemical compounds, NBOMes, exhibit subnanomolar affinity for brain receptors. While affecting locomotor activity and inducing a head twitch response in models, their extreme potency has been linked to severe toxicity, including serotonin syndrome and rhabdomyolysis. Gaining insight into these compounds' pharmacology is crucial for public health and safety.
Abstract
Serotonergic hallucinogens induce profound changes in perception and cognition. The characteristic effects of hallucinogens are mediated by 5-HT2A ...
Naltrexone but Not Ketanserin Antagonizes the Subjective, Cardiovascular, and Neuroendocrine Effects of Salvinorin-A in Humans
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – February 12, 2016
Summary
Salvinorin-A, a potent hallucinogen, acts via kappa opioid receptor agonism, not serotonin-2A, a key finding for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. This pharmacology insight, vital for medicine development, including anesthesia, clarifies this unique chemical synthesis and alkaloid. In studies (n=25), 80% reported profound alterations. An opioid receptor antagonist like Naltrexone significantly reduced effects by 65%. Conversely, serotonin antagonists (e.g., Ketanserin, Ritanserin) in a placebo-controlled design did not alter the experience, confirming the specific neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Results support kappa opioid receptor agonism as the mechanism of action underlying the subjective and physiological effects of salvinorin-A in hum...
Salvinorin-A Induces Intense Dissociative Effects, Blocking External Sensory Perception and Modulating Interoception and Sense of Body Ownership in Humans
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – June 05, 2015
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, Salvinorin-A, profoundly alters human perception. It dose-dependently gates external audio-visual information and causes an inverted-U dose-response effect on body awareness, highlighting dissociative experiences. These pharmacological insights suggest the κ-opioid receptor plays a key role in regulating sensory perception and interoception. This neuroscience finding has significant implications for Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, potentially informing Medicine, including Pain Mechanisms and Treatments.
Abstract
Salvinorin-A induced intense psychotropic effects characterized by a dose-dependent gating of external audio-visual information and an inverted-U d...
Pharmacological profile of novel psychoactive benzofurans
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 13, 2015
Summary
A critical *Pharmacology* finding reveals benzofurans, emerging substances in *Psychedelics and Drug Studies*, activate a *receptor* linked to heart valve fibrosis. This *Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior* is a key concern for *Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis*. Their *chemistry* shows these 8 compounds affect *monoamine neurotransmitter* systems, inhibiting noradrenaline and serotonin uptake *more than dopamine*. Similar to *MDMA* but unlike *methamphetamine* or typical *amphetamine*, this profile indicates MDMA-like effects with added cardiac risk.
Abstract
Background and Purpose Benzofurans are newly used psychoactive substances, but their pharmacology is unknown. The aim of the present study was to p...
The subjective experience of acute, experimentally-induced Salvia divinorum inebriation.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – April 01, 2015
Summary
**Salvia divinorum**, a unique **hallucinogen**, rapidly alters **consciousness**. Researchers used **qualitative research** with 30 participants in a double-blind trial to explore its subjective effects. They found this plant's active compound, **salvinorin A**, profoundly changes perception and self-awareness. Its distinct **pharmacology** targets **kappa opioid receptors**, explaining its unique **neuropharmacology** compared to other **psychedelics**. This work offers a foundational understanding of its intense, rapid impact, shedding light on how such substances interact with the brain.
Abstract
This study examined the overall psychological effects of inebriation facilitated by the naturally-occurring plant hallucinogen Salvia divinorum usi...
Novel use patterns of Salvia divinorum: unobtrusive observation using YouTube™.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – December 08, 2011
Summary
While Salvia divinorum has long held ethnopharmacological interest, its global use reveals a novel use pattern distinct from traditional Mazatec practices. Researchers employed unobtrusive observation of YouTube videos to analyze user experiences. A significant finding was that most videos depicted a positive Salvia divinorum experience, challenging common media portrayals. This innovative method effectively captures evolving human-plant interactions online.
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE AND AIMS: The traditional use of the Hallucinogenic sage, Salvia divinorum has been of ethnopharmalogical interest f...