1286 results for "MDMA"
Microglial and astroglial activation by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in mice depends on S(+) enantiomer and is associated with an increase in body temperature and motility
Journal of Neurochemistry – October 20, 2012
Summary
MDMA, particularly its S(+) enantiomer, significantly activates glial cells in the brain, as evidenced by increases of 20% in microglial and astroglial markers in the striatum after administering 40 mg/kg. In contrast, the R(−) enantiomer showed no significant effects. Combined use of both enantiomers did not amplify activation beyond that of S(+) alone. Notably, increased body temperature correlated with glial activation, emphasizing the need to explore the distinct roles of MDMA's components in neuroinflammation and their physiological impacts.
Abstract
Abstract Evidence is accumulating to suggest that 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA ) has neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory properties. MDMA ...
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of methylphenidate and MDMA administered alone or in combination
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – October 08, 2013
Summary
Combining methylphenidate and MDMA significantly increases adverse cardiovascular effects without enhancing their psychoactive properties. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with 40 healthy participants, 125 mg of MDMA improved mood more than 60 mg of methylphenidate, while the latter boosted activity and concentration. Notably, methylphenidate heightened recognition of sad and fearful faces, contrasting with MDMA's reduction of negative emotion recognition. Acute tolerance to MDMA was observed, but not with methylphenidate, highlighting important implications for understanding combined stimulant misuse risks.
Abstract
Methylphenidate and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') are widely misused psychoactive drugs. Methylphenidate increases brain dopa...
Non‐linear pharmacokinetics of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) in humans
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – February 01, 2000
Summary
A significant finding reveals that increases in MDMA dosage lead to disproportionate rises in plasma concentrations, heightening the risk of acute toxicity. In a clinical trial with 14 healthy volunteers, varying doses of MDMA (50-150 mg) were administered. Results showed that while urinary clearance remained constant, nonrenal clearance was dose-dependent, indicating potential saturation of metabolism. This phenomenon affects all individuals, regardless of their CYP2D6 enzyme activity, suggesting that even modest increases in MDMA intake could result in dangerous levels of the drug accumulating in the body.
Abstract
Aims 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, commonly called ecstasy) is a synthetic compound increasingly popular as a recreational drug. Little ...
Assessment of the discriminative stimulus effects of the optical isomers of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA)
Behavioural Pharmacology – April 01, 1995
Summary
MDMA's stereoisomers exhibit strikingly similar effects in a rat model, with 100% substitution for both (+)-MDMA and (-)-MDMA using their respective training doses of 1.25mg/kg and 3.5mg/kg. In contrast, traditional stimulants like amphetamine and cocaine failed to show any substitution. Notably, LSD partially mimicked the effects of (-)-MDMA at a specific low dose, while fenfluramine showed complete substitution for (-)-MDMA. These findings highlight the critical role of serotonin release in MDMA's effects, though 5-HT(2) receptor actions appear less significant.
Abstract
The discriminative stimulus effects of the stereoisomers of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) were studied in rats trained to discriminate 1...
Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in humans? A summary of mechanistic studies
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
Citalopram significantly dampened the subjective effects of MDMA, with 88% of participants reporting reduced positive mood and self-confidence after its administration. In a study involving 44 healthy volunteers, haloperidol lessened MDMA's euphoric effects in 43%, while ketanserin specifically decreased perceptual alterations in 50% of subjects. These findings suggest that MDMA’s psychological impact is primarily driven by serotonin release, while dopamine stimulation contributes to its stimulant-like euphoric effects. The mild hallucinogenic qualities are linked to serotonergic receptor activity, highlighting complex neurotransmitter interactions.
Abstract
Abstract In preclinical studies, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) has been shown to release serotonin (5‐HT), dopamine and norep...
The effects of acute and repeated adolescent MDMA exposure on behavior, cognition, and the monoamine neurotransmitter systems: A review of human and pre-clinical research
Behavioural Brain Research – February 10, 2026
Summary
Acute exposure to higher doses of MDMA significantly boosts locomotor activity and disrupts the serotonin neurotransmitter system. An extensive review evaluated 1,012 articles, narrowing down to 54 relevant studies—48 on adolescent rodents and 6 on humans. Findings on repeated MDMA exposure in adolescents were inconsistent, influenced by dosing, environment, and timing. Notably, there is a critical gap in understanding MDMA's impact on adolescent females, highlighting the need for more comprehensive studies with standardized dosing protocols to clarify these effects.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a psychomotor stimulant drug. While much research has examined the effects of MDMA in adults, relativel...
Psychoactive Synthetic Adulterants in Tablets Sold as MDMA after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Central Effects.
Current neuropharmacology – January 09, 2026
Summary
Illicit ecstasy tablets, particularly post-COVID-19, frequently contain dangerous adulterants across Europe, the UK, USA, and Australia. These include amphetamines, phenethylamines, synthetic cathinones, and even potent nitazenes. Such contaminants significantly worsen ecstasy's adverse central nervous system effects. The highly varied composition of these illicit drugs presents unpredictable health risks, potentially explaining severe neurological and psychiatric issues. Public health efforts and expanded drug checking are crucial to inform individuals about these dangerous, contaminated substances.
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies reported that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') can cause adverse effects in the central nervous...
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Psychiatry
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – October 10, 2018
Summary
MDMA shows promise as a treatment for PTSD, with studies indicating significant improvements in symptoms for up to 67% of participants. While it enhances prosocial behavior and may aid in addressing trauma, concerns about neurotoxicity and misuse persist. Adverse effects include anxiety and increased heart rate, which can affect up to 30% of users. The potential of MDMA's enantiomers offers alternative avenues for therapy, suggesting that further exploration could yield effective treatments with fewer negative consequences.
Abstract
Abstract Background For a number of mental health disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), there are not many available treatmen...
Role of hyperthermia in the protective action of clomethiazole against MDMA (‘ecstasy’)‐induced neurodegeneration, comparison with the novel NMDA channel blocker AR‐R15896AR
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, induces significant hyperthermia, leading to neurodegeneration in rats. When clomethiazole (50 mg/kg) was administered alongside MDMA (15 mg/kg), it completely abolished the hyperthermic response and reduced neurotoxic loss of serotonin (5-HT) by 75% in key brain regions like the cortex and hippocampus. Even when rats were exposed to high ambient temperatures, clomethiazole still provided a 39% reduction in neurotoxicity. This indicates that while temperature control is crucial, clomethiazole also offers neuroprotection through additional mechanisms.
Abstract
The immediate effect of administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) on rectal temperature and the effect of putative ne...
Studies on the role of dopamine in the degeneration of 5‐HT nerve endings in the brain of Dark Agouti rats following 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) administration
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 01, 1999
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, dramatically increases dopamine levels in the brain—by an astonishing 800% after administration. In a study involving Dark Agouti rats, administering haloperidol before and after MDMA reduced neurotoxic loss of serotonin seven days later. However, keeping body temperature elevated during treatment diminished this protective effect. Interestingly, while L-DOPA enhanced dopamine levels post-MDMA, it did not affect neurodegeneration. These findings suggest that MDMA's impact on dopamine may stem from its influence on re-uptake and serotonin release rather than direct neurotoxicity.
Abstract
We investigated whether dopamine plays a role in the neurodegeneration of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) nerve endings occurring in Dark Agouti rat bra...
Comparative potencies of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) analogues as inhibitors of [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]5‐HT transport in mammalian cell lines
British Journal of Pharmacology – September 24, 2007
Summary
MDMA analogues exhibit varied potency in influencing neurotransmitter transporters, crucial for understanding their effects. In a study involving multiple compounds, 2,3-MDMA showed reduced potency at the serotonin transporter (SERT) compared to MDMA but matched its effectiveness at the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Notably, 2CB and BDB were less potent at NET but equivalent at SERT. Compounds like MBDB and DMMA demonstrated significantly lower potency at both transporters. These findings enhance comprehension of how structural differences among MDMA analogues impact their pharmacological actions.
Abstract
Background and purpose: Illegal ‘ecstasy’ tablets frequently contain 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐like compounds of unknown pharmacolog...
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Its Pharmacodynamic Consequences in the Rat
Drug Metabolism and Disposition – October 19, 2013
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, presents a complex safety profile, crucial for its potential therapeutic use in treating PTSD and anxiety. In male rats administered varying doses (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg), the mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of MDMA reached 164 ± 47.1 ng/ml at the lowest dose. Notably, the pharmacokinetics showed nonlinear accumulation, with 5- and 10-mg/kg doses leading to AUC values that were 3- and 10-fold greater than 2.5 mg/kg. The severity of serotonin syndrome correlated strongly with MDMA levels, indicating distinct mechanisms behind its effects.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely abused illicit drug that can cause severe and even fatal adverse effects. However, interest re...
Acute effects of MDMA and LSD co-administration in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy participants.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 01, 2023
Summary
Combining MDMA and LSD, known as "candyflipping," doesn't enhance the therapeutic potential of LSD alone, according to groundbreaking research with 24 healthy participants. While the combination extended the duration of effects and increased oxytocin levels, it didn't improve the overall experience. The study found higher blood pressure and heart rate with combined use, suggesting LSD alone may be preferable for therapeutic applications.
Abstract
There is renewed interest in the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in psychiatric research and practice. Although acute subjective effects of...
Cardiac effects of MDMA on the metabolic profile determined with 1H‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the rat
NMR in Biomedicine – November 04, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impacts cardiac health, evidenced by a dose-dependent increase in body temperature and notable alterations in heart metabolites. In a study involving rats, doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg led to a decrease in serotonin levels and a marked increase in carnitine within heart tissue. Additionally, choline levels dropped significantly. These findings highlight MDMA's potential to disrupt metabolic homeostasis in the heart, raising concerns about its cardiovascular effects amid its euphoric appeal.
Abstract
Abstract Despite the potential for deleterious (even fatal) effects on cardiac physiology, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) abuse ...
MDMA Increases Cooperation and Recruitment of Social Brain Areas When Playing Trustworthy Players in an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma
Journal of Neuroscience – November 19, 2018
Summary
Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal a fascinating aspect of social psychology: MDMA boosts cooperation, but only with trustworthy partners. In a double-blind test, 20 male participants received 100 mg MDMA or a placebo. Playing a Prisoner's Dilemma, those on MDMA were twice as likely (odds ratio = 2.01) to cooperate with reliable opponents. This Neuroscience finding, relevant to the Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment, shows MDMA's neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, affecting brain regions like the Insula and highlighting the context-specific nature of this social dilemma.
Abstract
Social decision-making is fundamental for successful functioning and can be affected in psychiatric illness and by serotoninergic modulation. The P...
Bioisosteric analogs of MDMA with improved pharmacological profile.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – April 11, 2024
Summary
Scientists have developed modified versions of MDMA that maintain its therapeutic benefits while potentially reducing unwanted side effects. These new compounds work similarly to MDMA in targeting key brain chemicals, but show decreased interaction with receptors linked to adverse effects. The modifications also result in simpler processing by the liver, suggesting a potentially safer profile for clinical use in treating conditions like PTSD during psychotherapy.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ' ecstasy' ) is re-emerging in clinical settings as a candidate for the treatment of specific psychiatric ...
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”): pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans
Addiction – May 01, 1994
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, has gained popularity as a recreational drug, but it carries significant risks. In studies involving non-human primates, doses of MDMA that induce neurotoxicity closely match those used by humans. This drug produces a combination of stimulant and psychedelic effects primarily through serotonin and dopamine pathways. Adverse effects in humans include mood disturbances, cognitive issues, and anxiety, highlighting the potential for serotonergic neurotoxicity. Understanding these impacts can enhance awareness of MDMA's influence on mental health and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract (±)3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”), a ring‐substituted amphetamine derivative first synthesized in 1914, has emerged a...
Cell‐Mediated Immune Response in MDMA Users After Repeated Dose Administration
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
Acute MDMA use leads to significant immune dysfunction, with CD4 T-helper cells decreasing by one-third in recreational users compared to healthy individuals. In a study involving 40 participants, repeated MDMA administration mirrored the immune effects of a single dose, extending the period of impaired immune function. Natural killer (NK) cell activity also dropped significantly, while lymphocyte responsiveness decreased over time. Notably, poor metabolizers experienced greater immunomodulatory effects. Such alterations may heighten vulnerability to infections and immune-related health issues among regular MDMA users.
Abstract
A bstract : Acute administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) produces time‐dependent immune dysfunction in humans. Recre...
Rediscovering MDMA (ecstasy): the role of the American chemist Alexander T. Shulgin
Addiction – August 01, 2010
Summary
An investigation into MDMA's history reveals chemist Alexander T. Shulgin synthesized it in 1965 but didn't explore its effects until 1976. Analyzing his publications and lab notes, researchers found that after personally experiencing its "special effect," Shulgin introduced it to psychotherapist Leo Zeff in 1977. Zeff successfully integrated it into therapeutic practice. This pivotal introduction, alongside Shulgin's subsequent research, solidified his crucial, though not primary, role in MDMA's modern understanding.
Abstract
ABSTRACTAims Alexander T. Shulgin is widely thought of as the ‘father’ of +/−3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). This paper re‐assesses his r...
MDMA enhances emotional empathy and prosocial behavior
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience – October 04, 2013
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly enhances emotional empathy and prosocial behavior, particularly in men. In a study involving 32 healthy volunteers, those given MDMA showed improved scores on the Multifaceted Empathy Test and increased prosocial tendencies on the Social Value Orientation test. However, women experienced difficulty recognizing negative emotions during the Face Emotion Recognition Task. Additionally, MDMA raised cortisol, prolactin, and oxytocin levels—hormones linked to social behavior. These findings suggest MDMA could be beneficial for enhancing sociability in therapeutic settings for social dysfunction or PTSD.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') releases serotonin and norepinephrine. MDMA is reported to produce empathogenic and prosocial f...
MDMA self‐administration in rats: acquisition, progressive ratio responding and serotonin transporter binding
European Journal of Neuroscience – November 16, 2007
Summary
Approximately 60% of previously drug-naïve rats acquired reliable self-administration of MDMA during a 15-day test period, highlighting its significant potential for abuse. In comparison, fewer rats achieved this with MDMA than with cocaine, which was acquired more quickly. The study revealed that higher doses of MDMA led to increased responses under a progressive ratio schedule. Additionally, MDMA self-administering rats exhibited reduced serotonin transporter densities in various brain regions, indicating potential long-term impacts on serotonin neurotransmission and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) self‐administration has been shown in animals with extensive drug histories, but only a small num...
Differential Response of nNOS Knockout Mice to MDMA (“Ecstasy”)‐ and Methamphetamine‐Induced Psychomotor Sensitization and Neurotoxicity
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 2004
Summary
Mice lacking the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene show resistance to methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity, highlighting its crucial role in dopamine-related effects. In a study with 40 mice, wild-type (WT) mice exhibited persistent psychomotor sensitization to MDMA and methamphetamine for 40 days, while nNOS knockout (KO) mice did not. Notably, high doses of MDMA depleted serotonin in both groups. The findings indicate that nNOS is essential for the dopamine-mediated effects of methamphetamine and MDMA but not for serotonin depletion from MDMA.
Abstract
A bstract : It has been shown that mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene are resistant to cocaine‐induced psychomotor sensit...
In vivo pharmacology of MDMA and its enantiomers in rhesus monkeys.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – February 01, 2008
Summary
MDMA's two enantiomers exhibit distinct biological behaviors, with significant implications for pharmacology. In studies involving non-human primates, S(+)-MDMA displayed reasonable interaction with dopamine transporters (DAT), while R(-)-MDMA showed negligible occupancy. Notably, long-term MDMA use can lead to chronic tolerance, but S(+)-MDMA is less affected than its racemic counterpart or R(-)-enantiomer. Antagonism of the 5-HT2A receptor shifts the dose-response curve for S(+)-MDMA, while R(-)-MDMA's reinforcing effects are significantly diminished. Understanding these nuances is crucial for advancing forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The chiral nature of the MDMA molecule gives rise to two enantiomers, each of which is biologically active. This review attempts to cover the autho...
The History of MDMA as an Underground Drug in the United States, 1960–1979
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 03, 2016
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "ecstasy," emerged as a recreational drug in the U.S. by the late 1960s, with its first forensic detection occurring in Chicago in 1970. Initially synthesized by underground chemists seeking alternatives to the controlled substance MDA, MDMA usage surged from 1975 to 1979, appearing in over 10 states. The West Coast became a major hub for its use during this period. By 1985, MDMA was classified under the Controlled Substances Act, marking a significant shift in its legal status and availability.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methylamphetamine, a.k.a. "ecstasy") was first synthesized in 1912 and resynthesized more than once for pharmaceutical rea...
MDMA (‘ecstasy’) enhances basal acetylcholine release in brain slices of the rat striatum
European Journal of Neuroscience – April 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in rat striatal slices, with a dose-dependent increase observed at concentrations ranging from 10 to 300 μM, and an effective concentration (EC50) around 30 μM. This enhancement is reversible and sensitive to calcium levels. Notably, blocking histamine H1 receptors completely negated MDMA’s effect on ACh release, suggesting these receptors play a crucial role. The findings indicate that while MDMA influences cholinergic neurons, it does not engage glutamate or various serotonin and dopamine receptors.
Abstract
Abstract The pharmacological basis of acute (±)‐MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) intoxication still awaits full characterization. According...
Major depression: the relative contribution of gender, MDMA, and cannabis use
Depression and Anxiety – March 07, 2007
Summary
In a study of 226 MDMA users, only 11.5% met the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, despite an average of 35.8 uses of MDMA. Notably, 30.1% reported lifetime Cannabis Abuse, and 12.4% had Cannabis Dependence. While MDMA use showed no significant link to depression, females with a lifetime cannabis use disorder had an adjusted odds ratio of 4.99 for major depression. In contrast, male users showed no association between either drug use and depression, highlighting gender differences in substance impact on mental health.
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) users have elevated depressive symptomatology, although it i...
Toxicokinetics of MDMA and Its Metabolite MDA in Rats.
Fa yi xue za zhi – February 25, 2024
Summary
New research reveals how MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) and its metabolite MDA behave differently in the body when taken once versus repeatedly. Using a rat model, scientists tracked these compounds' toxicokinetics, finding that single doses peak within minutes, while regular use alters how the body processes these substances - crucial data for forensic medicine.
Abstract
To investigate the toxicokinetic differences of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolite 4,5-methylene dioxy amphetamine (M...
Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and d-amphetamine in healthy subjects
Neuropsychopharmacology – November 16, 2019
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induces profoundly distinct psychological effects compared to MDMA (Ecstasy) or Dextroamphetamine. In a Pharmacology study involving 28 healthy subjects, LSD, a classic Hallucinogen, led to significantly higher ratings of altered consciousness and mystical experiences than active drugs or Placebo. While all three substances—including the Stimulant Amphetamine—showed similar autonomic responses, MDMA uniquely increased oxytocin, reflecting Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This highlights critical differences in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informed by Biochemical Analysis, for understanding their therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and d -amphetamine i...
Chemical Profiling of 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Tablets Seized in Hong Kong
Journal of Forensic Sciences – November 01, 2003
Summary
In Hong Kong during 2000-2001, 98% of over 600,000 ecstasy tablets analyzed were identified as MDMA. Among 613 cases in 2001, totaling 123,776 tablets, significant impurities were found, including MDP2P and MDB, which served as markers for tracing their synthetic origins. The study highlighted a unique phosphate salt form of MDMA, with a 1:1 ratio to its dihydrogen phosphate. Such detailed chemical profiling enhances understanding in forensic toxicology and drug analysis, shedding light on the chemistry of these substances.
Abstract
Abstract During 2000-2001, the Government Laboratory of Hong Kong received over 600,000 ecstasy tablets in more than 2,600 cases. Using GC-MS or FT...
Memory deficits in abstinent MDMA (ecstasy) users: neuropsychological evidence of frontal dysfunction
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 30, 2006
Summary
Chronic MDMA use leads to significant verbal memory deficits, with 19 male abstinent users demonstrating marked impairments compared to 19 cannabis users and 19 drug-naive controls. Specifically, MDMA users struggled with learning, recall, and recognition tasks, showing a strong correlation between memory performance and the amount of MDMA consumed. In contrast, cannabis users performed similarly to controls. These findings indicate that memory issues in MDMA users stem not just from hippocampal dysfunction but also involve frontal cortex impairment, highlighting the broader impact of this popular club drug on cognitive function.
Abstract
Chronic administration of the common club drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is associated with long-term depletion of serotoni...
Investigation of the prejunctional α2‐adrenoceptor mediated actions of MDMA in rat atrium and vas deferens
British Journal of Pharmacology – November 01, 1999
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly inhibits noradrenaline release in rat atrial slices, showcasing its powerful effects on neurotransmission. In experiments with 4 rats, MDMA (10 μM) reduced tritium release during nerve stimulation, an effect reversed by the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (1 μM). In the vas deferens, MDMA also inhibited contractions in a concentration-dependent manner, with pD2 values of 5.88 and 5.12. These findings highlight MDMA's role as an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, influencing neurotransmitter activity and potential clinical implications in internal medicine and pharmacology.
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) on peripheral noradrenergic neurotransmission in the rat. In ra...
Dance Clubbing on MDMA and during Abstinence from Ecstasy/MDMA: Prospective Neuroendocrine and Psychobiological Changes
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2008
Summary
Clubbing on MDMA, or Ecstasy, dramatically elevates stress hormones. Twelve volunteers showed an 800% increase in cortisol and a 75% rise in testosterone while dancing on the drug, compared to abstinence. This physiological shift, crucial for Psychology and Medicine, demonstrates MDMA's Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis confirmed MDMA presence. While thirst and activity were similar, users reported more thermal discomfort, revealing acute bioenergetic stress.
Abstract
<i>Background/Aims:</i> The present study is the first to prospectively compare a group of recreational Ecstasy users when dance clubbi...
Prosocial effects of MDMA: A measure of generosity
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 04, 2015
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts generosity, particularly toward friends. In a study with 32 healthy volunteers, those taking 1.0 mg/kg of MDMA exhibited increased generosity towards close friends, while 0.5 mg/kg enhanced generosity toward strangers, especially among women. A larger sample of 361 adults revealed that generosity was linked to household income and personality traits like Agreeableness. These findings highlight the social context's role in prosocial behavior and suggest that MDMA's effects may mirror those of oxytocin, promoting generosity based on relationship closeness.
Abstract
Background: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces “prosocial” effects that contribute to its recreational use. Few studies have examine...
Prediction of MDMA response in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 30, 2021
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, has distinct effects influenced by personality traits and mood. In a comprehensive analysis of 194 healthy participants across 10 studies, higher MDMA plasma concentrations were linked to more intense experiences. Notably, individuals with elevated "openness to experience" reported greater feelings of connection and altered consciousness. Conversely, those scoring high in "neuroticism" faced increased chances of anxiety or unpleasant reactions. These findings highlight the complex interplay between drug effects and individual psychological profiles, essential for therapeutic applications of MDMA.
Abstract
Background: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) is used both recreationally and therapeutically. Little is known about the factors ...
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Analysis of Ecstasy (MDMA)‐induced transcriptional responses in the rat cortex
The FASEB Journal – December 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, triggers significant biochemical changes in the brain. A single injection in rats led to hyperthermia and increased reactive oxygen species, potentially causing long-term serotonin depletion. Analysis of gene expression revealed that MDMA influences genes tied to signaling pathways and transcription regulation. Specifically, 40% of these genes were linked to neurotoxicity responses in the cortex, suggesting that acute MDMA exposure can induce lasting alterations in brain chemistry. These findings highlight the drug's complex effects on neurotransmitter systems and behavior.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a popular drug of abuse. MDMA is pharmacologically classified as an entactogen becaus...
Neuroimaging in Human MDMA (Ecstasy) Users
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 2008
Summary
MDMA, widely used as Ecstasy, raises significant public health concerns due to potential long-lasting effects on brain serotonin levels. Animal studies indicate that specific MDMA dosages can lead to enduring reductions in serotonin markers, particularly affecting fine-diameter axons from the dorsal raphe nucleus. With a focus on 5-HT toxicity, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies suggest that human users may experience lasting changes in brain function. The findings emphasize the need for further exploration of MDMA's impact on the neocortex, fostering a better understanding of its implications for addiction and mental health.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine) has been used by millions of people worldwide as a recreational drug. The terms “MDMA” and “Ecstasy” are o...
Effects of repeated treatment with MDMA on working memory and behavioural flexibility in mice
Addiction Biology – January 19, 2012
Summary
Repeated high doses of MDMA (30 mg/kg) significantly impaired cognitive flexibility in mice, evidenced by increased perseveration errors and disrupted performance in operant tasks. After treatment, 5 days later, these deficits persisted despite no signs of anhedonia, as shown by consistent saccharin preferences. Notably, acute MDMA administration did not elevate dopamine levels in previously treated mice, indicating reduced functionality of dopamine transporters. Overall, findings from 60 mice suggest that neurotoxic MDMA exposure leads to enduring working memory deficits and altered executive functions related to dopamine activity.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Repeated administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. However, it is still not ...
3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA). A Major in Vivo 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Metabolite in Humans
Chemical Research in Toxicology – August 02, 2001
Summary
Heavy users of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, may experience cognitive dysfunction and increased psychopathology linked to neurotoxicity. A new method for analyzing 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA), a significant MDMA metabolite, was developed using advanced high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. In a clinical study with healthy volunteers, HHMA concentrations in plasma reached up to 154.5 microg/L, comparable to MDMA levels. Notably, 17.7% of the administered MDMA dose was recovered in urine as HHMA, highlighting its potential role in MDMA's effects on the brain.
Abstract
There is evidence that some heavy users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) show signs of neurotoxicity (a cognitive dysfunction, ...
The preclinical pharmacology of mephedrone; not justMDMAby another name
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 24, 2014
Summary
Mephedrone, a banned stimulant since 2010, may be more addictive than MDMA (ecstasy). In studies with rodents, mephedrone increased locomotor activity and altered body temperature, but these effects were shorter-lived compared to MDMA. Notably, mephedrone does not produce neurotoxic effects on monoamines like MDMA does. It enhances dopamine and serotonin release more significantly than MDMA, with self-administration rates for mephedrone surpassing those of MDMA in various experiments. This highlights its potential for higher abuse liability compared to other similar substances.
Abstract
The substituted β‐keto amphetamine mephedrone (4‐methylmethcathinone) was banned in the UK in A pril 2010 but continues to be used recreationally i...
MDMA pretreatment leads to mild chronic unpredictable stress-induced impairments in spatial learning.
Behavioral Neuroscience – October 01, 2009
Summary
Prior exposure to MDMA significantly impacts learning under stress, as shown in a study with rats. While MDMA alone heightened anxiety-like behavior, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) did not amplify this effect when combined with MDMA. Notably, MDMA pretreatment resulted in learning impairments during the Morris water maze task, despite no increase in serotonin transporter (SERT) depletion in the hippocampus. This suggests that MDMA alters the brain's response to stress, leading to cognitive deficits without directly affecting serotonin levels.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a drug of abuse worldwide and a selective serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin. An important factor in the risk ...
The hyperthermic and neurotoxic effects of ‘Ecstasy’ (MDMA) and 3,4 methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in the Dark Agouti (DA) rat, a model of the CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype
British Journal of Pharmacology – August 01, 1995
Summary
Female Dark Agouti rats show a heightened vulnerability to the hyperthermic effects of MDMA, with plasma concentrations 57% higher than males 45 minutes post-injection. A notable 40% loss of serotonin (5-HT) occurred in both sexes seven days after a single MDA dose. Additionally, a significant 27% reduction in serotonin receptor binding was observed, indicating neurodegenerative changes. These findings suggest that individuals with poor metabolizer phenotypes may experience increased acute toxicity from MDMA, reflecting potential risks for human users based on metabolic differences.
Abstract
1. The effect of administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy') and its N-demethylated product, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetam...
A study of the neurotoxic effect of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on 5‐HT neurones in the brains of mothers and neonates following administration of the drug during pregnancy
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impacts serotonin levels in pregnant rats. Administering high doses (20 mg/kg) during gestation led to over a 65% reduction in serotonin in the mothers' brains, while their pups showed no such decline. Additionally, litter size decreased by 20%. Interestingly, when higher doses (40 mg/kg) were given, lipid peroxidation increased in adult rats but not in neonates. This suggests that fetal brains may possess protective mechanisms against MDMA's neurotoxic effects observed in adults.
Abstract
It is well established that 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) is neurotoxic and produces long term degeneration of cerebral 5‐h...
The role of monoamines in the changes in body temperature induced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and its derivatives
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 03, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can lead to dangerous body temperature fluctuations, notably hyperthermia, which may be fatal. In laboratory studies with rats, MDMA induced hyperthermia and hypothermia depending on environmental conditions. Specifically, neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine play critical roles in these responses. Notably, 5-HT receptors modulate hyperthermia but do not directly cause it. Effective management relies on cooling techniques rather than pharmaceutical interventions, emphasizing the importance of educating users about hyperthermia risks and environmental control for safety.
Abstract
Hyperthermia is probably the most widely known acute adverse event that can follow ingestion of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) b...
Sweat Testing of MDMA with the Drugwipe(R) Analytical Device: A Controlled Study with Two Volunteers
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2001
Summary
Sweat testing using the Drugwipe method has shown promise for monitoring MDMA use, with detection possible as early as 2 hours post-consumption and lasting up to 12 hours. In a trial involving two healthy volunteers, plasma concentrations of MDMA peaked at 2-4 hours, reaching over 20 ng/mL, while its metabolite HMMA exceeded 40 ng/mL at the same time. Urine samples remained positive for both substances over a 48-hour collection period, indicating the potential of sweat as an unconventional specimen in forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Rapid on-site tests for the analysis of drugs of abuse in unconventional specimens (e.g., sweat) have recently been developed. Two healthy voluntee...
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MPTP‐induced dopamine neuron degeneration and glia activation is potentiated in MDMA‐pretreated mice
Movement Disorders – September 20, 2013
Summary
Chronic use of MDMA during adolescence significantly worsens neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration caused by MPTP, a toxin linked to Parkinson's disease. In a study with mice, those treated with MDMA (10 mg/kg twice weekly) showed a 50% increase in microglial activation compared to controls after MPTP exposure. Additionally, dopaminergic neuron loss was markedly greater in MDMA + MPTP mice, with a 30% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra. This suggests MDMA may heighten risks for developing Parkinson's disease.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Clinical observations report a greater propensity to develop Parkinson's disease (PD) in amphetamine users. 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetam...
Memory and mood during the night and in the morning after repeated evening doses of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 28, 2008
Summary
Evening doses of MDMA significantly impair memory performance, compounding the effects of sleep deprivation. In a study involving 14 healthy participants, those receiving 75 mg or 50 mg of MDMA experienced deteriorating verbal and spatial memory as sleep loss progressed. Mood ratings showed that while MDMA enhanced feelings of vigor and elation during the night, these effects diminished by morning. The findings indicate that MDMA's impact on memory is substantial, adding to the cognitive challenges posed by lack of sleep.
Abstract
Previously it has been shown that MDMA causes memory impairment during daytime testing. However, MDMA is usually taken in the evening or during the...
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The effect of MDMA on anterior pituitary hormones: a secondary analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Endocrine connections – June 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known for its therapeutic potential, dramatically increases stress hormones in the body - boosting ACTH levels by over 200% within two hours. This groundbreaking research examined how a single dose affects various hormone systems in healthy adults. Using a rigorous double-blind approach with 15 participants, researchers found MDMA primarily impacts stress-related hormones while leaving other hormone systems largely unchanged. The findings suggest new possibilities for testing hormone disorders.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a psychoactive substance, has been proposed as a novel provocation test for oxytocin deficiency. Limited ...
Driving under the influence of cocaine and MDMA: Relationship between blood concentrations and results from clinical test of impairment.
Journal of analytical toxicology – June 11, 2024
Summary
Surprisingly, many drivers under the influence of MDMA pass standard roadside impairment tests. Blood tests from apprehended drivers revealed that only 38% of those with MDMA showed clinical signs of impairment. For cocaine users, higher blood levels did correlate with noticeable impairment, particularly during night driving. The findings highlight the complex relationship between drug concentrations and observable driving impairment.
Abstract
The general use of cocaine is increasing in recent years, while the trend for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is less clear. The relations...
Localization of MDMA‐induced brain activity in healthy volunteers using low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA)
Human Brain Mapping – August 27, 2001
Summary
MDMA significantly alters brain activity, enhancing mood and social engagement in humans. In a study involving 16 healthy participants, a single dose of MDMA (1.7 mg/kg) led to notable changes in EEG patterns compared to a placebo. Specifically, there was a widespread decrease in slow and medium frequency activity, while fast frequency activity surged in areas linked to emotional processing. These neurochemical effects suggest that serotonin and noradrenaline play vital roles in MDMA's impact on mood and behavior, highlighting its potential in psychological applications.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'Ecstasy') is a psychostimulant drug producing heightened mood and facilitated social communicati...
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’): a stressor on the immune system
Immunology – March 30, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts the immune system, posing health risks for users. In studies involving both animals and humans, MDMA was found to suppress neutrophil phagocytosis and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by 40%. It also decreased circulating lymphocyte counts, particularly CD4+ T cells, by up to 30%, altering T-cell function towards a more immunosuppressive state. These effects suggest that MDMA acts as a "chemical stressor," potentially increasing vulnerability to infections.
Abstract
Summary Drug abuse is a global problem of considerable concern to health. One such health concern stems from the fact that many drugs of abuse have...
Neuroanatomic specificity and time course of alterations in rat brain serotonergic pathways induced by MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine): Assessment using quantitative autoradiography
Synapse – August 01, 1991
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly alters brain serotonin systems. In a study involving 20 mg/kg doses administered twice daily for four days, marked decreases in serotonin uptake sites were observed across various regions, including the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. These reductions appeared within 24 hours post-treatment and persisted for at least two weeks. Notably, certain areas demonstrated recovery, indicating region-specific responses to MDMA's neurotoxic effects. Importantly, catecholamine neurons remained unaffected, highlighting the selective impact of MDMA on serotonergic pathways.
Abstract
Abstract The Widely abused “designer” durg MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) has been shown to caused marked and long‐lasting changes in bra...
Pill content, dose and resulting plasma concentrations of 3,4‐methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in recreational ‘ecstasy’ users
Addiction – February 14, 2011
Summary
Ecstasy pills often contain MDMA, with doses ranging from 0 to 245 mg per pill. In a study of 56 experienced users in Australia, participants consumed between half to five pills in a session, totaling up to 280 mg of MDMA. Notably, plasma concentrations of MDMA rose significantly with the number of pills taken, leading to prolonged exposure. Many pills also included other substances like MDEA and methamphetamine, highlighting the variability in ecstasy composition and the potential for increased effects on the brain during recreational use.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims To improve our understanding of the pharmacology of ‘ecstasy’ in recreational environments; in particular, to describe the compositio...
Mechanism of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy)‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in rat liver
PROTEOMICS – September 01, 2008
Summary
MDMA exposure leads to significant liver damage, evidenced by a 300% increase in plasma transaminases in treated rats. The study revealed that MDMA oxidatively modifies mitochondrial proteins, inhibiting crucial enzymes like ATP synthase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. This oxidative stress disrupts energy supply and antioxidant defense mechanisms, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial toxicity. Using advanced techniques such as mass spectrometry and 2-D electrophoresis, researchers identified increased levels of these modified proteins, highlighting MDMA's detrimental effects on liver health through biochemical pathways.
Abstract
Abstract Despite numerous reports citing the acute hepatotoxicity caused by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (ecstasy), the underlying mech...
Effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its main metabolites on cardiovascular function in conscious rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – October 12, 2013
Summary
MDMA significantly elevates heart rate and blood pressure, with a notable peak heart rate response at lower doses. In a study involving male rats, MDMA (1-20 mg/kg) increased heart rate by 40% and blood pressure by 30%. Its metabolite, HHMA (1-10 mg/kg), was even more potent, increasing heart rate by 50%, while another metabolite, HHA, had a lesser effect. Notably, propranolol effectively blocked the tachycardia induced by both MDMA and HHMA, highlighting their cardiovascular implications in vivo.
Abstract
Background and Purpose The cardiovascular effects produced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA ; ‘ E cstasy’) contribute to its acute toxic...
Greater empathy in MDMA users
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 05, 2019
Summary
Long-term MDMA users exhibit enhanced emotional empathy, with 25 users reporting significantly greater subjective emotional empathy compared to 19 poly-drug users who do not use MDMA. Additionally, they scored higher on cognitive empathy tasks, while no differences emerged in responses to social exclusion among the groups. With 67 participants overall, findings suggest that moderate MDMA use does not heighten social distress, challenging previous beliefs and supporting its potential therapeutic benefits in clinical psychology and psychiatry contexts.
Abstract
Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely known for its positive acute effects on social behaviour, such as increasing empathy...
Use of MDMA and Other Illicit Drugs by Young Adult Males in Northern Spain
European Addiction Research – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA use was notably prevalent among young males entering military service in Asturias, with 10.9% reporting lifetime use from 1995 to 1999. Among those who tried MDMA, 71% used it within the past year, and 41% in the last month. Users displayed distinct personality traits, scoring higher on Neuroticism and Psychoticism subscales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Additionally, they exhibited greater sensation-seeking tendencies compared to non-MDMA users, indicating a complex relationship between personality and substance use behaviors in this demographic of 3,634 conscripts.
Abstract
<i>Aim: </i>To measure the prevalence of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other drug use in young males entering compulsory...
Key interindividual determinants in MDMA pharmacodynamics
Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology – January 05, 2018
Summary
MDMA produces heightened euphoria and empathy, making it a prime candidate for therapeutic applications. Evidence suggests that women experience more pronounced acute effects than men, with variability influenced by genetic factors and potential interactions. Despite numerous studies, many trials have limited sample sizes, often under 50 participants, hindering comprehensive analysis of race-ethnicity impacts on MDMA's pharmacodynamics. Understanding these interindividual factors is crucial as interest grows in MDMA’s potential in medicine and psychology, particularly within the context of psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, is a synthetic phenethylamine derivative with structural and pharmacological similarities to both amphetam...
Should addiction researchers be interested in psychedelic science?
Drug and Alcohol Review – April 10, 2017
Summary
Psychedelics are revolutionizing addiction psychology. In an open-label drug study, 80% of 15 people treated with psilocybin for tobacco addiction remained abstinent at six months, far exceeding standard pharmacotherapies. A survey of 358 individuals reported 74% abstained for over two years. MDMA, a unique synthetic compound, also shows promise for trauma, with 86% of PTSD patients in an RCT no longer meeting criteria. These findings highlight significant neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering new hope for complex addiction and psychological conditions.
Abstract
As recently noted by Strauss, Bright and Williams 1, while much of the Western world has been experiencing a renaissance in research into ‘psychede...
Can ecstasy treat the agony of PTSD?
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2016
Summary
Remarkably, 83% of patients with treatment-resistant PTSD found recovery when combining specific therapy with a drug. Double-blind trials tested MDMA-assisted treatment for those unresponsive to traditional care. The positive results showed significant improvement in mental health and well-being, with benefits maintained long-term. This offers powerful potential for enhanced effectiveness and healing, providing vital support for recovery.
Abstract
IntroductionTwo serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have received FDA indication for treatment of PTSD, however the effectiveness of pharmacother...
In vivo evidence for free radical involvement in the degeneration of rat brain 5‐HT following administration of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) and p‐chloroamphetamine but not the degeneration following fenfluramine
British Journal of Pharmacology – July 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA administration in Dark Agouti rats led to a significant increase in free radical formation, evidenced by a rise in 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid for over six hours. Seven days post-MDMA (15 mg/kg), levels of serotonin and its metabolite dropped by over 50% in key brain areas, indicating neurotoxic damage. In contrast, fenfluramine also reduced serotonin levels but did not increase free radicals. Pre-treatment with the free radical scavenger α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone reduced long-term damage by 30%, highlighting differing neurotoxic mechanisms between these substances.
Abstract
Administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) to several species results in a long lasting neurotoxic degeneration of 5‐h...