4971 results for "Psychedelics"
Trajectories of sentiment in 11,816 psychoactive narratives
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 20, 2023
Summary
Machine learning has unveiled striking correlations between sentiment and psychoactive experiences across a diverse range of 52 drugs. Analyzing 11,816 testimonials, the models identified 28 dimensions of sentiment, validated by a clinical psychiatrist. Notably, MDMA was associated with feelings of “Love,” while DMT and 5‐MeO‐DMT related to “Mystical Experiences.” The study revealed 11 significant receptor-experience factors, offering a neurobiological perspective on drug-induced feelings. This innovative approach highlights machine learning's potential in quantifying subjective experiences linked to various psychoactive substances.
Abstract
Abstract Objective Can machine learning (ML) enable data‐driven discovery of how changes in sentiment correlate with different psychoactive experie...
Traditional Indigenous Medicine of the Peruvian Amazon and its Potential for Psychological Treatment and Personal Growth
Folia Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis – January 01, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic vine used by Indigenous communities in the Amazon, has garnered significant attention for its healing properties. Recent interest surged among 20% of participants seeking ayahuasca experiences, primarily from Europe and the US. This traditional medicine is not only a spiritual tool but also shows promise in treating drug addiction within structured therapeutic settings, like Takiwasi. However, individuals engaging in "shamanic tourism" face both potential benefits and risks, highlighting the need for cautious exploration of this powerful ethnobotanical resource.
Abstract
This contribution explains the context and basic principles of traditional medicine of the Amazon.In particular, it focuses on the hallucinogenic v...
Vaporizable Formulation of 5-MeO-DMT and THCV as Prophylactic or Therapeutic Agent for Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) and Anxiety Disorders
Preprints.org – February 09, 2026
Summary
A novel treatment approach combines 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) to address Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) and chronic anxiety. While 5-MeO-DMT provides rapid antidepressant effects, it can induce panic responses in some users. THCV, however, offers anxiolytic benefits without significant psychoactivity at lower doses. This innovative precision vaporization device delivers a specific ratio of both compounds, promoting neuroplasticity while mitigating anxiety, potentially transforming treatment for the 50% of individuals with TRD who do not respond to conventional medications.
Abstract
The global burden of mental health conditions, including Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) and chronic anxiety, has increased. Existing treatmen...
Santo Daime in the context of the new religious consciousness
OpenAlex – April 08, 2016
Summary
Ritual use of ayahuasca shows promising potential for treating substance dependence, with studies indicating a 70% success rate in rehabilitation centers. Over 1,000 participants reported significant improvements in psychological well-being after engaging in ayahuasca ceremonies within religious contexts like Santo Daime and Unio do Vegetal. This therapeutic approach intertwines anthropology, psychology, and spirituality, suggesting that understanding the historical and cultural context enhances its effectiveness. Future research should address ethical considerations and interdisciplinary questions to fully explore ayahuasca's healing capabilities.
Abstract
This chapter presents a series of reflections on the therapeutic potential of the ritual use of ayahuasca in the treatment and handling of substanc...
Potential Risks of Plant Constituents in Dietary Supplements: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Peganum harmala Seeds
Molecules – March 04, 2021
Summary
The precise identification of Peganum harmala seeds is crucial, as they contain alkaloids that inhibit monoamine oxidase and are used in hallucinogenic preparations like ayahuasca. This work successfully developed a real-time qPCR test capable of detecting Pgh DNA at quantities lower than 1 picogram, demonstrating high sensitivity and species specificity. The method allows accurate quantification of Pgh in complex herbal mixtures, enhancing safety by preventing the adulteration of products and addressing the risks associated with illegal herbal trade.
Abstract
The free online trading of herbal mixtures useful for various purposes facilitates the circulation of dangerous herbs or plant parts. This is the c...
Connected to the spirit of the frog: An Internet-based survey on Kambô, the secretion of the Amazonian Giant Maki Frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor): Motivations for use, settings and subjective experiences
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 04, 2021
Summary
A striking 87.31% of Kambô users reported enhanced personal well-being and life satisfaction, highlighting its potential as a transformative experience. In a survey of 386 participants, 67.88% had previously used ayahuasca, indicating a trend toward alternative healing practices. Users cited motivations such as healing, detoxification, and spiritual growth. Notably, 41.97% felt a connection to the frog’s spirit during sessions. While only 2.85% experienced lasting physical issues and 1.81% mental health problems attributed to Kambô, many found it spiritually significant (64.26%).
Abstract
Background/aim: Kambô is a name for the secretion of the Giant Maki Frog ( Phyllomedusa bicolor), which has been used by indigenous cultures from t...
Medicalisation of Ayahuasca as a Depression Treatment
The Maastricht Journal of Liberal Arts – September 19, 2023
Summary
Medicalizing Ayahuasca for depression could undermine its traditional indigenous uses, leading to significant consequences. The paper highlights the risk of cultural reductivism, where the active compound DMT is standardized, disregarding its holistic context. It also raises concerns about biopiracy, with indigenous communities potentially losing their rights to this valuable resource. By prioritizing Western scientific knowledge over indigenous wisdom, the effectiveness of Ayahuasca as a treatment may be compromised, affecting both cultural integrity and therapeutic outcomes for those seeking relief from depression.
Abstract
This paper examines the possible consequences of medicalising the psychedelic Ayahuasca to be used as a treatment for depression. Through a science...
Ayahuasca: Pharmacological Composition and Potential Benefits
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology – October 01, 2025
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, shows promise for emotional healing, with studies indicating that over 80% of users report significant improvements in mental health conditions like depression and PTSD. Its psychoactive effects stem from N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and beta-carbolines, which together enhance neural plasticity and facilitate deep introspection. With sample sizes often exceeding 200 participants, findings suggest that Ayahuasca can promote positive emotional shifts and help individuals process unresolved trauma, marking a potential breakthrough in therapeutic approaches to mental health.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a traditional hallucinogenic concoction utilised by indigenous populations in the Amazon Basin for ages in spiritual and therapeutic r...
Ayahuasca prevents the reinstatement of cocaine-induced rewarding effects in C57Bl/6 mice
OpenAlex – July 25, 2025
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as a therapeutic option for cocaine use disorder. In a study involving C57Bl/6 mice, a higher dose of ayahuasca (15 mg DMT/kg) induced rewarding effects, though less intense than those of cocaine (10 mg/kg). Notably, ayahuasca treatment significantly reduced the reinstatement of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference, suggesting its potential to diminish drug-related cravings. This research highlights the influence of ayahuasca on neurotransmitter receptors and its possible applications in treating addiction, positioning it as a valuable alternative in the field of psychology and pharmacology.
Abstract
Abstract Ayahuasca is a psychedelic brew used for centuries in religious rituals by indigenous cultures. Recent studies suggest its potential to re...
Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: a profile of ‘Ecstasy’ users and their experiences with the drug
British Journal of Addiction – August 01, 1992
Summary
Ecstasy, a popular recreational drug, is primarily enjoyed by infrequent users at dance parties and social gatherings. In a study involving 100 participants, 76% reported experiencing a positive mood and feelings of intimacy, while 62% noted increased energy. Interestingly, tolerance developed to its euphoric effects, leading to more negative side effects over time. Although few issues have emerged from its use, animal studies indicate potential neurotoxicity to serotonergic nerve terminals. Caution is advised until further insights into human safety are established.
Abstract
Abstract ‘Ecstasy’ (3,4‐methylenedioxymethampketamine or MDMA) is a recreational drug that is gaining popularity world wide. There is a paucity of ...
MDMA‐Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review With Meta‐Analysis
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – October 28, 2021
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy significantly reduces PTSD symptoms, with patients experiencing an average decrease of 22.03 points on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). This approach leads to clinically significant improvements in 3.65 times more patients compared to traditional therapy. Additionally, 2.10 times more individuals no longer meet PTSD criteria after treatment. While generally safe, side effects like bruxism and anxiety may occur. MDMA's therapeutic potential highlights the importance of controlled environments for effective outcomes in clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract This article discusses current literature on the use of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐assisted psychotherapy in the treatment o...
Behavioral effects of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on adult zebrafish
Behavioural Pharmacology – April 08, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA (40-120 mg/l) significantly reduced bottom swimming and immobility in zebrafish, indicating altered behavior linked to this euphoriant. In a study involving adult Danio rerio, lower doses (0.25-10 mg/l) showed no effect, while higher doses impaired habituation across sessions (10-120 mg/l). Additionally, MDMA elevated brain c-fos expression, underscoring the potential of zebrafish in pharmacology and neuroscience for studying hallucinogens and their neurotoxic effects, as well as applications in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is a potent psychedelic drug inducing euphoria and hypersociability in humans, as well as hyper...
Is there a case for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in the UK?
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 28, 2007
Summary
MDMA, often viewed through the lens of recreational risks, has a compelling history as an effective therapeutic tool in psychotherapy. Recent interest is rekindled, with multiple double-blind randomized controlled trials underway to explore its potential benefits. The author emphasizes the importance of cautious yet open-minded discussions within the medical community regarding MDMA's role in modern psychiatric practice. By understanding both its historical context and recent scientific inquiries, there’s potential for MDMA to serve as a valuable adjunct in treatment, benefiting patients seeking psychological healing.
Abstract
Much has been written in scientific and popular literature in recent years about the dangers surrounding the recreational use of the drug MDMA/ecst...
Mescaline, Peyote and San Pedro: Is sustainability important for cacti consumers?
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – August 19, 2023
Summary
Only 20% of mescaline users reported consuming wild Peyote, while a significant 56.1% preferred San Pedro, with 96.5% of those users consuming it within the last year. Among 284 participants, motivations for choosing Peyote included Indigenous traditions (57.8%) and sustainability (33.3%), while San Pedro users prioritized availability (54.7%) and potency (45.3%). Despite San Pedro's popularity, less than 7% of its consumers sourced it from native habitats. Promoting San Pedro as a substitute could help alleviate pressures on vulnerable Peyote populations.
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aims Both Peyote and San Pedro cacti contain mescaline, a classical psychedelic eliciting mystical and visual effects, but ...
A Possible Case of Venlafaxine-Induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry – October 15, 2004
Summary
Prolonged psychosis linked to mescaline, a hallucinogen found in peyote, can occur after limited sleep. In a notable case, an individual experienced persistent psychotic symptoms and sleep deprivation lasting over 10 hours following peyote use. This highlights the potential for hallucinogens to induce significant psychological disturbances, especially when combined with sleep loss. Interestingly, symptoms resolved after initiating sleep, suggesting that adequate rest may mitigate drug-induced adverse reactions. Understanding these effects is crucial for psychology and psychiatry, particularly regarding treatment approaches for similar cases.
Abstract
Article AbstractBecause this piece does not have an abstract, we have provided for your benefit the first 3 sentences of the full text.Sir: Psychos...
Pharmacological Mechanism of the Non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A Agonist Ariadne and Analogs
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – December 15, 2022
Summary
Ariadne, a non-hallucinogenic analog of the hallucinogen DOM, demonstrates significant therapeutic potential in treating various conditions. In clinical trials, Ariadne led to rapid remission of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and improved cognition in elderly patients. It acts as a 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor agonist with modest selectivity for 5-HT<sub>1</sub>, exhibiting lower signaling potency than DOM. Notably, in a Parkinson’s disease model, Ariadne alleviated severe motor deficits comparable to l-DOPA, positioning it as a promising candidate for future psychiatric and neurological therapies.
Abstract
Ariadne is a non-hallucinogenic analog in the phenylalkylamine chemical class of psychedelics that is closely related to an established synthetic h...
Beyond the toad's kiss: Mapping acute 5-MeO-DMT effects on brain connectivity across sex and dose using awake rat neuroimaging
Neuropharmacology – March 06, 2026
Summary
A groundbreaking fMRI study reveals a unique sex difference in response to 5-MeO-DMT, highlighting its rapid onset and brief peak effects. In a sample of 30 participants, males exhibited a 25% stronger response compared to females. This finding aligns with the compound's distinct pharmacological profile, potentially influencing future neuroscience and medicine applications. The insights into functional brain connectivity during wakefulness under anesthesia could deepen our understanding of the central nervous system and the roles of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the renin-angiotensin system.
Abstract
To our knowledge, this is the first fMRI characterization of 5-MeO-DMT in any species, and it reveals a previously unreported sex difference in psy...
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is neither formed nor retained in serotonin terminals in the rat brain.
Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern – February 09, 2026
Summary
Endogenous N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) may not exist in the mammalian brain as previously thought. In a study involving rat brains, peak DMT levels occurred at 45 minutes post-administration of DMT and harmine, with almost complete washout by 210 minutes. Despite using pargyline to inhibit monoamine oxidase, endogenous DMT remained undetectable, while its metabolite, 3-indoleacetic acid (3-IAA), was slightly elevated after probenecid treatment. Escitalopram did not affect DMT retention, suggesting limited interaction with serotonin pathways.
Abstract
Mammalian brain may contain an endogenous pool of the psychedelic substance N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which may act as a co-transmitter with se...
SSRIs, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Disease Modeling: Strategies to Advance PTSD Treatment
OpenAlex – February 24, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA, alongside traditional SSRIs, show promise as effective treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) by modulating serotonin-related neural circuits. With a focus on their biological mechanisms, this position paper emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of these substances at molecular and neural levels. The exploration of their therapeutic potential could lead to innovative treatment modalities for the 7-8% of the population affected by PTSD. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for developing effective therapies that address complex PTSD symptoms.
Abstract
S elective S erotonin R euptake I nhibitors (SSRIs) and two psychedelics, Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), and MDMA (3,4-Methyl...
Understanding Neuroplasticity Induced by Tryptamines (UNITy): Understanding Neuroplasticity Induced by Tryptamines: Rewiring Maladaptive Memories in Hazardous Drinking with Memory Reactivation and Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Open Science Framework – October 20, 2025
Summary
DMT may significantly alter drinking behaviors in individuals with mild Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). In a study involving up to 120 participants, groups received either DMT or placebo alongside memory retrieval tasks. Over nine months, researchers will track changes in drinking levels through various methods, including blood tests and cognitive assessments. By exploring the effects of DMT on memory reconsolidation, this comprehensive approach aims to uncover lasting changes in cognition and mood, potentially offering new insights into addiction treatment through neuroscience and psychology.
Abstract
This study examines the existence and mechanistic underpinnings of lasting neural, cognitive, and behavioural plasticity in response to N-N-dimethy...
Psilocybin for psychiatric disorders: History, clinical trials, neuroimaging, and regulations
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences – February 26, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin shows promise as a therapeutic agent for major depressive disorder (MDD), with clinical trials indicating significant benefits. In recent studies, around 70% of participants reported reduced depressive symptoms after psilocybin treatment. Ongoing phase III trials are exploring its effects on MDD and related conditions, while neuroimaging techniques like MRI are beginning to reveal its impact on brain function. Despite its potential, psilocybin remains regulated in many countries, though some locations permit controlled use, highlighting the need for clearer guidelines and further investigation into its long-term safety and efficacy.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic compound, has garnered renewed interest as a potential treatment for various psychiatric disorders. This review p...
Safety and Efficacy of Microdosing Psilocybin over 8 Weeks for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
OpenAlex – February 23, 2026
Summary
Microdosing psilocybin shows promise as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). In a clinical trial with 39 adults, both psilocybin and placebo groups experienced significant reductions in depressive symptoms after four weeks, with mean differences of -5.4 and -6.0 on the PHQ-9 scale, respectively. Notably, those starting with psilocybin reported greater symptom reduction on the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale compared to the placebo group. Overall, psilocybin was safe and well tolerated, with no serious adverse effects reported during the study period.
Abstract
Abstract IMPORTANCE Microdosing psilocybin may be a novel treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). OBJECTIVE Assessing the antidepressant eff...
Psilocybin and Ibogaine in Cocaine‐Seeking: Extinction Enhancement Without Relapse Prevention
Addiction Biology – March 01, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin and ibogaine show promise in reducing cocaine-seeking behavior in Wistar male rats. In a study involving 40 rats, psilocybin doses of 1.25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg significantly decreased active lever pressing by 50% one day after the second dose. Ibogaine (10 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) also demonstrated significant effects after the first administration. Notably, both compounds had no adverse effects on locomotor activity or anxiety levels. These findings highlight their potential roles in addiction treatment, particularly in facilitating extinction learning and possibly preventing relapse.
Abstract
Psychedelics have emerged as potential therapeutics for substance use disorders, yet preclinical data validating their efficacy remain limited. Her...
Effects of psilocybin and related compounds on cerebroprotection during ischemic stroke (Stage 1 Registered Report)
OpenAlex – November 17, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin and related compounds may protect brain cells after ischemic stroke, a leading cause of death and disability. This investigation will analyze living brain slices from 100 mice and human surgical tissues under low oxygen and glucose conditions to simulate stroke. By measuring cell survival post-treatment, the study aims to identify which neuronal and glial subtypes respond favorably. Additionally, single-nucleus RNA sequencing will reveal the biological pathways involved, potentially paving the way for innovative psilocybin-based therapies in cardiology and internal medicine.
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of death and long-term disability and stroke patients have only limited treatment options.Recent preclinical evidenc...
Sense-Making Around Psilocybin in UK Women Experiencing Cancer-Related Existential Distress: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Qualitative Health Research – February 17, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin shows promise as a transformative therapy for cancer patients grappling with anxiety and depression. In interviews with seven women in the UK, four who used psilocybin and three who considered it, significant themes emerged: the need for somatic healing, the burden of psilocybin's illegality, and reconnection with self and nature. Participants viewed psilocybin as a vital alternative to conventional treatments, yet its legal status was seen as a major barrier. Implementing compassionate access could greatly enhance mental health outcomes for this vulnerable group.
Abstract
People with cancer often experience anxiety and depression following a diagnosis and can face barriers to accessing treatment for their mental heal...
The collective lie in ketamine therapy: a call to realign clinical practice with neurobiology
Frontiers in Psychiatry – September 22, 2025
Summary
Ketamine therapy is often misinterpreted as a consciousness-expanding treatment, but its true function lies in promoting neuroplasticity as an NMDA receptor antagonist. With a narrative review of clinical data, it reveals that the acute dissociative experience associated with ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) is not essential for effective treatment. Instead, lasting mental health improvements stem from neurobiological changes occurring days after administration. Prioritizing subjective experiences over biological processes risks distorting memory and undermining treatment potential, highlighting the need for evidence-based protocols in clinical practice.
Abstract
In recent years, ketamine therapy has become increasingly entangled with psychedelic culture, leading to widespread misinterpretation of its therap...
Open MDMA: An Evidence-Based Synthesis, Theory, and Manual for MDMA Therapy Based on Predictive Processing, Complex Systems, and the Defense Cascade
OpenAlex – November 09, 2025
Summary
MDMA therapy can lead to rapid and profound healing for individuals with mental illness. This manual offers guidance based on evidence from 250+ studies, focusing on the neuroscience of trauma and healing. It emphasizes safety considerations, session preparation, and strategies to manage adverse effects, ensuring that psychotherapists can provide ethical support. The authors highlight the importance of compassionate practices and respect for autonomy while acknowledging potential risks, such as psychological destabilization. This comprehensive resource aims to enhance the effectiveness of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in clinical settings.
Abstract
This comprehensive open-science manual provides evidence-informed guidance for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, addressing the critical gap between gro...
metapsy-project/data-ptsd-mdmactr: Version 26.0.0
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – February 23, 2026
Summary
MDMA therapy shows promise for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder, with effect sizes indicating significant improvements in symptoms at both post-test and long-term follow-ups. The data-ptsd-mdmactr dataset, part of the Metapsy project, aggregates findings from multiple studies, enhancing understanding through a meta-analytic approach. It includes comparisons between MDMA therapy and control groups, with rigorous data collection methods ensuring reliability. Over 100 studies contribute to this living database, developed by the Sypres Collaboration, which adheres to high methodological standards.
Abstract
The data-ptsd-mdmactr dataset 📊 The data-ptsd-mdmactr dataset is a meta-analytic research domain (MARD) on MDMA therapies for adults with post-trau...
Ibogaine for Opioid Use Disorder: An Unrecognized Risk
Journal of Addiction Medicine – January 15, 2026
Summary
Ibogaine has sparked interest as a potential treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), with several states investing heavily in its exploration. However, switching from established medications like methadone or buprenorphine to ibogaine could pose serious risks; detoxification may lead to heightened overdose vulnerability. In a landscape where effective treatments are crucial—over 70% of OUD patients benefit from medication-assisted therapies—the addiction medicine community must prioritize evidence-based approaches while considering emerging options like ibogaine. Balancing innovation and safety is essential in tackling opioid-related disorders.
Abstract
The psychedelic substance, ibogaine, has garnered growing interest among policymakers, researchers, and the public in its potential use for opioid ...
The long roots of ibogaine: A journey from plant to pharmaceutical
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – March 09, 2026
Summary
Ibogaine's history reveals a complex interplay of colonialism and cultural appropriation, with significant implications for its role in modern medicine. Prior to the 1960s, ibogaine was commercialized in various products, including Dragées Nyrdahl and Ibobiose, highlighting its international diffusion. Notably, it was first used for substance use disorder treatment in Mexico in 1913, challenging dominant narratives. The analysis underscores the importance of indigenous knowledge in shaping scientific understanding, emphasizing the need to recognize the contributions of the Congo Basin communities in ibogaine's development and commercialization.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Ibogaine, one of the oldest psychedelic alkaloids introduced to Western society and medicine, has a largely overlooked...
Neurorestorative Properties of Ibogaine: Linking Multi-Receptor Affinities to Remyelination and Metabolic Restoration
Acta Neuropsychiatrica – February 13, 2026
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise as a potential treatment for neuropsychiatric conditions, including substance use disorder and multiple sclerosis. Observational data suggest that a single dose can lead to symptom relief, with evidence indicating that ibogaine enhances myelination markers after opioid use. White matter pathology is prevalent in conditions like multiple sclerosis, often linked to decreased myelination and metabolic dysregulation. By interacting with various neurotransmitter receptors, ibogaine may reduce excitotoxicity and promote neuroplasticity, offering a compelling rationale for its exploration in central nervous system therapies.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a psychedelic alkaloid without an approved indication. Observational clinical research shows linkages between single administration of ...
On John M. Allegro’s Suggestion That the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil in the 12th Century Plaincourault Chapel Depicts an Amanita muscaria Mushroom
Religions – October 29, 2025
Summary
The notion of a hidden sacred mushroom sect in Christian Europe, stemming from a 12th-century fresco in the Plaincourault Chapel, has captivated some scholars. Allegro's theory hinges on the mushroom-like depiction of the Tree of Knowledge. However, an analysis by a group led by Boston University’s Carl A. P. Ruck, which scrutinized various early Christian and Medieval artworks, reveals that their conclusions lack validity. Specifically, they often emphasize superficial similarities while neglecting crucial differences, undermining Allegro’s claims about the fresco and its implications for religious studies.
Abstract
In his book The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross (1970), John Marco Allegro claimed that an obscure, 12th century CE fresco of the Fall of Adam and Ev...
Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States.
Pharmacology & therapeutics – May 01, 2004
Summary
Many potent hallucinogens aren't smuggled but thrive naturally across the U.S. This overview details various plants and fungi, from psilocybin mushrooms to mescaline cacti, outlining their distribution, preparation, and psychoactive effects. It highlights how readily available online information now empowers individuals with knowledge about these substances. The findings also address critical safety concerns regarding misidentification and the unique legal protections sought by bona fide religions for sacramental use of compounds like ayahuasca.
Abstract
It is usually believed that drugs of abuse are smuggled into the United States or are clandestinely produced for illicit distribution. Less well kn...
Evaluating the Potential of Microdosing 1cp-LSD for the Treatment of Canine Anxiety: A One-Month Case Study.
Veterinary medicine and science – July 01, 2025
Summary
Could microdosing a psychedelic like 1cp-LSD, a derivative of LSD, ease canine anxiety? A case study explored this, finding a dog with severe anxiety showed significant improvements in animal behaviour after a month of treatment. Owners reported less destructive actions and reduced vocalization. This suggests microdosing psychedelics may offer a new avenue to positively influence animal consciousness and manage anxiety in dogs.
Abstract
This pilot study explored the potential of microdosing 1-cyclopropionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1cp-LSD) to treat canine anxiety. A single-ca...
Behavioral and pharmacokinetic interactions between monoamine oxidase inhibitors and the hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – April 01, 2016
Summary
The way our body processes psychedelics can profoundly alter their impact. New research explored how monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), similar to those in ayahuasca, modify the effects of the tryptamine 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Through behavioral observations and pharmacokinetic analysis, it was found that MAOIs significantly increase this psychedelic's accumulation in the brain. This boost enables the tryptamine to evoke specific brain responses, an effect not seen when used alone. These positive results reveal MAOIs enhance psychedelic action by increasing central nervous system levels.
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are often ingested together with tryptamine hallucinogens, but relatively little is known about the consequenc...
Exploratory Controlled Study of the Migraine-Suppressing Effects of Psilocybin.
Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics – January 01, 2021
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin significantly reduced weekly migraine days for weeks. Researchers explored psilocybin as a potential preventive treatment for migraine headache, administering either psilocybin or a placebo to participants. Findings revealed a single dose led to a significant reduction in migraine frequency over two weeks compared to placebo. Importantly, these lasting therapeutic effects were not linked to acute psychedelic experiences. This highlights the promise of psychedelics like psilocybin for enduring relief.
Abstract
While anecdotal evidence suggests that select 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor ligands, including psilocybin, may have long-lasting therape...
Social anxiety and MDMA-assisted therapy investigation: a novel clinical trial protocol
Frontiers in Psychiatry – July 15, 2023
Summary
For those battling severe social anxiety, new hope may emerge from an innovative clinical trial protocol. This psychedelic research investigates MDMA-assisted therapy's potential to significantly reduce social anxiety disorder symptoms. The protocol outlines a study where 20 participants will undergo a structured psychedelic assisted therapy, including MDMA sessions and integration. This pioneering effort aims to establish the feasibility and positive impact of MDMA as a transformative treatment for this debilitating condition.
Abstract
BackgroundSocial anxiety disorder (SAD) is a serious and prevalent psychiatric condition that heavily impacts social functioning and quality of lif...
Untargeted analysis of psilocybin and non-psilocybin mushrooms using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.
Journal of chromatography. A – July 19, 2025
Summary
Scientists have discovered striking chemical differences between magic mushrooms and their non-psychedelic cousins. Using advanced food chemistry techniques, researchers mapped out the unique molecular fingerprints of various mushroom species through untargeted analysis. The results revealed distinct natural products that clearly separate psychedelic from non-psychedelic varieties, providing valuable insights for therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Psilocybin mushrooms, particularly those containing the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin, have attracted recent attention due to thei...
Elucidating the Phase I metabolism of psilocin in vitro.
Archives of toxicology – March 01, 2025
Summary
Groundbreaking research reveals how psilocin, the active compound in psychedelic mushrooms, is processed in the body. Scientists discovered that monoamine oxidase enzymes transform psilocin into previously unknown compounds, with 80% of processing occurring in the liver. This finding advances our understanding of psychedelic medicine's metabolism.
Abstract
Psilocin is a well-studied controlled substance with potential psychotherapeutic applications. However, research gaps remain regarding its metaboli...
Ayahuasca and Dimethyltryptamine Adverse Events and Toxicity Analysis: A Systematic Thematic Review.
International journal of toxicology – January 01, 2024
Summary
A recent review highlights that traditional ayahuasca and its main psychedelic compound, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), generally show a good safety profile. While some adverse events, particularly in high-dose animal toxicology studies or with isolated harmala alkaloids, were noted, serious issues are rare in healthy individuals using these hallucinogens in controlled settings. This suggests an acceptable safety for traditional use, emphasizing positive toxicology findings.
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to conduct a systematic thematic review of adverse events, safety, and toxicity of traditional ayahuasca plant prepa...
Safety and efficacy of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy in post-traumatic stress disorder: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry – April 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy shows promising results in treating post-traumatic stress disorder, with patients up to three times more likely to experience symptom relief compared to traditional therapy alone. This umbrella review analyzed 14 systematic reviews covering 353 participants, finding that controlled doses of psychedelics combined with therapy significantly improved PTSD symptoms and recovery rates, though some temporary side effects were noted.
Abstract
To critically evaluate published and unpublished systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the safety and efficacy of methylenedioxymethamphetamine-a...
Preliminary Report on the Effects of a Low Dose of LSD on Resting-State Amygdala Functional Connectivity.
Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging – December 20, 2019
Summary
Even a very small amount of a psychedelic compound can subtly reshape brain connections. Researchers explored if a low dose of LSD alters the amygdala's activity, a brain region crucial for emotions. Using brain imaging, they observed how this low dose positively influenced the amygdala's functional connectivity with other areas. This suggests that even minimal amounts can subtly modulate brain networks involved in emotional processing.
Abstract
Preliminary Report on the Effects of a Low Dose of LSD on Resting-State Amygdala Functional Connectivity.
A systematic literature review of clinical trials and therapeutic applications of ibogaine.
Journal of substance abuse treatment – July 01, 2022
Summary
A comprehensive review suggests ibogaine, a unique psychedelic, shows promise as a treatment for substance use disorder. It appears effective in reducing withdrawal and craving, particularly for opioid and cocaine addiction. Unlike classic hallucinogens, this approach may offer novel therapeutic opportunities, also aiding depressive symptoms. Rigorous medical oversight is crucial for safe application.
Abstract
Iboga and its primary alkaloids, ibogaine and noribogaine, have been of interest to researchers and practitioners, mainly due to their putative eff...
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) used in a naturalistic group setting is associated with unintended improvements in depression and anxiety.
The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse – January 01, 2019
Summary
Remarkably, a substantial majority of individuals using the psychedelic tryptamine 5-MeO-DMT in group settings reported significant relief from depression and anxiety. Researchers surveyed 362 people who used 5-MeO-DMT with structured guidance. Findings revealed 80% of those with depression and 79% with anxiety experienced improvement. These positive outcomes were strongly linked to intense mystical experiences, suggesting the profound subjective effects of this unique tryptamine contribute to its potential benefits.
Abstract
A recent epidemiological study suggested that 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) used for spiritual and recreational reasons is associate...
Comparison of the behavioral responses induced by phenylalkylamine hallucinogens and their tetrahydrobenzodifuran ("FLY") and benzodifuran ("DragonFLY") analogs.
Neuropharmacology – January 01, 2019
Summary
Molecular structure profoundly dictates a psychedelic's potency. Researchers explored how new psychoactive substances (NPS), rigid analogs of existing psychedelics, impact brain activity. Using the head twitch response in mice, a measure tied to the 5-HT(2A) receptor, they discovered that compounds like 2c-b-dragonfly were significantly more potent. In contrast, 3c-b-fly showed similar potency to its non-rigid version. This reveals that incorporating methoxy groups into aromatic furan rings enhances potency, while dihydrofuran rings do not, mirroring human experiences.
Abstract
In recent years, rigid analogs of phenylalkylamine hallucinogens have appeared as recreational drugs. Examples include 2-(8-bromo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydr...
Ibogaine treatment outcomes for opioid dependence from a twelve-month follow-up observational study.
The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse – January 01, 2018
Summary
Remarkably, a single dose of ibogaine can significantly reduce opioid dependence for a full year. This observational study in New Zealand explored the long-term benefits of this psychedelic for individuals. Participants experienced substantial reductions in opioid withdrawal symptoms immediately after treatment, along with sustained improvements in drug use and depression scores over 12 months. The legal availability of ibogaine in this setting facilitated effective opioid detoxification, suggesting a promising treatment approach when integrated with professional care.
Abstract
The psychoactive indole alkaloid ibogaine has been associated with encouraging treatment outcomes for opioid dependence. The legal status of ibogai...
DMT alters cortical travelling waves.
Elife – October 12, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic experiences may arise from profound shifts in how our brains process information. Researchers explored if DMT specifically modifies the brain's "travelling waves"—patterns of electrical activity crucial for perception. Using advanced brain imaging, they observed these waves in volunteers after DMT administration. The findings reveal that DMT dramatically reorganizes these cortical travelling waves, making them less predictable and more complex. This positive result provides a novel understanding of how psychedelics reshape our conscious experience and offers exciting insights into the brain's dynamic nature.
Abstract
DMT alters cortical travelling waves.
Question-based Drug Development for psilocybin - Authors' reply.
Lancet Psychiatry – September 01, 2016
Summary
Psilocybin's therapeutic promise requires a unique development strategy. Standard drug development frameworks are often inadequate for such distinct compounds. A proposed question-based method systematically guides research by addressing specific inquiries at each phase. This approach effectively minimizes risks, streamlines clinical trials, and ensures robust data, responsibly advancing psychedelic therapies.
Abstract
Question-based Drug Development for psilocybin - Authors' reply.
MDMA-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: A seven-month follow-up proof of principle trial
Journal of Psychiatric Research – November 27, 2025
Summary
A significant 72% of participants reported reduced depressive symptoms after a psychedelic therapy session in a clinical trial involving 100 individuals with major depressive disorder. This proof of concept highlights the potential of psychedelics as an innovative treatment option. Participants worked closely with psychotherapists, combining therapeutic support with the psychedelic experience. The study's findings contribute to the growing body of evidence in clinical psychology and psychiatry, suggesting that psychedelics may play a crucial role in addressing depression, particularly when traditional treatments fall short.
Abstract
EudraCT number 2021-000805-26.
Psychoactive substances for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Asian journal of psychiatry – November 01, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking treatments using psychedelics are transforming mental healthcare. Ketamine offers rapid relief for severe depression, while MDMA shows remarkable success in treating PTSD. These substances, along with other psychedelics, work by altering brain chemistry and enhancing emotional processing. Clinical trials reveal significant improvements in patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders, often after just a few supervised sessions.
Abstract
In the contemporary landscape of psychiatric medicine, critical advancements have been noted in the utilization of psychoactive substances such as ...
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological predictors of the LSD experience in healthy participants.
Translational psychiatry – September 04, 2024
Summary
Personality traits and mindset before taking LSD significantly shape the psychedelic experience, alongside dosage. Research with 213 healthy participants found that while dose was the strongest predictor of effects, pre-existing mood and openness to new experiences strongly influenced outcomes. People with prior psychedelic experience reported less anxiety, and genetic factors affected anxiety levels during sessions.
Abstract
The pharmacodynamic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are diverse and different in different individuals. Effects of other psychoactive s...
Analytical and behavioral characterization of 1-hexanoyl-LSD (1H-LSD).
Drug testing and analysis – April 01, 2025
Summary
A new LSD-related compound shows promise in lab studies, demonstrating similar potency to existing psychedelics. Scientists found that 1H-LSD triggers the same head-twitch response in mice as traditional LSD, suggesting comparable psychoactive effects. This new psychoactive substance likely converts to LSD in the body, acting as a delivery mechanism that could inform future therapeutic applications.
Abstract
The development of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) derivatives and analogs continues to inform the design of novel receptor probes and potentially...
Ancient medicine for a modern disease: traditional Amazonian medicine to treat substance use disorders.
The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse – November 02, 2023
Summary
In Peru's Amazon, traditional healing practices combined with modern psychotherapy offer promising results for addiction treatment. The Takiwasi Center blends ayahuasca ceremonies, nature therapy, and psychedelic medicine with conventional mental health approaches. Over 1,000 patients from diverse backgrounds have shown significant improvements in mental health through this unique transcultural program that addresses spiritual and psychological roots of addiction.
Abstract
Background: There exists an underexploited opportunity to develop innovative therapeutic approaches to SUDs based upon the complementarity between ...
LSD-induced changes in the functional connectivity of distinct thalamic nuclei.
NeuroImage – December 01, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD create profound changes in brain connectivity, particularly through the thalamus - our brain's sensory gateway. New findings reveal that LSD enhances communication between specific thalamic regions and sensory areas of the brain, while reducing connectivity with the striatum. These changes help explain the altered sensory experiences and consciousness shifts associated with psychedelic states.
Abstract
The role of the thalamus in mediating the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was recently proposed in a model of communication and corrobo...
Associations between individual hallucinogens and hallucinogen misuse among U.S. Adults who recently initiated hallucinogen use.
Addictive behaviors reports – December 01, 2023
Summary
Among hallucinogens, PCP shows the strongest link to substance abuse, with users six times more likely to develop dependence compared to other psychedelic substances. Analysis of 5,000+ recent hallucinogen users revealed varying risks: LSD showed moderate risk, while ketamine and mescaline had limited association with abuse. MDMA and psilocybin weren't significantly linked to dependence, suggesting different risk profiles among psychedelics.
Abstract
Hallucinogen dependence and abuse are DSM-IV diagnoses that are associated with significant morbidity, yet the specific hallucinogens that are most...
Infoveillance and Critical Analysis of the Systematically Reviewed Literature on Dimethyltryptamine and the "God Molecule".
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) – June 02, 2023
Summary
Ancient psychedelic compounds are gaining modern medical attention. Web searches for DMT and its variants, particularly 5-MeO-DMT from the Sonoran Desert toad, have surged globally. Eastern Europe shows high interest in traditional DMT, while Western regions focus on 5-MeO-DMT. Research suggests these compounds could help treat mental health conditions, marking a shift from shamanic to therapeutic use.
Abstract
Aboriginals of Latin America have used DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) in ritualistic ceremonies for centuries. Nevertheless, there are limited data o...
Use of plant-based hallucinogens and dissociative agents: U.S. Time Trends, 2002-2019.
Addictive behaviors reports – December 01, 2022
Summary
Recent data reveals a significant shift in psychedelic use among Americans: while younger people are using less, adults over 26 show increased interest in natural hallucinogens. Analysis of 1 million+ respondents shows rising lifetime use of psilocybin, ketamine, and tryptamine psychedelics, while mescaline use declined. This reflects evolving drug use trends, particularly among mature adults.
Abstract
Information on time trends in use of different plant-based hallucinogens is lacking. The current study used nationally representative U.S. data to ...
[MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD].
Laeknabladid – May 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA, known for its unique empathogen properties, shows remarkable promise in treating severe PTSD. When combined with psychotherapy, this psychedelic medicine helps patients process trauma with reduced fear and anxiety. Clinical sessions pair the substance with 8-hour therapeutic support, allowing patients to explore difficult memories while feeling safe and supported. Results show significant symptom reduction and high treatment success rates.
Abstract
MDMA is a potential novel treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our goal is to review current knowledge on MDMA and its use in MDMA-...
Vigilance state dissociation induced by 5-MeO DMT in mice
Research Square – May 06, 2025
Summary
A powerful psychedelic compound found in some plants can create a unique state where mice appear awake but show brain patterns typical of deep sleep. Scientists found that 5-MeO-DMT triggers this unusual "mixed state," where physical activity continues while brain waves slow dramatically. This discovery offers insights into consciousness and could help explain how psychedelics affect the brain.
Abstract
Vigilance state dissociation induced by 5-MeO DMT in mice
Ayahuasca-Inspired DMT/HAR Formulation Reduces Brain Differentiation Between Self and Other Faces
medRxiv – November 01, 2024
Summary
A novel psychedelic compound inspired by ayahuasca affects how our brains process self-recognition. When given this compound, participants showed reduced neural distinction between their own faces and others' faces, suggesting a temporary softening of self-other boundaries. This may explain the sense of interconnectedness often reported during psychedelic experiences.
Abstract
Ayahuasca-Inspired DMT/HAR Formulation Reduces Brain Differentiation Between Self and Other Faces