4971 results for "Psychedelics"
Psilocybin analog 4-OH-DiPT enhances fear extinction and GABAergic inhibition of principal neurons in the basolateral amygdala.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – April 01, 2024
Summary
A newly studied compound related to psilocybin shows promise in reducing fear responses through brain chemistry changes. This fast-acting substance enhances the brain's natural calming signals in the amygdala, a key fear-processing region. Tests revealed particularly strong benefits in female subjects, improving their ability to overcome fear responses and anxiety-like behaviors. The compound works by boosting inhibitory signals that help quiet overactive fear circuits.
Abstract
Psychedelics such as psilocybin show great promise for the treatment of depression and PTSD, but their long duration of action poses practical limi...
Psychoplastogens: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Neurological Diseases and Disorders.
ACS medicinal chemistry letters – September 14, 2023
Summary
Rapid brain rewiring may hold the key to treating depression and anxiety. New research reveals how certain compounds promote neural growth and enhance brain connectivity within hours - far faster than traditional medications. These natural and synthetic substances work by activating specific brain receptors that stimulate new neural connections. Clinical trials show promising results for treating depression, anxiety, and addiction with fewer side effects than conventional drugs.
Abstract
Neurological diseases often involve changes in synaptic connectivity and plasticity. Psychoplastogens, substances that stimulate neuronal growth an...
Have Effective Antidepressants Finally Arrived? Developments in Major Depressive Disorder Therapy.
The Journal of clinical psychiatry – August 14, 2023
Summary
Recent breakthroughs in depression treatment show promising alternatives for patients who don't respond to traditional medications. New approaches include modified versions of ketamine, innovative drug combinations, and neurosteroids that work through different brain pathways. Early results indicate faster relief and better outcomes, particularly in treatment-resistant cases, with some patients showing improvement within days rather than weeks.
Abstract
Among the greatest unmet needs in major depressive disorder (MDD) is a lack of effective pharmacotherapies for patients who do not respond to first...
Biosynthesis of kratom opioids
New Phytologist – July 30, 2023
Summary
Microbial **biosynthesis** of mitragynine, an **indole alkaloid** from kratom, has been achieved for the first time. Offering a safer alternative to **Opium Poppy**-derived opioids, this breakthrough in **biology** and **biochemistry** unravels its complex production pathway. Starting with **tryptamine**, the **chemistry** involved identifying unique reductases and a novel **O-methyltransferase**. This four-step process, crucial for **alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology**, builds on insights from **traditional and medicinal uses** of plants, impacting areas like **Berberine and alkaloids research**. This advance allows for generating diverse kratom opioid analogs.
Abstract
Summary Mitragynine, an analgesic alkaloid from the plant Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), offers a safer alternative to clinical opioids such as morph...
Combining Ketamine Infusions and Written Exposure Therapy for Chronic PTSD: An Open-Label Trial.
The Journal of clinical psychiatry – April 02, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking treatment combining ketamine infusions with exposure therapy shows remarkable promise for severe PTSD patients. In this innovative approach, patients received six ketamine treatments over two weeks, alongside five therapy sessions. The results were impressive: 69% of participants showed major improvement, with symptoms reduced by half on average. Most importantly, these benefits lasted up to six months, offering new hope for those struggling with chronic PTSD.
Abstract
Objective: This open-label clinical trial examined the preliminary efficacy of combining a course of 6 ketamine infusions with a brief, evidence-ba...
Meditation and complexity: a review and synthesis of evidence.
Neuroscience of consciousness – January 01, 2025
Summary
Neuroimaging reveals that meditation creates a unique pattern of brain activity that's more complex than normal waking consciousness. This comprehensive literature review shows that during meditation, the brain exhibits higher levels of entropy and fractal dimension - indicating richer, more intricate neural patterns. Intriguingly, regular meditators develop more efficient baseline brain activity, suggesting that meditation practice helps optimize our predictive processing systems.
Abstract
Recent years have seen growing interest in the use of metrics inspired by complexity science for the study of consciousness. Work in this field has...
A review of the complex intersection between religion, spirituality, and harm reduction.
The American journal on addictions – May 10, 2025
Summary
Religious and spiritual beliefs play a surprising dual role in substance use treatment - both supporting and challenging harm reduction approaches. While traditionally associated with abstinence-only methods, faith-based perspectives increasingly align with pragmatic harm reduction values. Analysis of 169 papers reveals that religious and spiritual resources often complement harm reduction strategies, particularly when programs actively involve people with lived experience. This collaboration creates more effective, compassionate approaches to substance use care.
Abstract
Within substance use research, religion and spirituality (r/s) have been understudied in relation to harm reduction approaches. We perform a litera...
The G protein biased serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor agonist lisuride exerts anti-depressant drug-like activities in mice.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – June 05, 2023
Summary
Lisuride, a drug that targets serotonin receptors in the brain, shows promise as a potential depression treatment without the hallucinogenic effects common to similar compounds. In experiments with mice, the drug reduced signs of depression, including improved mood-related behaviors and increased interest in rewarding experiences. Unlike related substances, lisuride didn't cause significant head twitches or unusual motor activity, suggesting fewer side effects.
Abstract
There is now evidence from multiple Phase II clinical trials that psychedelic drugs can exert longlasting anxiolytic, anti-depressant, and anti-dru...
The role of mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium dysregulation in 2C-I and 25I-NBOMe-induced neurotoxicity.
Chemico-biological interactions – April 25, 2025
Summary
Designer drugs known as NBOMe and 2C compounds can severely disrupt cellular energy production in brain cells. Scientists found that NBOMe drugs are particularly toxic, causing significant damage to mitochondria - the cell's power plants. Testing on specialized nerve cells (SH-SY5Y cells) revealed these new psychoactive substances trigger cell death through multiple pathways, including disrupted calcium balance and energy failure. This helps explain their neurotoxicity and dangerous effects.
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are designed to evade legal regulation while mimicking the effects of classic illicit drugs such as 3,4-methylene...
[Mechanisms of action of antidepressive pharmacotherapy: brain and mind-body and environment].
Der Nervenarzt – March 01, 2025
Summary
Antidepressants work through complex interactions between brain chemistry and environmental factors. Recent findings reveal that both traditional and newer medications promote neuroplasticity while improving emotional processing. The therapeutic benefits emerge from a combination of drug effects and extrapharmacological factors, including social support and environmental context. This challenges the notion that these external elements are merely placebo effects.
Abstract
Novel antidepressive substances are challenging the explanations for the mechanisms of action of traditional psychopharmacology. What could be the ...
Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case Report.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 07, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking case shows how ketamine-assisted psychotherapy helped transform the life of a man with antisocial personality disorder. Over three years, low-dose ketamine sessions combined with therapy helped resolve his alcoholism, reduced violent thoughts, and improved depression. This marks a potential new avenue for treating a condition that traditionally has limited treatment options.
Abstract
There are currently no evidence-based treatment guidelines for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Instead, treatment typically focuses on como...
Effects of ketamine and propofol on muscarinic plateau potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal cells.
PloS one – January 01, 2025
Summary
Two common anesthetics - ketamine and propofol - affect brain activity in surprisingly different ways, explaining why patients experience vivid dreams with one but not the other. Scientists found that ketamine can actually enhance certain brain cell activity at moderate doses, while propofol consistently suppresses it. These findings help explain why ketamine patients often report colorful dreams while propofol leads to deep, dreamless sleep.
Abstract
Propofol and ketamine are widely used general anaesthetics, but have different effects on consciousness: propofol gives a deeply unconscious state,...
MDMA and MDMA-Assisted Therapy.
The American journal of psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA, once known only as a party drug, is showing remarkable promise in clinical drug studies. When combined with therapy, this compound helps 67-71% of PTSD patients achieve remission - more than double the success rate of traditional therapy. Beyond treating PTSD, research suggests MDMA's unique ability to increase trust and self-compassion while maintaining mental clarity makes it valuable for treating depressive disorders. In controlled medical settings, it's proving both safe and effective.
Abstract
MDMA (i.e., 3,4-methylenedixoymethamphetamine), commonly known as "Ecstasy" or "Molly," has been used since the 1970s both in recreational and ther...
Editorial: Biological Therapies and Eating Disorders.
European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association – December 15, 2024
Summary
New biological treatments show promise for eating disorders, from brain stimulation to innovative medications. Advanced therapies like transcranial magnetic stimulation and ketamine target brain circuits affecting mood and appetite. Treatments ranging from olanzapine to microbiome-based approaches offer hope for conditions like anorexia nervosa and binge eating disorder, while personalized biological interventions may improve recovery rates.
Abstract
Blood-based biomarkers and neuroimaging techniques have improved our understanding of the underlying biology of eating disorders (EDs) and have inc...
Structural neural plasticity evoked by rapid-acting antidepressant interventions.
Nature reviews. Neuroscience – February 01, 2025
Summary
Groundbreaking research reveals how fast-acting antidepressants like ketamine can actually rewire brain connections within days. These treatments trigger growth of vital neural connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex, helping restore healthy brain function. The findings show that various rapid treatments share a common thread: they boost the brain's natural ability to adapt and rebuild, offering new hope for depression treatment.
Abstract
A feature in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), a mood disorder, is the impairment of excitatory synapses in the prefrontal co...
KETAMINE: Neural- and network-level changes.
Neuroscience – November 01, 2024
Summary
Ketamine's remarkable ability to reshape brain connectivity offers new hope for treating mental health conditions. This groundbreaking research reveals how ketamine enhances neuroplasticity by promoting hyperconnectivity between brain regions and fine-tuning neural responses. The drug increases neural synchrony across brain networks while reducing firing variability, creating more robust connections between neurons. These changes in brain circuitry help explain ketamine's powerful therapeutic effects and its potential to rapidly improve mood disorders.
Abstract
Ketamine is a widely used clinical drug that has several functional and clinical applications, including its use as an anaesthetic, analgesic, anti...
A Multimodal Preclinical Assessment of MDMA in Female and Male Rats: Prohedonic, Cognition Disruptive, and Prosocial Effects.
Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) – June 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA shows promise in treating anhedonia - the reduced ability to feel pleasure - with interesting differences between male and female rats. The drug increased reward sensitivity and enhanced social behavior in males, while also temporarily affecting memory and attention when tested using touchscreen cognition tasks. These effects were short-lived, lasting less than 24 hours.
Abstract
Frontline antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) leave many patients with unmet treatment needs. Moreover, even wh...
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine is a connectogen with empathogenic, entactogenic, and still further connective properties: It is time to reconcile “the great entactogen—empathogen debate”
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 28, 2024
Summary
The psychoactive substance MDMA, also known as Ecstasy, profoundly fosters an intense feeling of connection. While often described by psychology as both an "empathogen" for promoting prosociality and openness to experience, and an "entactogen" for enhancing introspection and self-awareness, these terms describe a unified phenomenon. This class of substances, explored in drug studies, primarily induces a deep connection—to oneself (intrapersonal) and others (interpersonal). Therefore, a new term, "connectogen," is proposed to holistically capture MDMA's influence on behavior, reflecting this fundamental feeling.
Abstract
Science on methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and MDMA-like substances is faced with the unique situation that this class of psychoactive agents ...
Understanding and treating postpartum depression: a narrative review.
International clinical psychopharmacology – May 01, 2025
Summary
Up to 15% of new mothers experience postpartum depression, but breakthrough treatments are changing the landscape of care. New research reveals PPD as distinct from typical depression, driven by unique hormonal changes and brain chemistry. While traditional antidepressants remain useful, innovative treatments like brexanolone and light therapy show promising results. Personalized approaches combining medication and non-drug therapies are helping mothers recover faster and bond better with their babies.
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is an increasingly prevalent but still poorly characterized disorder. Causal and modulating factors include hormones fl...
Beyond the serotonin deficit hypothesis: communicating a neuroplasticity framework of major depressive disorder.
Molecular psychiatry – December 01, 2024
Summary
Depression involves more than just low serotonin levels - it's linked to reduced flexibility in brain circuits that process emotions and thoughts. Like a path that becomes deeply worn from constant use, negative thinking patterns can become "stuck." Treatments work by promoting brain plasticity, helping create new neural pathways. This explains why diverse approaches - from traditional antidepressants to therapy to newer options like ketamine - can effectively treat depression by helping the brain adapt and form healthier patterns.
Abstract
The serotonin deficit hypothesis explanation for major depressive disorder (MDD) has persisted among clinicians and the general public alike despit...
Molecular Design of SERTlight: A Fluorescent Serotonin Probe for Neuronal Labeling in the Brain.
Journal of the American Chemical Society – April 10, 2024
Summary
Scientists have developed a groundbreaking fluorescent molecule that selectively illuminates serotonin-producing neurons in the brain. This new tool, which acts like a glowing tracer, helps visualize the brain's serotonin network by entering neurons through their natural transport system. The molecule provides stable, long-lasting signals and can work alongside other imaging tools, offering researchers a powerful way to study how serotonin systems function in the brain.
Abstract
The serotonergic transmitter system plays fundamental roles in the nervous system in neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, pathological processes...
Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry
World Psychiatry – February 01, 2016
Summary
The rise of synthetic drugs has created new challenges in mental health, with over 1,000 novel substances emerging in the last decade. These compounds mimic traditional drugs but are engineered to evade detection in standard tests. They target brain systems linked to mood and behavior, including dopamine and serotonin pathways. Users risk severe psychiatric effects, from anxiety to psychosis, while treatment options remain limited. Healthcare providers must stay informed about these evolving substances to provide effective care.
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances include synthetic cannabinoids, cathinone derivatives, psychedelic phenethylamines, novel stimulants, synthetic opioi...
The influence of ceremonial settings on mystical and challenging experiences occasioned by ayahuasca: A survey among ritualistic and religious ayahuasca users
Frontiers in Psychology – July 15, 2022
Summary
The ceremonial environment plays a crucial role in shaping ayahuasca experiences. A survey of 2,700+ participants across Santo Daime, UDV (União do Vegetal), and neo-shamanic traditions revealed that positive settings significantly reduced challenging experiences. Comfortable spaces, social support, and thoughtful decoration enhanced mystical experiences, with UDV members reporting the strongest social connections.
Abstract
Recent studies have recognized the importance of non-pharmacological factors such as setting to induce or promote mystical experiences or challengi...
Behavioral Neurobiology of Alcohol Addiction: A Decade of Great Challenges, New Hopes, and Hypes.
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences – July 12, 2025
Summary
A major challenge in treating alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the 'valley of death' where promising animal models rarely translate into human therapies, despite advances in addiction theory. Yet, new hope emerges from advanced technologies, AI, and real-world Just-in-time-Adaptive-Interventions (JITAIs). Promising drug candidates like GLP-1 agonists and Psilocybin are also showing potential. Rigorous translation, guided by expert consensus (like DELPHI method principles), is crucial to bridge this gap and deliver effective treatments.
Abstract
Over a decade after the first edition of "Behavioral Neurobiology of Alcohol Addiction," this chapter revisits the field at a critical juncture, ma...
MDMA-assisted therapy as a treatment for major depressive disorder: proof of principle study.
The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science – July 11, 2025
Summary
A new approach to treating severe depression shows significant promise. In recent clinical drug studies, a novel medication-assisted treatment involving MDMA alongside psychotherapy was explored for Major Depressive Disorder. Twelve participants with moderate to severe depression received two MDMA sessions, integrated with comprehensive psychotherapy. Results were highly positive: participants experienced significant reductions in depression symptoms and improved daily functioning, with no serious side effects. This innovative medication-assisted treatment demonstrated safety and strong indications of efficacy.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) has shown promising safety and efficacy in phase 3 studies of post-traumatic st...
Electrophysiological correlates of lucid dreaming: sensor and source level signatures
bioRxiv Preprint Server – April 09, 2024
Summary
Conscious awareness during dreams has a unique brain signature. Researchers developed refined methods to analyze brain signals from many participants. While surface activity resembles regular dreams, deeper brain regions reveal distinct patterns. Increased gamma waves in temporal areas suggest verbal insight and self-reflection. Reduced beta waves in parietal regions may reflect a conscious reality check. Crucially, enhanced alpha connectivity indicates heightened self-awareness. These findings successfully map the neural basis of lucid dreaming.
Abstract
Lucid dreaming (LD) is a state of conscious awareness of the current dream state, predominantly associated with REM sleep. Research progress in unc...
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor expression is chronically decreased in the anterior cerebral cortex of male rats following repetitive low-level blast exposure
Frontiers in Neurology – June 25, 2025
Summary
Blast-related brain injuries profoundly alter brain chemistry, showing the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) chronically decreased in the cerebral cortex. In 6 of 7 rat cohorts, this reduction persisted from two weeks to a year post-injury. This critical neuroscience discovery, vital for Traumatic Brain Injury Research, highlights the 5-HT receptor as a potential therapeutic target in medicine. It offers insights for internal medicine and endocrinology, illuminating how Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances impact functional brain connectivity, providing new avenues for treating PTSD.
Abstract
Introduction Many Veterans who experienced blast-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in Iraq and Afghanistan currently suffer from chronic cogn...
Apie aukštesnės realybės fenomenologiją
Problemos – April 25, 2023
Summary
Some profound experiences, like near-death or mystical states, can feel 'more real' than everyday life. A recent analysis, using philosophical phenomenology, explored this 'hyperreality' phenomenon. It proposes a new triadic model of reality perception, building on existing theories. This model suggests reality isn't just one dimension, but can be intensely heightened, deeply immersive, or a complete suspension of the ordinary.
Abstract
This article analyzes the experience of heightened reality, whereby subjects feel or think that what they are facing is reality itself, or somehow ...
Ketamine and sleep modulate neural complexity dynamics in cats
bioRxiv Preprint Server – June 25, 2021
Summary
Brain signal complexity dramatically shifts with consciousness. Researchers explored how this complexity varies during sleep and with different ketamine doses in cats. Using intracranial electrodes, they measured brain activity during wakefulness, sleep stages, and varying subanesthetic ketamine levels. Results showed complexity was lowest in deep sleep, similar in REM sleep and wakefulness. Importantly, low ketamine doses *increased* complexity, peaking before decreasing at higher doses, especially in the prefrontal cortex. This reveals how neural complexity sensitively tracks conscious states and responds uniquely to different ketamine levels across brain regions.
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that level of consciousness can be captured by neural informational complexity: for instance, complexity, as measured ...
Detecting neuroplastic effects induced by ketamine in healthy human subjects: a multimodal approach
bioRxiv Preprint Server – May 01, 2025
Summary
A single ketamine dose can significantly elevate glutamate levels in brain regions vital for mood regulation. Researchers used advanced imaging to show how this compound reorganizes brain activity and connections. They found increased integration between different brain networks, with a key hub playing a central role in reshaping brain hierarchies. These findings offer promising insights into its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
We investigated ketamine’s neuroplastic effects in healthy human subjects using integrated Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Magnetic Resonance Im...
Decreased mental time travel to the past correlates with default-mode network disintegration under lysergic acid diethylamide
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2016
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals how a specific compound can quiet the mind's tendency to dwell on the past. Volunteers received the compound or placebo in a controlled setting. Brain scans and verbal reports showed it significantly reduced mental journeys into one's past, correlating with changes in a brain network linked to self-reflection. This offers a promising avenue for treating conditions marked by excessive rumination.
Abstract
This paper reports on the effects of LSD on mental time travel during spontaneous mentation. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in a placebo-co...
Looking for the Self: Phenomenology, Neurophysiology and Philosophical Significance of Drug-induced Ego Dissolution
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience – May 23, 2017
Summary
High doses of hallucinogens strikingly dissolve the sense of self, a phenomenon, drug-induced ego dissolution. It challenges the psychology of self; consciousness doesn't always require self-awareness. Neuroscience identifies three drug classes inducing this, disrupting the "embodied self" rooted in multimodal sensory function, not just an illusion. Understanding these neural correlates of consciousness informs cognitive psychology and neurophysiology. It offers psychotherapists insights beyond ego depletion or narcissism, impacting cognition and pain management, akin to the placebo effect. This deep dive into the ego provides a unique lens for phenomenology.
Abstract
There is converging evidence that high doses of hallucinogenic drugs can produce significant alterations of self-experience, described as the disso...
The Evolution of Do-It-Yourself Brain Hacking: From Fringe to Frontier.
Cureus – June 01, 2025
Summary
Remarkably, self-directed brain hacking, once niche, now influences mainstream healthcare. This biohacking evolution, driven by a desire for cognitive optimization, saw early users explore nootropics, microdosing, and transcranial stimulation. Such personal neuroenhancement efforts, leveraging neurotechnology, have inspired regulated digital therapeutics. As programmable cognition becomes a reality, medical stewardship is vital for safe and effective advancements.
Abstract
Do-it-yourself (DIY) brain hacking has evolved from fringe experimentation to a cultural and clinical phenomenon reshaping how individuals interact...
Behavioural and pharmacological evaluation of the psilocybin analogue baeocystin in Wistar rats.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – July 05, 2025
Summary
Though similar to psilocybin, a compound with therapeutic potential, baeocystin shows distinct properties. Researchers investigated its effects in Wistar rats. Pharmacokinetics revealed baeocystin poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier. Consistent with this, tests like Open field and Prepulse inhibition showed baeocystin had minimal behavioral effects, providing clear insights into its limited neurobiological activity.
Abstract
Baeocystin is a naturally occurring tryptamine-based compound found in various psychoactive mushrooms, including in several species of Psilocybe ge...
Mycelium Growth and Development of Psilocybe spp. Mother Cultures on Agar-Based Media.
Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) – June 13, 2025
Summary
Did you know optimizing mushroom production for therapeutic psilocybin starts with understanding tiny fungal threads? Mycology research explored how different nutrient-rich agars affect Psilocybe mycelium growth. By observing four Psilocybe types, clear insights emerged, providing a vital foundation. This work enables tailored approaches, significantly advancing consistent mycelium development for future applications.
Abstract
The resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin-producing mushrooms has recently led to numerous research and commercializati...
Current use of holy mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe in a Zapotec community in Oaxaca, Mexico.
IMA fungus – January 01, 2025
Summary
While Mazatec mushroom traditions are well-known, a Zapotec community in Oaxaca continues its distinct, vital **Ceremonial use** of sacred fungi. Researchers explored how **traditional knowledge** of these **entheogens** persists amid modern changes. Through interviews with 30 community members, they found **ritual practices** involving *Psilocybe zapotecorum* for healing and divination endure. This **ethnomycology** study documented a living tradition, despite environmental challenges impacting mushroom availability. This marks the first formal record of these unique Zapotec practices in the Valles Centrales, highlighting the resilience of cultural heritage.
Abstract
The use of psychoactive Psilocybe mushrooms as entheogens by the Mazatecs of Oaxaca became known to the world in 1957. While the Mazatec Region has...
Discovery of Rapid-Acting, Orally Available Antidepressants by Activating TrkB Signaling.
Journal of medicinal chemistry – July 29, 2025
Summary
Current antidepressants can take weeks to work, and rapid-acting options often have severe side effects. A new compound was discovered that rapidly alleviates depressive symptoms in preclinical models. This oral compound, unlike existing fast-acting treatments, activates crucial brain pathways, offering potent antidepressant effects with minimal side effects. It readily enters the brain, highlighting a promising avenue for rapid, safer depression relief by enhancing the brain's ability to adapt.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) remains a significant global health burden, and its current treatments are limited by the delayed onset of efficacy...
Self-reported changes and experiences with substance use among real-world patients treated with medical ketamine.
Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology – July 24, 2025
Summary
Many people using medical ketamine for psychiatric conditions report a surprising benefit: reduced reliance on other substances. A survey of 201 patients explored this, finding over half reported positive changes in their substance use. Notably, those with a history of problematic use experienced the most significant improvements, often citing reduced cravings and enhanced motivation to quit. For individuals with minimal prior substance use, ketamine did not appear to encourage new drug-using behaviors. This suggests medical ketamine can be a valuable tool for those seeking to lessen their dependence on other substances.
Abstract
Ketamine is increasingly used in community clinics as a long-term treatment for different psychiatric and pain conditions, including substance use ...
Changes in functional connectivity preserve scale-free neuronal and behavioral dynamics.
Physical review. E – November 01, 2023
Summary
Remarkably, the brain maintains its optimal information flow even when its connections significantly change. This work explored if the brain optimizes its activity, specifically how robust this tuning is to altered connections. Using the compound ibogaine, mice showed fundamentally altered brain connectivity. Yet, their characteristic brain activity patterns and movement dynamics remained largely unaffected. This indicates the brain's ability to transmit information is incredibly robust, adapting its networks to preserve optimal communication.
Abstract
Does the brain optimize itself for storage and transmission of information, and if so, how? The critical brain hypothesis is based in statistical p...
Tusi: a new ketamine concoction complicating the drug landscape.
The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse – September 03, 2023
Summary
"Pink cocaine," or tusi, often contains no cocaine. This emerging street drug complicates the club drugs landscape. Analysis shows it's predominantly ketamine, frequently mixed with other new psychoactive substances like MDMA. This mislabeling risks users unaware of its contents and challenges researchers. Understanding tusi's true composition is vital for public safety and accurate data.
Abstract
A drug concoction called tusi has emerged in Latin America and in Europe and is now beginning to acquire popularity in the United States. "Tusi" is...
Drug Transporters ABCB1 (P-gp) and OATP, but not Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme CYP3A4, Affect the Pharmacokinetics of the Psychoactive Alkaloid Ibogaine and its Metabolites.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2022
Summary
Surprisingly, the enzyme cyp3a4 plays a negligible role in how the body processes ibogaine and its active form, noribogaine. This positive finding suggests fewer drug interaction risks. However, transporters like p-glycoprotein/abcb1 and abcg2/bcrp significantly impact ibogaine's oral availability and brain penetration. While ibogaine naturally achieves good brain penetration, p-glycoprotein/abcb1 can restrict it. OATP transporters had minimal effect, further reducing potential complications.
Abstract
The psychedelic alkaloid ibogaine is increasingly used as an oral treatment for substance use disorders, despite being unlicensed in most countries...
Efficient Access to the Iboga Skeleton: Optimized Procedure to Obtain Voacangine from Voacanga africana Root Bark.
ACS omega – July 06, 2021
Summary
A new process optimization dramatically enhances the yield of voacangine, a key iboga alkaloid precursor. Through advanced natural product extraction from 0.5 kg of *Voacanga africana* root bark, an initial 0.8% voacangine was isolated. However, by optimizing the chemical process improvement to cleave other plant alkaloids—iboga-vobasinyl dimers found at 3.7%—an additional 50% molar yield of voacangine was achieved. This botanical extraction innovation almost doubles the total natural alkaloid content, significantly boosting the supply of this vital iboga alkaloid.
Abstract
Iboga alkaloids are a group of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids with promising and intriguing biological activities. Ibogaine is the representative m...
The Deceptive Mushroom: Accidental Amanita muscaria Poisoning.
European journal of case reports in internal medicine – January 01, 2021
Summary
Despite its distinctive appearance, accidental *Amanita muscaria* *poisoning* can occur. One case saw a patient enter a *coma* after consuming this mushroom, which contains neurotoxins like *ibotenic acid* and *muscimol*. Swift identification of the mushroom enabled rapid treatment, leading to a full recovery and discharge just four days later. This highlights the critical importance of quick diagnosis for positive outcomes in such intoxications.
Abstract
Amanita muscaria is considered to be one of the most remarkable and beautiful mushrooms. It has a red or orange cap covered with small white plaque...
New psychoactive substances (NPS) and serotonin syndrome onset: A systematic review.
Experimental neurology – May 01, 2021
Summary
Many new psychoactive substances (NPS) can unexpectedly cause a dangerous condition called serotonin syndrome. A review of clinical cases revealed that various nps, including phenethylamines and synthetic cathinones, are linked to this severe serotonin over-activation. Even bupropion, when misused, was implicated. This highlights critical risks for users and informs clinicians about these challenging cases.
Abstract
The use of several new psychoactive substances (NPS) has become very popular and is posing global health risks. Chemically and pharmacologically di...
Novel Psychoactive Phenethylamines: Impact on Genetic Material.
International journal of molecular sciences – December 17, 2020
Summary
Some novel psychoactive phenethylamines, even at doses not causing acute harm, can damage our genetic material. Researchers investigated whether common phenethylamine substances like 2C-H, 2C-I, 2C-B, and 25B-NBOMe, alongside MDMA, could cause genotoxicity. Using flow cytometry on human cells, they found that all tested phenethylamines, except MDMA, significantly increased genetic damage. This genotoxicity was linked to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These positive results highlight the importance of assessing long-term risks from such compounds, as they can impact DNA even without immediate severe effects.
Abstract
Psychedelic and stimulating phenethylamines belong to the family of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The acute toxicity framework has begun to be...
Investigation of the 2,5-Dimethoxy Motif in Phenethylamine Serotonin 2A Receptor Agonists.
ACS chemical neuroscience – May 06, 2020
Summary
A specific chemical pattern on certain phenethylamine compounds has long been believed crucial for activating the serotonin 2a receptor. New research reveals that while removing key chemical groups from these agonists causes only a modest drop in lab-tested potency, it significantly reduces their in-body effects. This refines our understanding of the structure−activity relationship, showing this particular motif is vital for the in vivo action of these phenethylamine agonists.
Abstract
The 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2,5-PEA) scaffold is recognized as a motif conferring potent agonist activity at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A...
Ibogaine Administration Modifies GDNF and BDNF Expression in Brain Regions Involved in Mesocorticolimbic and Nigral Dopaminergic Circuits.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2019
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals ibogaine significantly enhances the brain's natural repair proteins, called neurotrophic factors. Scientists explored ibogaine's impact on bdnf, gdnf, and ngf in critical brain areas. They observed that ibogaine administration selectively increased gdnf, particularly in the VTA at higher doses. Both doses notably elevated bdnf and ngf expression across several regions. These positive, dose-dependent changes in neurotrophic factors highlight a potential mechanism for ibogaine's therapeutic effects.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an atypical psychedelic alkaloid, which has been subject of research due to its reported ability to attenuate drug-seeking behavior. Re...
Two immunoassays for the detection of 2C-B and related hallucinogenic phenethylamines.
Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods – January 01, 2019
Summary
Hallucinogenic phenethylamines, like 2C-B, pose serious health risks. To address this, new detection methods were developed. This involved hapten synthesis and polyclonal antibodies production, resulting in two effective immunoassays. An LFIA offers quick, on-site screening for 2C-B. For precise quantification, a highly sensitive ELISA provides excellent accuracy, validated by established techniques. These robust methods greatly enhance the ability to monitor these substances.
Abstract
The use of new psychoactive substances as drugs of abuse has dramatically increased over the last years. Hallucinogenic phenethylamines gained part...
Comparative neuropharmacology of N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (NBOMe) hallucinogens and their 2C counterparts in male rats.
Neuropharmacology – November 01, 2018
Summary
Certain synthetic compounds, known as NBOMes, show remarkably stronger effects on brain receptors than their chemical relatives. Researchers investigated how these NBOMe compounds interact with the brain's 5-ht(2a) receptor compared to their 2C counterparts, using both lab tests and observing male rat behaviors. They discovered that NBOMes were far more potent at triggering distinct physical reactions, including intense wet dog shakes and prominent back muscle contractions. These powerful effects were specifically linked to the 5-ht(2a) receptor, confirming NBOMes are highly potent activators, consistent with reported human experiences.
Abstract
2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamines (2C compounds) are 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonists that induce hallucinogenic effects. N-methoxybenzylation of 2C compound...
Correlates of new psychoactive substance use among a self-selected sample of nightclub attendees in the United States.
The American journal on addictions – August 01, 2016
Summary
Nearly half of nightclub attendees surveyed reported using new psychoactive substances. Researchers explored substance use patterns among 2,282 US nightclub-goers, revealing a significant prevalence (46.4%) of novel compounds like synthetic cannabinoids and stimulants. Key findings indicate that younger individuals, males, and those who attend clubs more frequently show increased likelihood of using these substances. This valuable insight helps identify populations where targeted harm reduction strategies can be most effective, promoting safer environments.
Abstract
Although new psychoactive substances (NPS) continue to emerge at a rapid rate, US national surveys only measure the use of non-specific categories ...
Coma in the course of severe poisoning after consumption of red fly agaric (Amanita muscaria).
Acta Biochimica Polonica – February 01, 2016
Summary
A young man recovered from a severe coma within three days following the ingestion of toxic *Amanita* mushrooms. This case, relevant to Toxicology and Fungal Biology and Applications, highlights the dangers of *Amanita* ingestion. The patient experienced a coma due to compounds like ibotenic acid. Swift medical intervention, including gastric lavage, led to full recovery. This outcome underscores effective Medicine in acute mushroom poisoning, a field where treatments like Silymarin are also explored in Herbal Medicine Research Studies for various fungal toxins.
Abstract
Red fly agaric poisoning is rare. It can be consumed for suicidal purposes or its psychedelic effect. The paper describes the case of a young men, ...
The Association of Salvia divinorum and Psychotic Disorders: A Review of the Literature and Case Series.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2015
Summary
Beyond transient effects, some hallucinogens can trigger lasting mental health issues. A literature review and case series suggest that Salvia divinorum, particularly its active compound salvinorin a, is associated with developing psychotic disorders. This includes instances of substance-induced psychosis (SIP). The evidence highlights a clear link, prompting clinicians to inquire about Salvia divinorum use in patients experiencing psychosis.
Abstract
The association of substance abuse and psychotic disorders is of interest to clinicians, academics, and lawmakers. Commonly abused substances, such...
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-benzyl phenethylamines as 5-HT2A/2C agonists.
ACS chemical neuroscience – March 19, 2014
Summary
A specific chemical change dramatically enhances how compounds engage brain receptors. Scientists varied N-benzyl phenethylamines to understand their binding affinity and functional activity at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. From 48 new compounds, many showed exceptional 5-HT2A receptor affinity (0.29 nM) and potent functional activity (0.074 nM). Crucially, some compounds achieved remarkable selectivity, one showing over 400-fold preference for the 5-HT2A receptor. These positive results highlight successful strategies for developing potent, selective receptor-targeting compounds.
Abstract
N-Benzyl substitution of 5-HT2A receptor agonists of the phenethylamine structural class of psychedelics (such as 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylami...
A qualitative/quantitative approach for the detection of 37 tryptamine-derived designer drugs, 5 β-carbolines, ibogaine, and yohimbine in human urine and plasma using standard urine screening and multi-analyte approaches.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry – January 01, 2014
Summary
Detecting emerging designer drugs in human samples is challenging, as analytical data has been scarce. Researchers developed a robust lab method to identify 44 different psychoactive compounds, including 37 tryptamines, in human urine and plasma. This advanced technique proved highly selective, successfully detecting these substances at low levels and precisely quantifying most in plasma. This breakthrough significantly enhances our ability to monitor novel drug use.
Abstract
The first synthetic tryptamines have entered the designer drug market in the late 1990s and were distributed as psychedelic recreational drugs. In ...
Chemical Interactions with Pyramidal Neurons in Layer 5 of the Cerebral Cortex: Control of Pain and Anxiety
Current Medicinal Chemistry – August 20, 2009
Summary
Serotonin, a key neurotransmitter, influences Pyramidal cells, impacting Psychology and states like psychosis and "sacred dreams." Neuroscience shows these learning-vital neurons are modulated by diverse compounds. From Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, including 9 specific chemicals like nicotine and psilocybin, to Neuropeptides, these interact with 4 main Receptor types, including Serotonergic and those explored in Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study. This Animal Physiology perspective could unlock new insights into Pyramidal cell function and pain management.
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex are involved in learning and memory and have complex connections with other neurons through a v...
The ibogaine medical subculture.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – January 04, 2008
Summary
Thousands globally have turned to ibogaine for addiction treatment. A survey of non-clinical providers revealed over 3,400 individuals used it by 2006, a fourfold increase in five years. Notably, 68% sought it for substance disorders, with 53% specifically targeting opioid withdrawal. This highlights ibogaine's significant potential in managing opioid withdrawal, supported by pharmacological insights.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive indole alkaloid that is used to treat substance-related disorders in a global medical subculture, an...
Alpha-adrenergic and 5-HT2-serotonergic effects of some beta-phenylethylamines on isolated rat thoracic aorta.
General pharmacology – January 01, 1994
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
1. 2C-H [2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine] (pD2 = 6.74), TMPEA [2,(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine] (pD2 = 5.83), 2C-D [2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methy...
Binding and functional structure-activity similarities of 4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl isopropylamine analogues at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B serotonin receptors.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2023
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Certain 4-substituted analogs of 1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)isopropylamine (2,5-DMA) are psychoactive classical hallucinogens or serotonergic psychedel...
The neurobiology of altered states of consciousness induced by drumming and other rhythmic sound patterns.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – July 16, 2025
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Humans have long sought to alter their mental states through various cultural practices, with rhythmic sounds emerging as a prominent and enduring ...
Mace Poisoning: Accidental Toxic Ingestion in a Child Leading to a Reversible Coma.
Cureus – December 01, 2024
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Nutmeg and mace are commonly known for their medicinal and culinary properties. The chemical compounds found in nutmeg and mace, notably myristicin...