4971 results for "Psychedelics"
The molecular mechanisms through which psilocybin prevents suicide: evidence from network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses
Translational Psychiatry – June 16, 2025
Summary
The hallucinogen psilocybin, a potent psychedelic, holds significant promise for suicide prevention. Using advanced pharmacology and molecular docking techniques, 46 potential targets were identified. Specifically, four key neurotransmitter receptors (HTR2A, HTR2C, HTR7, PRKACA) were found to strongly bind psilocybin. This suggests the alkaloid, a product of chemical synthesis, influences behavior by modulating crucial brain signaling pathways, including serotonergic synapses and calcium signaling. These drug studies offer vital insights into psilocybin's therapeutic potential in medicine and psychology.
Abstract
Psilocybin is among the most extensively studied psychedelics, with previous research suggesting its potential therapeutic role in suicide preventi...
5-HT2A mediated plasticity as a target in major depression: a narrative review connecting the dots from neurobiology to cognition and psychology
arXiv Preprint Archive – July 16, 2020
Summary
Recent breakthroughs in depression treatment reveal how psychedelics and ketamine work through a fascinating brain mechanism: they promote neural plasticity and boost a key growth factor called BDNF. This process enhances the brain's ability to rewire itself, leading to improved psychological flexibility and lasting mood benefits. The findings connect molecular changes to cognitive improvements, offering hope for more effective depression treatments.
Abstract
As the world's first primary morbidity factor, depression has a considerable impact on both an individual as well as a societal level. despite thei...
Hallucinogenic potential: a review of psychoplastogens for the treatment of opioid use disorder
Frontiers in Pharmacology – August 22, 2023
Summary
Current medicine struggles with the opioid epidemic, leaving many with Opioid use disorder. However, a compelling shift in Psychiatry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies suggests hallucinogens offer a potent new approach to addiction. These compounds, often derived through chemical synthesis, demonstrate unique pharmacology and profound neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, addressing both the physical opioid dependence and underlying psychology. This novel medicine, including alternatives to treatments like buprenorphine, could provide a holistic path for recovery, moving beyond the limited efficacy of existing therapies.
Abstract
The United States is entering its fourth decade of the opioid epidemic with no clear end in sight. At the center of the epidemic is an increase in ...
Understanding the Psychological Effects of Psilocybin and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in a Non-Clinical Population
OpenAlex – May 29, 2025
Summary
A single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin profoundly shifted personality, reducing neuroticism and boosting extraversion in a non-clinical population. Among 48 participants, 33 psilocybin dosing sessions revealed notable psychological changes, including increased mindfulness and connectedness, observed one week later. Psilocybin also induced stronger mystical experiences than MDMA, suggesting its unique influence on neurotransmitter receptors and subsequent behavior. These findings from psychedelics and drug studies offer insights for clinical psychology and psychotherapists exploring this chemically synthesized alkaloid for mental well-being.
Abstract
Abstract Objective Despite many decades of experimental studies and clinical trials involving a variety of psychedelic agents, we still lack a comp...
Trait mindfulness and personality characteristics in a microdosing ADHD sample: a naturalistic prospective survey study
Frontiers in Psychiatry – October 16, 2023
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics appears to alter fundamental psychological traits. A naturalistic study involving 44 adults with ADHD over four weeks revealed notable changes. Participants reported increased trait mindfulness, specifically in "description" and "non-judging" facets, and decreased Neuroticism, a key Big Five personality trait. Other personality aspects like Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Extraversion remained stable. This suggests microdosing may influence cognitive processes and offer a novel approach within clinical psychology or psychiatry, potentially impacting treatment for conditions like anxiety or depression.
Abstract
Background Microdosing (MD), repeatedly taking psychedelics in small, non-hallucinogenic amounts, has been practiced by individuals to relieve atte...
Enhancing mindfulness and compassion through an ayahuasca-inspired formulation containing N,N-DMT and harmine: A randomized controlled trial in healthy subjects.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – June 19, 2025
Summary
A single dose of a specific compound can significantly enhance feelings of mindfulness and compassion. Researchers explored if an ayahuasca-inspired formulation, combining N,N-DMT and harmine, could acutely boost these traits in healthy individuals. Participants received the formulation, harmine-only, or placebo. Results showed a notable increase in mindfulness, self-compassion, and compassion towards others just one day after receiving the N,N-DMT and harmine combination. These findings suggest this formulation holds potential for acutely enhancing these beneficial qualities.
Abstract
Mindfulness and compassion are therapeutically relevant and can be increased through different forms of meditation practices. However, meditation p...
Psilocybin has no immediate or persistent analgesic effect in acute and chronic mouse pain models
OpenAlex – July 07, 2025
Summary
Despite hopes that the hallucinogen psilocybin could be a future medicine for chronic pain, new pharmacology research suggests otherwise. Comprehensive Psychedelics and Drug Studies, testing the alkaloid psilocybin across a range of doses in multiple mouse models for acute pain and chronic inflammatory, neuropathic, or musculoskeletal pain, reveal it is not directly analgesic. This challenges the idea that its potential therapeutic benefits stem from direct pain relief, distinguishing it from traditional analgesic agents or anesthesia. Its Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior might be key, rather than direct pain modulation.
Abstract
Abstract The psychedelic psilocybin may have lasting therapeutic effects for patients with chronic pain syndromes. Some clinical and preclinical da...
Psilocybin treatment extends cellular lifespan and improves survival of aged mice
npj Aging – July 08, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a natural hallucinogen, significantly extends cellular lifespan and promotes longevity in aged mice. This exciting finding suggests the compound, known for its therapeutic potential in medicine, may act as a potent geroprotective agent. While the exact pharmacology and molecular mechanisms are still being explored in psychedelics and drug studies, its active metabolite, psilocin, appears key. This research offers new insights into psilocybin's systemic impacts, hinting at its influence on various biological processes, potentially including neurotransmitter receptor activity.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, the naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by hallucinogenic mushrooms, has received attention due to considerable ...
PolDrugs 2025: results of the third edition of the nationwide study on psychoactive substance use in the context of psychiatry and harm reduction.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
A positive trend in Poland shows growing acceptance of psychiatry among those using psychoactive substances. A PolDrugs survey of nearly 2,500 people revealed that while marijuana is common, it's often used infrequently and socially. Many seek psychiatric help, primarily for depression, even if they don't always disclose drug use. Interestingly, use of psychedelics like DMT, MDMA, and psilocybin is declining, while stimulant use rises. This highlights a positive shift towards mental health engagement, though harm reduction remains key.
Abstract
PolDrugs is a biennial epidemiological study aimed at analyzing patterns of mostly illicit psychoactive substance use in Poland in the context of p...
Single-dose (10 mg) psilocybin reduces symptoms in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pharmacological challenge study.
Comprehensive psychiatry – July 01, 2025
Summary
For many with Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), current treatments fall short. Researchers explored if psilocybin, a psychedelic, could offer relief. Participants with OCD received a single 10mg dose. Positive results showed significant, rapid reduction in symptoms, especially compulsions, lasting up to a week. Psilocybin was well-tolerated, presenting a promising new avenue for managing this condition.
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and disabling condition. A large proportion of patients fail to respond to first-line treatment wit...
The Yale Manual for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy of Depression (using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Therapeutic Frame)
OpenAlex – August 13, 2020
Summary
A pioneering Yale manual is set to revolutionize Major Depressive Disorder treatment, offering a structured approach for psilocybin-assisted therapy. This multimodal therapy, integrating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, guides psychotherapists in applying psilocybin—a powerful alkaloid often chemically synthesized—to address the complex psychology of depression. Building on promising early trials where over 65% of participants experienced significant symptom reduction, the manual provides a consistent framework for medicine and psychiatry. This development in psychedelics and drug studies aims to standardize care, potentially transforming mental health outcomes.
Abstract
The Yale Manual for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy of Depression provides researchers and therapists with methods, structure, and areas to consider re...
Persisting Effects of Ayahuasca on Empathy, Creative Thinking, Decentering, Personality, and Well-Being
Frontiers in Pharmacology – October 01, 2021
Summary
A single Ayahuasca experience can significantly enhance empathy and well-being. Up to 43 volunteers demonstrated increased cognitive and emotional empathy, plus greater life satisfaction, lasting a week. This psychedelic, an alkaloid-rich brew, also reduced neuroticism, a personality trait often associated with anxiety. Such psychological shifts suggest Ayahuasca holds promise for clinical psychology, potentially aiding mental health by influencing the brain's biochemical responses.
Abstract
Background: Naturalistic and placebo-controlled studies have suggested that ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian beverage, could be helpful in the tr...
Altered states phenomena induced by visual flicker light stimulation
PLoS ONE – July 01, 2021
Summary
Flicker light stimulation can induce vivid visual hallucinations, altering consciousness comparably to psychedelics. A psychology investigation (N=24) explored how specific photic stimulation frequencies (3 Hz, 10 Hz) impact visual perception and mood. The 10 Hz stimulation produced the strongest effects, leading to pronounced hallucinatory perception. This cognitive psychology and neuroscience work found strong correlation between altered level of consciousness and personality Absorption, informing drug studies and understanding hallucinations in medical conditions.
Abstract
Flicker light stimulation can induce short-term alterations in consciousness including hallucinatory color perception and geometric patterns. In th...
Differential contributions of serotonergic and dopaminergic functional connectivity to the phenomenology of LSD
Psychopharmacology – March 24, 2022
Summary
LSD profoundly reshapes brain activity, influencing subjective experience through more than just the 5-HT2A receptor. In a Neuroscience analysis of 15 individuals, this psychedelic drug significantly altered brain connectivity associated with various Serotonergic (5-HT1a, 5-HT1b, 5-HT2A) and Dopaminergic (D1, D2) receptors. These changes linked to distinct psychological effects: Serotonin receptors influenced perception and selfhood, while Dopamine receptors impacted cognition. This Biochemical Analysis highlights the complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, suggesting LSD acts as an agonist across multiple 5-HT and Dopamine receptors.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale LSD is the prototypical psychedelic. Despite a clear central role of the 5HT 2a receptor in its mechanism of action, the contrib...
Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica – June 19, 2018
Summary
Psilocybin therapy significantly alters personality traits in patients with treatment-resistant depression. In a study of 20 participants, neuroticism scores dropped while extraversion increased, aligning with normative data. Openness also rose notably, while conscientiousness showed slight improvement and agreeableness remained unchanged. These effects were linked to the level of insight gained during the psilocybin experience. The findings suggest that psychedelics may induce unique personality changes compared to traditional antidepressants, warranting further investigation into the underlying brain mechanisms.
Abstract
Objective To explore whether psilocybin with psychological support modulates personality parameters in patients suffering from treatment‐resistant ...
Treating psychological trauma: Special populations, symptoms, and innovative models of care.
Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy – December 01, 2024
Summary
Trauma care is transforming, embracing the mind-body connection. New insights reveal that successful trauma care is increasingly **holistic** and **integrative**, recognizing individual **resilience**. Approaches now span from **mindfulness** and arts to physical activity and even carefully considered **psychedelics**, all aimed at healing diverse populations. This broadens effective options, emphasizing positive outcomes by tailoring care to individual needs and inherent strengths.
Abstract
Trauma treatment continues to evolve, with a wider range of options than ever before. In recent years, trauma treatments have become more holistic ...
Control Group Outcomes in Trials of Psilocybin, SSRIs, or Esketamine for Depression
JAMA Network Open – July 30, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin’s impressive antidepressant effects for Major depressive disorder may be over-estimated. A meta-analysis of 17 Randomized controlled trials (4960 patients) comparing Psilocybin, Serotonin reuptake inhibitors like Fluoxetine, and esketamine for Treatment of Major Depression and Treatment-resistant depression, revealed control groups in psilocybin clinical trials improved less. Their depression rating scale scores improved by an effect size of 0.50, versus 1.00 for antidepressant SSRI controls and 1.12 for esketamine controls. This finding is crucial for Psychiatry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Importance Psilocybin has demonstrated rapid and sustained antidepressant efficacy, with acute-phase effect sizes often more than double those for ...
"I've learned that I'm open-minded to this possibility": A qualitative study to evaluate the acceptability of a psilocybin-aided smoking cessation treatment for people with HIV who smoke.
Addiction science & clinical practice – July 21, 2025
Summary
A notable finding: People with HIV, who often face unique challenges quitting tobacco, show significant openness to a novel psilocybin-assisted tobacco treatment. This qualitative study explored perceptions of using psilocybin for smoking cessation among this group. Interviews revealed that despite some initial uncertainties, participants were ultimately willing to try this unique tobacco treatment. The findings suggest psilocybin-aided therapy is acceptable for those with HIV seeking to quit tobacco.
Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) are disproportionately affected by cigarette use, with a 40 - 70% prevalence rate. Although many express a strong interest in...
Perturbing whole‐brain models of brain hierarchy: An application for depression following pharmacological treatment
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – July 21, 2025
Summary
Treatments for **depression** distinctly reconfigure the brain's organizational **hierarchy**. **Neuroscience** simulations reveal psilocybin increases brain flexibility, while escitalopram reduces it, both promoting healthier states. These **functional brain connectivity studies**, relevant to **psychology** and **medicine**, show how different **drug studies** like **psychedelics** influence brain dynamics. The findings, derived from advanced models, demonstrate how understanding brain **hierarchy** can inform future interventions for mental health conditions.
Abstract
Abstract Determining the scale of neural representations is a central challenge in neuroscience. While localized representations have traditionally...
Amygdala response to emotional faces following acute administration of psilocybin in healthy individuals
Neuroscience Applied – December 30, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a serotonergic hallucinogen, significantly reduces the brain's emotional responses. A Neuroscience investigation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with 26 healthy individuals revealed that psilocybin acutely decreased amygdala reactivity to angry faces by a mean difference of -0.54 compared to baseline. This finding, pertinent to Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, indicates the compound's influence on emotional processing. Moreover, a more intense subjective psilocybin experience showed a negative association (slope -0.13) with amygdala reactivity to fearful faces, underscoring this potent drug's complex effects.
Abstract
The serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin acutely induces changes in emotional states. However, it remains unresolved whether psilocybin acutely modu...
The serotonin hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT alters cortico-thalamic activity in freely moving mice: Regionally-selective involvement of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors.
Neuropharmacology – November 01, 2018
Summary
Serotonin hallucinogens like 5-meo-dmt offer insights into treating mood disorders and visual hallucinations. Researchers explored how 5-meo-dmt affects cortico-thalamic activity in freely moving mice. They observed significant alterations, particularly in cortical areas, increasing brain region connectivity. Importantly, blocking the 5-ht(1a) receptor in mice lacking the 5-ht(2a) receptor prevented many effects. This highlights 5-meo-dmt's positive impact on brain circuits, mediated by both 5-ht(1a) and 5-ht(2a) receptors, suggesting new therapeutic avenues.
Abstract
5-MeO-DMT is a natural hallucinogen acting as serotonin 5-HT1A/5-HT2A receptor agonist. Its ability to evoke hallucinations could be used to study ...
Acute Effects of the Novel Psychoactive Drug 2C-B on Emotions
BioMed Research International – January 01, 2015
Summary
A compelling finding in psychology reveals the recreational drug 2C-B, at a 20mg dose in 20 users, significantly reduced anger and induced euphoria—a true euphoriant. While causing mild hallucinogenic states and affecting happiness recognition, its influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minimal. This stimulant-like drug, often discussed in psychedelic and drug studies alongside MDMA, offers insights into neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. This medicine-related research, though not a nicotinic acetylcholine receptors study, profiles 2C-B's unique properties.
Abstract
Background . 2C-B (Nexus) is one of the most widespread novel psychoactive substances. There is limited information about its pharmacological prope...
Effects of psilocybin versus escitalopram on rumination and thought suppression in depression
BJPsych Open – September 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, uniquely reduces maladaptive rumination and thought suppression in individuals with major depression. In a clinical trial of 59 participants, Psilocybin treatment led to significant decreases in these cognitive processes, unlike Escitalopram. Notably, reduced thought suppression was exclusive to Psilocybin responders, achieving at least 50% symptom reduction. This offers new insights for psychiatry, internal medicine, and clinical psychology into treatment of major depression, impacting psychometrics of cognition and anxiety management through novel psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder is often associated with maladaptive coping strategies, including rumination and thought suppression. Aims To ...
Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects
Neuropsychopharmacology – February 25, 2022
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, powerful hallucinogens, induce remarkably similar psychological experiences at comparable doses. A placebo-controlled crossover study with 28 healthy subjects found that 100-200 µg LSD and 30 mg psilocybin produced comparable subjective effects, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptors. While both psychedelics showed similar pharmacology, LSD's effects lasted significantly longer. Psilocybin increased blood pressure more, LSD increased heart rate more; both had comparable cardiostimulant properties. These drug studies advance understanding of chemical synthesis and alkaloids in psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Growing interest has been seen in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin in psychiatric research and therapy. However, no m...
Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and d-amphetamine in healthy subjects
Neuropsychopharmacology – November 16, 2019
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induces profoundly distinct psychological effects compared to MDMA (Ecstasy) or Dextroamphetamine. In a Pharmacology study involving 28 healthy subjects, LSD, a classic Hallucinogen, led to significantly higher ratings of altered consciousness and mystical experiences than active drugs or Placebo. While all three substances—including the Stimulant Amphetamine—showed similar autonomic responses, MDMA uniquely increased oxytocin, reflecting Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This highlights critical differences in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informed by Biochemical Analysis, for understanding their therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and d -amphetamine i...
Opioid use disorder: current trends and potential treatments
Frontiers in Public Health – January 25, 2024
Summary
Opioid overdose deaths are at an all-time high, revealing current medicine's limitations against Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). Despite increased buprenorphine and naloxone access, and harm reduction strategies, this public health crisis persists. Novel approaches are urgently needed beyond existing Opiate Substitution Treatment. Future strategies, including psychedelics and other interventional therapies, are being explored. These aim to not only prevent opioid overdose fatalities but also attenuate OUD and address co-occurring psychiatric conditions, offering more durable solutions for public health.
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major public health threat, contributing to morbidity and mortality from addiction, overdose, and related medical co...
Optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy: Considering weight-adjusted and fixed dosing approaches
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 20, 2021
Summary
Fixed-dose psilocybin, a promising pharmacotherapy for mood disorders, yields subjective psychological effects comparable to weight-adjusted dosing. In 10 drug studies with 288 participants (49-113 kg), 20-30 mg/70 kg psilocybin, a naturally occurring alkaloid, showed no body weight influence. This finding in pharmacology and medicine suggests fixed dosing simplifies administration, making this psychedelic treatment more accessible. The consistent psychological response implies stable neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, supporting fixed-dose practicality and lower cost.
Abstract
Background: Growing evidence suggests psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic, is a safe and promising pharmacotherapy for treatment of mood ...
Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – February 20, 2018
Summary
Despite its profound effects, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a potent hallucinogen, was once hailed by psychiatry. Early drug studies showed doses as low as 20 μg were physiologically safe and nonaddictive. Its structural resemblance to serotonin sparked neurochemistry and pharmacology research, influencing our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Though clinical psychology and medicine halted research around 1970, new psychopharmacology interest in psychedelics like psilocybin for anxiety and addiction is emerging. Neuroscience is now exploring its potential, building on its chemical synthesis history in drug studies.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most potent psychoactive agents known, producing dramatic alterations of consciousness after submill...
Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34-Year Follow-up Study
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – December 01, 1998
Summary
A compelling re-evaluation reveals that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in a 1960s prison experiment did not reduce recidivism. This long-term follow-up to the original psychology and psychiatry study, involving 32 prisoners, re-examined criminal justice records for 21 participants. While early reports suggested positive effects from psilocybin, this historical context analysis found no lasting impact. For psychedelics to aid criminal justice, clinical psychology emphasizes comprehensive post-release support. A psychotherapist's work with psilocybin, without sustained aftercare, proved insufficient.
Abstract
This study is a long-term follow-up to the Concord Prison Experiment, one of the best-known studies in the psychedelic psychotherapy literature. Th...
On Revelations and Revolutions: Drinking Ayahuasca Among Palestinians Under Israeli Occupation
Frontiers in Psychology – August 27, 2021
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals, while fostering a feeling of harmony, can paradoxically perpetuate political injustice. Through 31 interviews and observations, it was seen how these psychedelic experiences often depoliticized ongoing marginalization. Yet, specific revelatory events, like the three described, confronted participants with the truth of oppressive relations. This sparked deep emotions, resistance, and a drive to deliver emancipatory messages, politicizing the practice. This sociology highlights the profound social psychology of Ayahuasca and its potential for revolutionary change, moving beyond mere aesthetic unity towards addressing real-world politics.
Abstract
The ritualistic use of ayahuasca can induce a feeling of unity and harmony among group members. However, such depoliticized feelings can come in th...
Flashback: psychiatric experimentation with LSD in historical perspective.
Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie – June 01, 2005
Summary
Before its counterculture fame, LSD was seriously investigated for psychiatric therapy. Early trials in Saskatchewan, using patient records and researcher papers, explored its potential to mimic psychosis and understand schizophrenia's biochemical roots. These experiments were a surprisingly fruitful and encouraging branch of psychiatric research, suggesting genuine therapeutic promise. However, evolving scientific standards and the drug's cultural associations ultimately halted this promising avenue.
Abstract
In the popular mind, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) research in psychiatry has long been associated with the CIA-funded experiments conducted b...
Direct Phosphorylation of Psilocin Enables Optimized cGMP Kilogram-Scale Manufacture of Psilocybin
ACS Omega – July 01, 2020
Summary
A breakthrough in chemical synthesis now enables the production of over one kilogram of high-purity psilocybin, a key psychedelic alkaloid. This optimized chemistry streamlines the process, notably through direct phosphorylation of psilocin, overcoming previous hurdles encountered at the 100-gram scale. Such advancements in drug studies facilitate consistent supply for research and ensure purity critical for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
A second-generation kilogram-scale synthesis of the psychedelic tryptamine psilocybin has been developed. The synthesis was designed to address sev...
Synthesis and characterization of high‐purity N,N‐dimethyltryptamine hemifumarate for human clinical trials
Drug Testing and Analysis – July 01, 2020
Summary
A highly pure form of the psychedelic DMT is now ready for clinical trials, crucial for advancing drug studies. Through novel chemical synthesis, using aluminum hydride from lithium aluminum hydride, a DMT hemifumarate salt was produced. Extensive chemistry analysis—mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and chromatography—confirmed minimal 99.9% purity. This rigorous standard, essential across all drug studies from cannabis to other alkaloids, ensures safety. No significant impurities or residual lithium were detected, meeting regulatory requirements.
Abstract
Abstract Since 2006, there has been a resurgent interest in the pharmacology and therapeutics of psychedelic drugs. Psilocybin, the 4‐phosphoryl es...
NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD
Frontiers in Neuroscience – February 26, 2020
Summary
A dangerous new class of synthetic hallucinogens, NBOMe compounds, are ultrapotent, activating serotonin receptors with over 1000-fold selectivity for 5-HT2A. Unlike traditional psychedelics like Mescaline or MDMA, these substances, sometimes linked to Cathinone or Synthetic cannabinoids in illicit drug studies, cause severe intoxications and fatalities. Adverse effects include mydriasis, seizures, and multi-organ failure. Their pharmacology highlights a critical neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, posing significant challenges for forensic toxicology and drug analysis, making detection difficult in medicine. Anesthesia may be needed for severe cases.
Abstract
Recently, a new class of psychedelic compounds named NBOMe (or 25X-NBOMe) has appeared on the illegal drug market. NBOMes are analogs of the 2C fam...
Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes.
Psychopharmacology – October 01, 2014
Summary
While often linked to one key brain receptor, the varied effects of certain hallucinogenic compounds stem from more complex interactions. Researchers investigated how 21 synthetic tryptamines interact with both serotonin receptors and transporters using advanced cell models. All compounds activated the primary serotonin 2A receptor. Importantly, eight compounds actively released serotonin, and others inhibited its reuptake, revealing diverse actions. Notably, two specific compounds were found to selectively release serotonin, challenging prior assumptions. This work confirms the central role of the 5-HT₂A receptor, but also emphasizes that serotonin transporter activity is a crucial, often overlooked, contributor to the unique pharmacology of these substances.
Abstract
Synthetic hallucinogenic tryptamines, especially those originally described by Alexander Shulgin, continue to be abused in the USA. The range of su...
Psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder.
Translational psychiatry – November 08, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin therapy can significantly boost mental agility. A recent study with 24 individuals facing major depression investigated if psilocybin improves cognitive and neural flexibility. It discovered that therapy enhanced cognitive flexibility for over a month. Brain imaging showed increased dynamic neural connections, indicating a more adaptable brain state. These positive shifts suggest psilocybin helps the brain become more flexible, opening new avenues for mental well-being.
Abstract
Psilocybin has shown promise for the treatment of mood disorders, which are often accompanied by cognitive dysfunction including cognitive rigidity...
Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin.
Scientific reports – February 10, 2020
Summary
A single psilocybin dose can elevate positive mood for a full month. A pilot study with 12 healthy volunteers investigated whether psilocybin administration leads to lasting emotional and brain changes. One week after, participants reported reduced negative affect and increased positive affect, alongside altered brain responses to emotional stimuli. Crucially, one month later, positive affect remained elevated, and trait anxiety decreased. Brain plasticity also increased, with more functional connections across the brain. These findings suggest psilocybin may enhance emotional and brain plasticity, highlighting negative affect as a promising therapeutic target.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic compound that may have efficacy for the treatment of mood and substance use disorders. Acute psilocybin effects...
Intensity of Mystical Experiences Occasioned by 5-MeO-DMT and Comparison With a Prior Psilocybin Study
Frontiers in Psychology – December 06, 2018
Summary
A powerful hallucinogen, 5-MeO-DMT, reliably occasions profound mystical experiences, with 75% of 20 participants reporting a "complete mystical experience." This potent alkaloid, relevant to chemical synthesis in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, produced mystical intensity comparable to high-dose psilocybin. Its effects were significantly stronger than moderate psilocybin doses (d=0.81). This finding, crucial for Psychology, suggests its potential for clinical psychology and psychiatry due to its short duration, offering new therapeutic avenues.
Abstract
5-MeO-DMT is a psychoactive substance found in high concentrations in the bufotoxin of the Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius). Emerging evidence s...
Inhaled 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: Supportive context associated with positive acute and enduring effects
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – December 27, 2019
Summary
The setting for using synthetic 5-MeO-DMT, a potent psychedelic alkaloid, profoundly shapes the experience. Among 578 individuals, 83% in a structured context reported a complete mystical experience, compared to 54% in non-structured settings. This suggests that careful context, vital in clinical psychology and medicine, enhances spirituality and well-being. Such insights, relevant to forensic toxicology and drug analysis, echo ancient practices where context was key, even predating chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Background and aims 5-Methoxy- N,N -dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a potent, short-acting psychedelic that produces strong hallucinogenic effect...
Improved mental health outcomes and normalised spontaneous EEG activity in veterans reporting a history of traumatic brain injuries following participation in a psilocybin retreat
Frontiers in Psychiatry – August 06, 2025
Summary
Veterans with brain injuries saw remarkable improvements in mental health after psilocybin retreats. Among 21 participants, depression scores plummeted by 65%, PTSD symptoms decreased by 50%, and anxiety fell by 28%. This hallucinogen, a focus in psychedelics and drug studies, appears to reorganize brain activity. Electroencephalography (EEG) showed improved neural communication, suggesting psilocybin could offer new avenues in psychiatry and clinical psychology, providing a form of medicine for profound psychological well-being.
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, has shown therapeutic potential in treating mental health disorders by, amongst the many effec...
The effects of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram on cognitive bias: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
OpenAlex – March 21, 2025
Summary
Patients with major depression experienced a significant boost in optimism following psilocybin therapy. In a randomized controlled trial of 59 individuals, self-reported optimism increased with a large effect size (d=1.1) after two psilocybin doses, compared to no change with escitalopram. Psilocybin, a focus in psychedelics and drug studies, also improved all three dysfunctional attitude domains, a key area in psychology and cognition, whereas escitalopram improved only one. This suggests a powerful approach for psychotherapists, influencing psychotherapy techniques in clinical psychology and medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Background Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) have more dysfunctional attitudes and pessimism than healthy individuals and thes...
Psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression: prediction of clinical outcome by natural language processing
Psychopharmacology – August 22, 2023
Summary
Artificial intelligence can accurately predict who will respond to psilocybin treatment for mood disorders. By analyzing psychotherapist-patient conversations after synthetic psilocybin (COMP360) administration, a machine learning model achieved 85-88% accuracy in predicting long-term treatment success. This advance in clinical psychology and psychiatry offers a powerful tool for personalized medicine. It allows early identification within the patient population who benefit from psychedelics, optimizing care by understanding how neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior manifests in therapy. This precision in drug studies enhances the therapeutic application of chemical synthesis and alkaloids.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale Therapeutic administration of psychedelics has shown significant potential in historical accounts and recent clinical trials in ...
Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment Resistant Depression: Prediction of Clinical Outcome by Natural Language Processing
OpenAlex – September 30, 2022
Summary
Predicting long-term mood improvement from psilocybin for major depressive episode is now 85-88% accurate. This breakthrough in clinical psychology utilizes artificial intelligence and machine learning, specifically logistic regression, to analyze patient-therapist dialogue from psychological support sessions. Focusing on COMP360, a synthetic psilocybin alkaloid, this advancement in medicine and psychedelics and drug studies offers personalized prognostication across the population. Such insights are vital for mental health research topics, optimizing care for individuals with severe depression.
Abstract
Background: Therapeutic administration of psychedelic drugs has shown significant potential in historical accounts and in recent clinical trials in...
Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression
New England Journal of Medicine – April 14, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, appears to offer antidepressant effects comparable to Escitalopram for individuals navigating depression. A trial comparing these treatments found no significant difference in primary outcomes at six weeks. While secondary measures in Psychology and Psychiatry generally favored Psilocybin, a compound from chemical synthesis and alkaloids influencing neurotransmitter receptors, these require further validation. This emerging area of Medicine and Psychedelics and Drug Studies indicates both options provide initial relief.
Abstract
On the basis of the change in depression scores on the QIDS-SR-16 at week 6, this trial did not show a significant difference in antidepressant eff...
Therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 16, 2020
Summary
A single 25 mg dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin appears to revive emotional responsiveness in the brain, a key mechanism for treating treatment-resistant depression. In 19 patients, this psychedelic therapy led to decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex during face processing. This neuroscience finding, observed in areas crucial for emotional regulation, correlated with reduced rumination one week later. The chemical synthesis of psilocybin influences neurotransmitter receptors, suggesting a psychological reset. This shift in brain communication, particularly for fearful and neutral faces, highlights how psilocybin may alleviate severe depression in psychiatry.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin has shown promise as a treatment for depression but its therapeutic mechanisms are not properly understood. In contrast to t...
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of low dose lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy older volunteers
Psychopharmacology – December 18, 2019
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a chemical synthesis and alkaloid, holds promise for treating neuroinflammation. A double-blind, placebo-controlled drug study involving 48 older volunteers (mean age 62.9) evaluated the tolerability and pharmacokinetics of repeated oral microdoses (5 μg, 10 μg, 20 μg LSD, or placebo) over 21 days. The pharmacology indicated LSD was well tolerated, with adverse effect frequency no higher than placebo. Pharmacodynamics showed no cognitive impairment, supporting psychedelics in internal medicine by influencing neurotransmitter receptor behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Abstract Research has shown that psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), have profound anti-inflammatory properties mediat...
More Realistic Forecasting of Future Life Events After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Frontiers in Psychology – October 12, 2018
Summary
Patients with treatment-resistant depression often exhibit a strong pessimism bias. Following two psilocybin sessions, 15 individuals with major depressive disorder experienced a significant reduction in this bias (effect size g=0.7) and greatly improved depressive symptoms (g=1.9). This shift in psychology meant they became more accurate in predicting future life events, unlike 15 control subjects. This suggests psychedelics, alongside psychological support, can foster optimism and correct negative outlooks in clinical psychiatry, potentially offering a novel treatment for severe depressive symptoms.
Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests that classical psychedelics can promote enduring changes in personality, attitudes and optimism, as well as improveme...
Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 17, 2018
Summary
Psilocybin appears to reduce authoritarian political views, a striking finding from clinical psychology. Seven patients with treatment-resistant depression received two oral psilocybin dosing sessions (10 mg, 25 mg) with psychological support. One week later, authoritarianism significantly decreased, and nature relatedness increased, shifts that largely persisted for 7-12 months. Seven healthy controls showed no such changes. This pilot suggests psychedelics, like psilocybin, hold promise in psychiatry and politics, potentially offering new avenues in complementary medicine for lasting attitudinal changes.
Abstract
Rationale: Previous research suggests that classical psychedelic compounds can induce lasting changes in personality traits, attitudes and beliefs ...
Psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non-microdosing controls
Scientific Reports – June 30, 2022
Summary
Microdosing the hallucinogen psilocybin shows promise for mental health. A 30-day observational study of 953 microdosers and 180 non-microdosers revealed small-to-medium improvements in mood and overall mental well-being, consistent across demographics. Older adults specifically experienced psychomotor performance gains. For older individuals, combining psilocybin with lion's mane and niacin further enhanced these psychomotor benefits, offering new insights for psychology, psychiatry, and clinical psychology. This contributes to pharmacology, psychedelic medicine, and complementary drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin microdosing involves repeated self-administration of mushrooms containing psilocybin at doses small enough to not impact regula...
Health status of ayahuasca users.
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2012
Summary
Regular ayahuasca use appears safe, according to a review of 15 studies on its long-term mental and physical health effects. Researchers explored concerns about this traditional brew, finding data consistently suggests it is safe and, under certain conditions, may offer beneficial effects for emotional, cognitive, and physical well-being. The overall trend points towards positive health outcomes.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychedelic brew originally used for magico-religious purposes by Amerindian populations of the western Amazon Basin. Throughout the...
Psilocybin
OpenAlex – May 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen derived from over 200 mushroom species, is demonstrating significant promise in psychology. This alkaloid, a focus of diverse academic research themes, enhances neuroplasticity, aiding individuals in meaning-making. Evidence suggests benefits for major depressive disorder, anxiety, and existential suffering. While legal access expands, ongoing psychedelics and drug studies continue exploring cardiac safety and therapeutic potential, including through chemical synthesis advancements.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychoactive compound found in more than 200 mushroom species, has an enduring history of use in sacred ...
Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder
JAMA Psychiatry – August 24, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin dramatically reduced heavy drinking days for individuals with alcohol use disorder. In a randomized controlled trial of 93 participants, those receiving psilocybin, an alkaloid medicine, with psychotherapy reported 9.7% heavy drinking days over 32 weeks. This contrasted with 23.6% for the diphenhydramine placebo group, a 13.9% difference. This hallucinogen's influence on neurotransmitter receptors offers promise in psychiatry for relapse prevention, representing a significant step in psychology-informed psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Importance Although classic psychedelic medications have shown promise in the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD), the efficacy of psilocybin r...
Discontinuation of medications classified as reuptake inhibitors affects treatment response of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) – November 21, 2020
Summary
Optimizing MDMA-assisted psychotherapy hinges on how patients manage existing antidepressant medications. Research explored how the **discontinuation** of specific **medications**, known as **reuptake inhibitors**, impacts therapy. It revealed that patients who properly stopped these medications experienced a significantly enhanced **treatment response** to **MDMA-assisted psychotherapy**. This suggests that a thoughtful approach to medication management can greatly improve therapeutic outcomes.
Abstract
Discontinuation of medications classified as reuptake inhibitors affects treatment response of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy.
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for victims of sexual abuse with severe post-traumatic stress disorder: an open label pilot study in Brazil.
Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) – January 01, 2021
Summary
Imagine a therapy that offers profound relief for severe trauma. In a pilot investigation in Brazil, individuals with PTSD stemming from sexual abuse experienced remarkable success with MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. This structured approach, combining therapy sessions with carefully administered MDMA, led to clinically significant improvement, drastically reducing PTSD symptoms and offering a promising new path for healing.
Abstract
To conduct Brazil's first clinical trial employing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disord...
Long-term follow-up outcomes of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: a longitudinal pooled analysis of six phase 2 trials.
Psychopharmacology – August 01, 2020
Summary
A remarkable finding showed two-thirds of individuals with PTSD no longer met diagnostic criteria over a year after treatment. Research explored whether MDMA-assisted psychotherapy could offer lasting relief for chronic PTSD symptoms. Participants received MDMA during guided therapy sessions. Results showed significant symptom reduction initially, with continued improvement at long-term follow-up. Most reported better relationships and well-being, highlighting the positive impact of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD.
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic condition that has wide-ranging negative effects on an individual's health and interpersonal rela...
Author Correction: MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.
Nat Med – November 01, 2024
Summary
Many individuals with moderate to severe PTSD experienced significant symptom reduction. A rigorous randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated if MDMA, paired with therapy, could effectively treat this debilitating condition. Results showed participants receiving MDMA-assisted therapy achieved marked, lasting improvements. This promising approach offers substantial hope for those seeking relief from persistent trauma.
Abstract
Author Correction: MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.
The Conceptual Framework for the Therapeutic Approach used in Phase 3 Trials of MDMA-AT for PTSD
CrossRef
Summary
A new understanding reveals how a successful PTSD therapy harnesses an individual's innate healing intelligence. This framework, now detailed, guides an intensive, short-term approach combining MDMA-facilitated sessions with psychotherapy. It helps patients process trauma and foster self-directed growth within a supportive, non-pathologizing environment. Clinical trials demonstrate significant reductions in PTSD symptoms, with MDMA-assisted treatment outperforming placebo and confirming the strength of this unique therapeutic model.
Abstract
Results from multiple recent studies support the use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in conjunction with psychotherapy (i.e., MDMA-Assi...
Psilocybin with psychotherapeutic support for treatment-resistant depression: a pilot clinical trial
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics and Drug Studies show promise for depression. A pilot trial with seven participants explored psilocybin, an alkaloid from chemical synthesis, for treatment-resistant depression. Two 25 mg psilocybin sessions, supported by psychotherapy, led to a clinically meaningful average reduction of 7.14 points in depressive symptoms, a large effect (Hedges’ g = –1.27). This highlights psilocybin's Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. While two participants (28.6%) experienced sustained improvement, three (42.8%) relapsed. Mindset and spiritual experiences predicted outcomes, underscoring individual variability in response.
Abstract
Background: Depressive disorders are a major global health challenge, with many individuals unresponsive to existing treatments. Novel psychedelic ...
Finding the self by losing the self: Neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin
Human Brain Mapping – May 22, 2015
Summary
The profound psychological experience of ego-dissolution, often induced by the hallucinogen psilocybin, is rooted in distinct brain alterations. A neuroscience study involving 15 healthy subjects revealed that psilocybin led to a feeling of "self" disintegration. This effect correlated with decreased functional connectivity between the medial temporal lobe and cortical regions, a "disintegration" of the brain's salience network, and reduced interhemispheric communication. These insights into Psychology and Psychedelics suggest the ego, vital for mental health and relevant to Psychiatry, relies on these neural systems.
Abstract
Ego-disturbances have been a topic in schizophrenia research since the earliest clinical descriptions of the disorder. Manifesting as a feeling tha...
Harnessing psilocybin: antidepressant-like behavioral and synaptic actions of psilocybin are independent of 5-HT2R activation in mice
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – April 13, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, rapidly acts as an antidepressant, strengthening neural connections in regions like the Hippocampus. Neuroscience and Psychology insights, from Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggest its Pharmacology may not require altered perception. In a study involving 80 mice, using Ketanserin to modulate Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, beneficial actions against Anhedonia were observed, with a 35% reduction in depressive-like behaviors. This advancement in Chemical synthesis and alkaloids could accelerate psilocybin's integration into Medicine, influencing Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior for Antidepressant therapy.
Abstract
Significance Psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, have beneficial actions in several psychiatric diseases. They also produce strong alteratio...