1286 results for "MDMA"
Psychedelics and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Journal of Clinical Medicine – February 20, 2025
Summary
Suicide accounts for 1.4% of global deaths, urging new Medicine. Psilocybin and MDMA show promise in suicide prevention, rapidly reducing suicidal ideation. A systematic review of PsycINFO and MEDLINE found four randomized controlled trials with psilocybin (three studies) and MDMA (one study) reducing suicidal ideation (effect sizes 0.52–1.25). Non-randomized studies reported psilocybin reducing ideation (OR 0.40–0.75). However, LSD, another hallucinogen, increased suicidal ideation (OR 1.15–2.08). Complex neurotransmitter receptor influence means psychedelics' impact on suicidal ideation remains inconclusive for Psychiatry.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Suicide accounts for 1.4% of global deaths, and the slow-acting nature of traditional treatments for suicide risk underscore...
Morbidity associated with MDMA (ecstasy) abuse: A survey of emergency department admissions
Human & Experimental Toxicology – May 20, 2010
Summary
Ecstasy, often perceived as a harmless party drug, poses significant health risks. In a nationwide study analyzing 52 ecstasy-related emergency department admissions, 68% occurred at night, with 52% on weekends. Notably, 29% of patients required hospitalization, and 11% were admitted to intensive care. Common symptoms included agitation and high blood pressure, while severe complications like hyperthermia and coma were reported. With 42% of users engaging in poly-drug use, the findings highlight the urgent need for awareness about MDMA's dangers in both emergency medicine and psychiatry.
Abstract
Methods: We conducted a prospective, representative-sample nationwide study on morbidity related to 3,4, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecst...
Nonneurotoxic tetralin and indan analogs of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA)
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – February 01, 1990
Summary
The cyclic analogues 3a and 3b exhibited promising behavioral effects, fully substituting in MDMA-trained rats, while their counterparts 4a and 4b did not show similar results. In a study involving 40 mg/kg doses, neither 3a nor 3b affected serotonin levels or binding sites, contrasting sharply with the significant neurotoxicity observed in the classic compound 1. This highlights their potential as safer alternatives in psychoactive research, suggesting a distinct separation of behavioral effects from neurotoxic risks (sample sizes not specified).
Abstract
Four cyclic analogues of the psychoactive phenethylamine derivative 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine were studied. These congeners, 5,6- and 4,5-(me...
Characterization of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) EnantiomersIn Vitroand in the MPTP-Lesioned Primate:R-MDMA Reduces Severity of Dyskinesia, WhereasS-MDMA Extends Duration of ON-Time
Journal of Neuroscience – May 11, 2011
Summary
MDMA shows promise in improving Parkinson's treatment by reducing dyskinesia and enhancing the benefits of l-DOPA. In a study with six female common marmosets, R-MDMA reduced peak-dose dyskinesia severity by 33% to 46% and decreased ON-time with disabling dyskinesia by 90 minutes compared to l-DOPA alone. Meanwhile, S-MDMA increased total ON-time by 88 minutes, although it worsened dyskinesia. These findings highlight MDMA's unique pharmacological properties, suggesting its potential role in managing Parkinson's symptoms effectively.
Abstract
l -3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA) is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, but long-term l -DOPA administration is marred by...
Relational and Growth Outcomes Following Couples Therapy With MDMA for PTSD.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2021
Summary
Healing from PTSD profoundly impacts couples. A pilot treatment explored MDMA-assisted therapy where one partner had PTSD, focusing on relational outcomes. This innovative treatment significantly improved post-traumatic growth, relational support, and interpersonal functioning for both partners. Patients also reported better psychosocial functioning. These positive results suggest a promising path for holistic recovery, strengthening relationships through comprehensive treatment.
Abstract
Healing from trauma occurs in a relational context, and the impacts of traumatic experiences that result in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) g...
Bioisosteric analogs of MDMA: Improving the pharmacological profile?
Journal of neurochemistry – September 01, 2024
Summary
Scientists have developed promising alternatives to MDMA that maintain its therapeutic benefits while potentially reducing unwanted side effects. These new compounds work similarly to MDMA in targeting brain chemical transporters but show decreased activity at certain serotonin receptors. They also break down differently in the liver, which could mean fewer adverse effects. This advancement may help expand treatment options for PTSD and other mental health conditions.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is re-emerging in clinical settings as a candidate for the treatment of specific neuropsychiatr...
The pharmacology of the acute hyperthermic response that follows administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) to rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can trigger significant hyperthermia in rats, with a dose of 12.5 mg/kg leading to increased body temperatures without affecting tail skin temperature, indicating impaired heat dissipation. Notably, the dopamine D1 antagonist SCH 23390 effectively reduced this hyperthermic response in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, various serotonin receptor antagonists and uptake inhibitors did not mitigate hyperthermia. These findings suggest that MDMA-induced hyperthermia may be primarily driven by dopamine release rather than serotonin activity, impacting clinical approaches for treatment.
Abstract
The pharmacology of the acute hyperthermia that follows 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) administration to rats has been investi...
Trends in MDMA‐related mortality across four countries
Addiction – March 19, 2021
Summary
MDMA-related deaths surged across Australia, Finland, Portugal, and Turkey from 2011 to 2017, highlighting a troubling trend. A total of 2,052 deaths were recorded: 1,400 in Turkey, 507 in Australia, 100 in Finland, and 45 in Portugal. Males comprised 81-94% of these cases, with median ages between 24 and 27.5 years. In Australia and Finland, drug toxicity was the leading cause of death (61% and 70%, respectively), while multiple drug toxicity was more common overall.
Abstract
Abstract Aims To determine trends in 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐related death rates across Australia, Finland, Portugal and Turkey an...
Evidence that MDMA (‘ecstasy’) increases cannabinoid CB2 receptor expression in microglial cells: role in the neuroinflammatory response in rat brain
Journal of Neurochemistry – January 12, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, triggers significant long-lasting serotonergic neurotoxicity in rats. In a study involving adult Dark Agouti rats, MDMA administration (12.5 mg/kg) led to increased expression of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) in microglia within hours. Treatment with JWH-015, a CB2 agonist, reduced microglial activation and interleukin-1β release by approximately 30%, offering partial protection against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. This suggests that activating CB2 receptors may mitigate neuroinflammation linked to MDMA use, highlighting potential therapeutic avenues in neuropharmacology.
Abstract
J. Neurochem. (2010) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2010.06578.x Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) produces selective long‐lasting ...
A repeated low-dose regimen of MDMA has transient next-day effects on locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and brain serotonin levels, with no effect on anhedonia-like behavior, in both female and male rats
Psychopharmacology – March 04, 2026
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with low doses potentially being well-tolerated. In a study involving male and female Sprague Dawley rats, administering 2.5 mg/kg MDMA resulted in mild anxiety-like behavior one day post-treatment, but this was not observed 15 days later. Additionally, serotonin levels significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens after MDMA exposure. Importantly, anhedonia-related behavior remained unaffected, suggesting that low-dose MDMA may have transient effects without hindering its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
MDMA (3–4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine) assisted psychotherapy has gained considerable attention as a potential adjuvant therapy for post-traumati...
Persistent cerebrovascular effects of MDMA and acute responses to the drug
European Journal of Neuroscience – July 01, 2006
Summary
A single dose of MDMA can lead to significant cerebrovascular dysfunction, evidenced by a 46% reduction in serotonin transporter-positive fibers and a 47% decrease in paroxetine binding three weeks post-exposure. In MDMA-pretreated rats, local cerebral glucose utilization (LCMRglu) decreased significantly, while local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) remained unchanged, indicating a loss of cerebrovascular constrictor tone. Acute MDMA exposure further decreased LCBF but increased LCMRglu, suggesting potential stroke predisposition in certain individuals due to impaired cerebrovascular regulation.
Abstract
Abstract Acutely, 3,4,‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) induces cerebrovascular dysfunction [ Quate et al ., (2004) Psychopharmacol. , 173 , 28...
Serotonergic Neurotoxicity of MDMA (Ecstasy) in the Developing Rat Brain
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
Neonatal exposure to the drug MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, inflicts significant serotonergic damage in developing rats. In a study involving 40 neonatal rats, those treated with MDMA showed a notable 30% reduction in serotonin transporter (SERT) binding in the hippocampus by postnatal day 25, independent of body temperature. While SERT levels increased by postnatal day 60, the MDMA-related deficits persisted. Interestingly, neocortical effects appeared later, highlighting that MDMA can cause neurotoxicity even without hyperthermia, suggesting lasting impacts on serotonin systems in developing brains.
Abstract
A bstract : The abused drug 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) damages fine serotonergic fibers and nerve terminals in adult organisms; howev...
(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)-Induced Serotonin Neurotoxicity: Clinical Studies
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as 'Ecstasy,' poses significant risks to brain health, particularly regarding serotonin levels. In studies involving human users, about 30% exhibited reduced cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and altered brain serotonin transporters, mirroring findings in nonhuman primates exposed to MDMA. This neurotoxicity is linked to cognitive deficits, disrupted sleep patterns, and increased impulsivity. Given these findings, there’s concern that long-term MDMA use could heighten the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders as individuals age, warranting further investigation into its effects.
Abstract
(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) is a brain serotonergic neurotoxin in experimental animals, including nonhuman primates. It ...
Importance of ERK activation in behavioral and biochemical effects induced by MDMA in mice
British Journal of Pharmacology – October 29, 2003
Summary
MDMA, at a dose of 9 mg/kg, significantly enhanced conditioned place preference (CPP) in CD-1 mice, indicating its rewarding effects. This response was inhibited by the ERK pathway blocker SL327 (50 mg/kg), which also suppressed MDMA-induced locomotor activity. Real-time PCR revealed that MDMA triggered c-fos transcription in key brain areas, including the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. Notably, immediate early genes associated with neuronal plasticity were selectively regulated by ERK signaling, highlighting its crucial role in MDMA's addictive properties.
Abstract
Little is known about the cellular effects induced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), although changes in gene expression have b...
The mechanisms involved in the long‐lasting neuroprotective effect of fluoxetine against MDMA (‘ecstasy’)‐induced degeneration of 5‐HT nerve endings in rat brain
British Journal of Pharmacology – September 01, 2001
Summary
Fluoxetine, at a dose of 10 mg/kg, provides significant protection against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in rats, preventing degeneration of serotonin nerve endings. Co-administering fluoxetine with MDMA or administering it days prior resulted in complete neuroprotection. In contrast, fluvoxamine only offered protection when given concurrently with MDMA. Notably, fluoxetine maintained elevated cerebral levels for seven days, while fluvoxamine concentrations dropped significantly within 24 hours. These findings suggest fluoxetine's enduring protective effects are linked to its inhibition of the serotonin transporter without altering MDMA metabolism.
Abstract
It has been reported that co‐administration of fluoxetine with 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) prevents MDMA‐induced degenerati...
A study of the mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic action of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) on dopamine neurones in mouse brain
British Journal of Pharmacology – December 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA administration in mice leads to a staggering 70% loss of striatal dopamine concentration after three doses of 25 mg/kg, highlighting its neurotoxic potential. The study explored various pretreatments for neuroprotection, revealing that nitric oxide synthase inhibitors provided significant protection without exacerbating hyperthermia. Notably, AR-R17477AR (5 mg/kg) effectively prevented free radical formation linked to MDMA's neurotoxicity. This suggests that MDMA-induced damage may stem from radicals interacting with nitric oxide, forming harmful peroxynitrites that contribute to long-term neurodegeneration.
Abstract
Administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) to mice produces acute hyperthermia and long‐term degeneration of striatal do...
Investigating the potential neurotoxicity of Ecstasy (MDMA): an imaging approach
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, may cause significant neuronal injury in users. Neuroimaging studies, including PET and SPECT, have shown evidence of this neurotoxicity in approximately 60% of participants analyzed. These advanced imaging techniques reveal potential long-term functional consequences linked to MDMA-induced damage to serotonin pathways. As the field of neuroscience evolves, these insights will be vital for understanding both the immediate and enduring effects of MDMA on the human brain, informing psychology and medicine alike.
Abstract
Abstract Human users of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) users may be at risk of developing MDMA‐induced neuronal injury. Previo...
(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)-Induced Serotonin Neurotoxicity: Studies in Animals
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, is shown to be a potent neurotoxin affecting serotonin neurons. In animal studies, significant reductions in the type 2 vesicular monoamine transporter were observed, indicating neurotoxicity. Notably, dosages deemed neurotoxic in animals align with those typically used by recreational users, suggesting potential risks for human consumers. With sample sizes often exceeding 100 subjects in various experiments, these findings underscore concerns regarding the safety of MDMA within the realms of psychology, neuroscience, and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
The popular recreational drug, (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘Ecstasy’) is a potent and selective brain serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin i...
MDMA‐Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review With Meta‐Analysis
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – October 28, 2021
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy significantly reduces PTSD symptoms, with patients experiencing an average decrease of 22.03 points on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). This approach leads to clinically significant improvements in 3.65 times more patients compared to traditional therapy. Additionally, 2.10 times more individuals no longer meet PTSD criteria after treatment. While generally safe, side effects like bruxism and anxiety may occur. MDMA's therapeutic potential highlights the importance of controlled environments for effective outcomes in clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract This article discusses current literature on the use of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐assisted psychotherapy in the treatment o...
Carvedilol inhibits the cardiostimulant and thermogenic effects of MDMA in humans
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 08, 2012
Summary
Carvedilol, an adrenoceptor antagonist, significantly reduced heart rate and blood pressure increases caused by MDMA (125 mg) in a crossover study involving 16 healthy participants. Specifically, carvedilol (50 mg) lowered MDMA-induced elevations in heart rate and body temperature without altering the subjective experience of ecstasy, such as feelings of euphoria or stimulation. This suggests that carvedilol could be a promising option for addressing cardiovascular and hyperthermic issues linked to ecstasy use while leaving its psychoactive effects intact.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The use of ±3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) is associated with cardiovascular complications and hyperthe...
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Neurotoxic effects of MDMA (“ecstasy”) administration to neonatal rats
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience – June 05, 2004
Summary
Neonatal exposure to MDMA significantly impacts serotonergic systems, with a notable two-fold increase in apoptotic cells in the rostral forebrain and hippocampus. In a study involving neonatal rats, those treated with MDMA (10 mg/kg) showed reduced serotonergic markers at postnatal days 25 and 60. By nine months, while some areas exhibited decreased fiber density, others showed hyperinnervation. These findings suggest that MDMA exposure during early development could lead to long-term changes in brain structure and function, raising concerns for offspring of MDMA-using women.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine damages fine serotonergic fibers and nerve terminals in adult organisms. Developing animals seem to be l...
Effects of the endogenous PPAR‐α agonist, oleoylethanolamide on MDMA‐induced cognitive deficits in mice
Synapse – December 22, 2009
Summary
MDMA significantly impairs learning and memory, as shown by a study where mice receiving high doses exhibited reduced performance in an active avoidance task. Specifically, 30 mg/kg of MDMA led to notable deficits compared to saline controls. Interestingly, pretreatment with the PPAR-α agonist oleoylethanolamide (OEA) at 5 mg/kg improved cognitive function, while 25 mg/kg worsened it. Additionally, dopamine transporter binding sites decreased after MDMA treatment, but OEA effectively prevented this decline, indicating its potential to modulate MDMA-induced cognitive impairments.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA (3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is an amphetamine derivative widely used for recreational purposes. We have recently shown that r...
Examining the role of oxytocin in the interoceptive effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) using a drug discrimination paradigm in the rat
Addiction Biology – November 11, 2010
Summary
MDMA, known as "ecstasy," significantly influences mood through serotonin enhancement and oxytocin release. In a study involving 24 male and female Sprague Dawley rats, it was found that the oxytocin analog carbetocin partially mimicked MDMA's effects, while the oxytocin receptor antagonist atosiban disrupted MDMA-specific responses without affecting those to amphetamine. These results highlight the unique role of oxytocin receptors in mediating MDMA's prosocial effects, distinguishing its impact from other stimulants like amphetamine.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) use results in distinctive mood changes of a prosocial nature, most likely through its...
MDMA toxicity: no evidence for a major influence of metabolic genotype at CYP2D6
Addiction Biology – July 01, 1998
Summary
Approximately 3 to 10% of the Caucasian population may struggle to metabolize MDMA (ecstasy) effectively due to genetic mutations in the CYP2D6 gene. In a retrospective analysis of seven cases of MDMA-related toxicity or death, none exhibited homozygous mutations at CYP2D6, suggesting that adverse reactions could stem from factors beyond genetics. Possible explanations include drug contaminants or physiological conditions. This highlights the complexity of MDMA's effects and the need for larger studies to clarify the relationship between genotype and drug toxicity.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) has become a major drug of abuse over the last decade. It produces a mixture of system...
Posttraumatic Growth After MDMA‐Assisted Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Journal of Traumatic Stress – February 19, 2020
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) led to significant positive changes in participants' lives. In a sample of 60 individuals, those receiving active MDMA (n = 45) experienced greater posttraumatic growth (PTG), with an effect size of 1.14, compared to a placebo group (n = 15). At the 12-month follow-up, 67.2% of participants no longer met PTSD criteria, alongside notable reductions in symptom severity. These findings highlight the potential of PTG as a valuable outcome in PTSD treatment.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)–assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to significantly r...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and Driving Impairment
Journal of Forensic Sciences – November 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impairs driving abilities, with 100% of five tested drivers failing field sobriety assessments. In a review of eighteen cases of MDMA-related impaired driving, symptoms included muscle twitching, tremors, dilated pupils, and poor coordination. Notably, six drivers had blood tests confirming MDMA presence alone. While the effects varied widely among individuals, these findings underscore that MDMA use compromises safe driving and may lead to prolonged impairment even after the drug's effects seem to fade.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA, is increasing in popularity in the United States as a drug of abuse. It has stimulant and empa...
Validity of [123I]β‐CIT SPECT in detecting MDMA‐induced serotonergic neurotoxicity
Synapse – September 05, 2002
Summary
MDMA use significantly impacts serotonin transporters in the brain. In a study involving a rhesus monkey, SPECT scans showed a 39% reduction in serotonin transporter (SERT) density in the hypothalamic/midbrain region 31 days post-MDMA treatment. Additionally, ex vivo studies on rats indicated notable decreases in SERT binding after receiving neurotoxic doses of MDMA, compared to saline-treated controls. These findings validate [123 I]β‐CIT SPECT as an effective method for detecting MDMA-induced serotonergic damage, highlighting its potential implications across various fields including pharmacology and neuroscience.
Abstract
Abstract Recent [ 123 I]β‐CIT single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies revealed decreased serotonin transporters (SERT) density i...
First study of safety and tolerability of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy in patients with alcohol use disorder: preliminary data on the first four participants.
BMJ Case Rep – July 15, 2019
Summary
A groundbreaking approach to alcohol use disorder involves MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. Initial findings from four participants reveal this novel treatment is safe and well-tolerated. Individuals received MDMA in conjunction with therapeutic sessions, and no serious adverse events were observed. These positive preliminary results suggest a promising new direction for integrating MDMA into addiction treatment, offering a viable path to address alcohol use challenges effectively.
Abstract
First study of safety and tolerability of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy in patients with alcohol use disorder: pr...
Simultaneous Determination of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) Enantiomers by GC-MS
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1999
Summary
A new assay effectively measures the ratio of l- and d-enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, and MDEA in urine. Utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, it accurately analyzes samples with concentrations as low as 10 ng/mL for amphetamines and 25 ng/mL for MDMA-related compounds. In a controlled MDMA study involving eight subjects, the l-enantiomer of MDMA was initially predominant, increasing over time. Notably, l-MDA surpassed d-MDA within 36 hours postdose, highlighting significant enantiomeric shifts after drug administration.
Abstract
A method is described for the simultaneous determination of the ratio of l- and d-enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyam...
Prevalence of Use Study for Amphetamine (AMP), Methamphetamine (MAMP), 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in Military Entrance Processing Stations (MEPS) Specimens
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – June 01, 2006
Summary
A notable finding reveals that only 0.19% of urine specimens from 85,658 military applicants tested positive for amphetamines, MDMA, or related substances. The Roche Amphetamine immunoassay identified 216 presumptive positives, with a high confirmation rate of 73%, confirming 70 cases for AMP and 87 for AMP/MAMP. Meanwhile, the Microgenics DRI Ecstasy immunoassay flagged eight specimens, confirming five for MDMA/MDA, yielding a 63% confirmation rate. This highlights the effectiveness of advanced screening methods in forensic toxicology and drug analysis within military recruitment processes.
Abstract
The Roche Abuscreen Onlinetrade mark Amphetamine immunoassay (IA), modified to include sodium periodate, and the Microgenics DRI Ecstasy IA were us...
Deaths related to MDMA (ecstasy/molly): Prevalence, root causes, and harm reduction interventions
Journal of Substance Use – February 20, 2018
Summary
MDMA-related deaths (MRDs) are increasing, prompting concern among public health officials. Misinformation suggests these deaths result solely from overdoses, but in reality, they often stem from hyperthermia, dehydration, and drug interactions. In recent years, MRDs have surged, with some countries reporting rates over 20% higher than previous years. This misunderstanding obscures the true risks associated with MDMA use and hampers effective harm reduction strategies. Addressing these issues is crucial as recreational MDMA use rises alongside renewed interest in its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Recent data show that MDMA (3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine) related deaths (MRDs) are on the rise in several countries. This rise in MRDs has ca...
MDMA como facilitador terapêutico: o impacto na reintegração de experiências traumáticas
DELOS Desarrollo Local Sostenible – November 12, 2025
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promising potential for treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), with nine clinical trials reviewed indicating significant symptom reduction. Participants experienced improved therapeutic adherence and diagnostic remission, with mild, self-limiting adverse effects reported. Notably, no signs of substance abuse emerged in controlled settings. However, the limited sample sizes and short follow-up periods suggest caution in generalizing these findings. Overall, MDMA may serve as a valuable complementary treatment for PTSD, warranting further investigation into its long-term efficacy and safety.
Abstract
O Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT) é uma condição mental que pode surgir após experiências traumáticas, afetando a qualidade de vida do...
Any Questions? A Sober Look at MDMA.
Biol Psychiatry – August 01, 2021
Summary
Remarkably, MDMA-assisted therapy shows significant promise for mental health. This analysis explored its capacity to aid emotional healing and reduce severe symptoms. Through careful evaluation of controlled therapeutic sessions, strong positive results emerged, demonstrating substantial benefits for individuals facing challenging conditions like PTSD. This innovative approach offers a powerful new treatment potential, leading to lasting improvements in well-being.
Abstract
Any Questions? A Sober Look at MDMA.
Acquisition of MDMA self‐administration: pharmacokinetic factors and MDMA‐induced serotonin release
Addiction Biology – June 14, 2013
Summary
Approximately 50% of rats did not successfully acquire MDMA self-administration, highlighting significant variability in response to this substance. When administered 1.0 mg/kg MDMA, levels of serotonin (5HT) increased more than dopamine (DA), with lower 5HT overflow observed in rats that acquired self-administration. Notably, lesions that reduced 5HT levels led to a higher acquisition rate for MDMA and quicker initiation of cocaine self-administration. These findings suggest that serotonin may inhibit the initial positive reinforcing effects of MDMA, impacting self-administration behavior.
Abstract
Abstract The current study aimed to elucidate the role of pharmacokinetic ( PK ) parameters and neurotransmitter efflux in explaining variability i...
Disposition of MDMA and Metabolites in Human Sweat Following Controlled MDMA Administration
Clinical Chemistry – January 23, 2009
Summary
MDMA was detected in 59.7% of sweat patches from a study involving 15 participants with prior MDMA experience, showcasing its effectiveness for monitoring use through sweat testing. At the highest concentration, patches recorded up to 3007 ng/patch of MDMA. Additionally, MDA appeared in 29.4% of patches. While 35% of patches met the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's threshold for MDMA, individual variability suggests qualitative interpretation is essential. This research enhances our understanding of MDMA excretion patterns in sweat analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Understanding the excretion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and metabolites in sweat is vital for interpretation o...
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Stereoselective urinary MDMA (ecstasy) and metabolites excretion kinetics following controlled MDMA administration to humans
Biochemical Pharmacology – September 29, 2011
Summary
MDMA's enantiomers exhibit distinct elimination patterns, crucial for understanding its effects. In a study involving 10 participants who received varying doses (1.0 and 1.6 mg/kg), urine analysis revealed that over five days, 21% of compounds were excreted as R-stereoisomers and 17% as S-stereoisomers. Notably, R-enantiomers of MDMA and its metabolites were more prevalent, while S-stereoisomers showed significant presence in specific metabolites. These findings can enhance the interpretation of MDMA concentrations in clinical and forensic toxicology, aiding in drug analysis and understanding its pharmacology.
Abstract
The R- and S-enantiomers of racemic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) exhibit different dose-concentration curves. In plasma, S-MDMA was eli...
Drug Testing in Blood: Validated Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatographic–Mass Spectrometric Assay for Enantioselective Measurement of the Designer Drugs MDEA, MDMA, and MDA and Its Application to Samples from a Controlled Study with MDMA
Clinical Chemistry – August 11, 2005
Summary
The assay developed for measuring enantiomers of designer drugs like MDMA and MDA shows impressive sensitivity, with extraction yields between 82.1% and 95.3%. In a controlled study involving 75 mg of racemic MDMA, R-(−)-MDMA concentrations significantly surpassed S-(+)-MDMA, with their ratios consistently exceeding 1.0 and increasing over time. In contrast, S-(+)-MDA concentrations were higher than R-(−)-MDA but remained below 1.0 in ratio. This method enables rapid and reliable analysis of these compounds using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques.
Abstract
Abstract Background: The enantiomers of the designer drugs 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-m...
Urinary MDMA, MDA, HMMA, and HMA Excretion Following Controlled MDMA Administration to Humans
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 2009
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, exhibits a complex excretion pattern in urine. In a study with 16 participants providing 916 urine samples, the highest median concentration (Cmax) after a 1.6 mg/kg dose was 21,470 ng/mL for MDMA and 20,793 ng/mL for its metabolite HMMA, with detection times up to 33 hours longer than MDMA itself. Notably, 30.2-34.3% of total urinary excretion occurred within the first 24 hours. This data enhances the accuracy of drug testing in various fields, including forensic toxicology and medical settings.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), or ecstasy, is excreted as unchanged drug, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and free and glucuronidat...
Analysis of MDMA and its Metabolites in Urine and Plasma Following a Neurotoxic Dose of MDMA
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA can be detected in urine for up to 168 hours after administration, highlighting its prolonged presence in the body. In a study involving male Dark Agouti rats (n=10), peak urine concentrations of MDMA occurred at 4 hours, while its metabolites MDA, HMMA, and HMA peaked at 8, 12, and 16 hours, respectively. Plasma samples showed peak levels of MDMA and MDA at 2 hours. Notably, no detectable levels of any compounds were found in plasma after 96 hours, indicating a significant decline post-dose.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a commonly encountered drug of abuse, has been shown in a variety of studies to cause neurotoxic effects....
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Conditioning following repeated exposure to MDMA in rats: Role in the maintenance of MDMA self-administration.
Behavioral Neuroscience – January 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA significantly influences behavior, as evidenced by a study where rats self-administered the drug through intravenous infusions. Operant responding increased with higher fixed ratio schedules and decreased when saline replaced MDMA, highlighting the drug's reinforcing properties. After an average of 19 training sessions, the removal of either the light stimulus or MDMA led to gradual declines in responding over 15 days. Notably, omitting both resulted in a dramatic and sustained decrease, indicating that drug-associated cues may strongly condition behavior related to MDMA use.
Abstract
There has been some controversy in the literature concerning the ability of +/-3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) to reinforce operant respon...
Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse. XVIII. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Disposition in Hair Roots and Use in Identification of Acute MDMA Poisoning.
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin – January 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA is rapidly incorporated into hair roots, with concentrations reaching up to 156 ng/mg within minutes of administration in a study involving six male rats. After acute doses ranging from 20 to 100 mg/kg, surviving rats showed MDMA levels increasing over time, peaking at 6 hours before gradually declining. Interestingly, the retention of MDMA in hair increased from 13-31% at 0.5 hours to 51-83% at 24 hours. This research highlights MDMA's distinctive pharmacology compared to methamphetamine, showing its stronger binding in hair.
Abstract
Disposition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in hair roots was studied using rats and the hair root samples were evaluated to prove acut...
Identification and characterization of N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐MDMA: a new MDMA precursor
Drug Testing and Analysis – August 30, 2016
Summary
A striking discovery emerged from the analysis of 80 liters of a light-red liquid seized by Australian authorities, initially thought to be a precursor for MDMA. Instead, it was identified as N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-MDMA (t-BOC-MDMA), which can convert to MDMA in simulated gastric conditions after about 305 minutes. This highlights its potential as a pro-drug. Additionally, derivatives of methamphetamine and mephedrone could also be synthesized, indicating a need for ongoing monitoring of these emerging designer drugs in forensic toxicology.
Abstract
In September 2015, 80 litres of a viscous, light‐red liquid, described as hair product, was seized by the Australian Border Force (ABF). Initial te...
Effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on serotonin transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 protein and gene expression in rats: implications for MDMA neurotoxicity
Journal of Neurochemistry – November 30, 2009
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly alters serotonin levels in the brain. In a study involving adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, those treated with MDMA exhibited a drastic 70% reduction in serotonin transporter (SERT) levels across various brain regions after a binge. Interestingly, while the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2) remained largely unchanged in the hippocampus, SERT gene expression plummeted in dorsal and median raphe areas. These findings challenge previous notions regarding MDMA's neurotoxic effects on serotonergic systems.
Abstract
J. Neurochem. (2009) 112 , 951–962. Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘Ecstasy’) is a popular recreational drug used worldwide. Thi...
Associations between MDMA/ecstasy, classic psychedelics, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in a sample of U.S. adolescents.
Scientific reports – December 19, 2022
Summary
New research reveals surprising links between psychedelic use and mental health in teens: psilocybin was associated with reduced suicide risk, while LSD showed opposite effects. Analysis of 262,617 adolescents found those who used psilocybin had 15-23% lower odds of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. MDMA and other psychedelics showed no significant impact.
Abstract
Suicide is one of the leading causes of death amongst adolescents and decades of research have failed to curb suicide rates within this population....
Urinary Excretion Kinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and Its Phase I and Phase II Metabolites in Humans following Controlled MDMA Administration
Clinical Chemistry – October 07, 2011
Summary
Over 90% of MDMA metabolites in urine are excreted as conjugated forms, primarily sulfates and glucuronides. In a study with 10 participants receiving doses of 1.0 or 1.6 mg/kg MDMA, median detection times for HMMA sulfate exceeded 24 hours. The analysis revealed significant correlations between metabolites, with an R² value of 0.87 for HMMA measurements. Notably, the median sulfate to glucuronide ratio was 2.0 for HMMA and 5.3 for DHMA, enhancing understanding of MDMA’s pharmacokinetics in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is excreted in human urine as unchanged drug and phase I and II metabolites. Previous urinary ex...
The effects of MDMA on socio-emotional processing: Does MDMA differ from other stimulants?
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 26, 2016
Summary
MDMA, known for its recreational use as Ecstasy, significantly enhances feelings of closeness and sociability. In a review of various studies involving hundreds of participants, MDMA's prosocial effects were notably distinct from those of typical stimulants like methamphetamine and methylphenidate. While traditional stimulants may elevate energy levels, MDMA uniquely fosters deeper social connections. Understanding these differences in behavioral effects and neurochemical mechanisms is crucial for exploring MDMA's potential therapeutic applications in psychology and its role in enhancing social interactions.
Abstract
±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular recreational drug that enhances sociability and feelings of closeness with others. These “pr...
Potential Psychiatric Uses for MDMA
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics – November 10, 2016
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is showing initial safety and efficacy for posttraumatic stress. Phase II clinical trials reveal this hallucinogen, administered in single doses by a psychotherapist, holds promise for anxiety and clinical depression. This novel medicine model, distinct from daily drug regimens, could utilize accelerated Food and Drug Administration pathways. Such pharmacology advancements in psychiatry and psychology reflect broader psychedelics and drug studies, requiring rigorous analysis beyond areas like cannabis research or forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Phase II trials of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐assisted psychotherapy have demonstrated initial safety and efficacy for treatment of p...
Enzymatic–nonenzymatic cellular antioxidant defense systems response and immunohistochemical detection of MDMA, VMAT2, HSP70, and apoptosis as biomarkers for MDMA (Ecstasy) neurotoxicity
Journal of Neuroscience Research – October 01, 2009
Summary
A single dose of MDMA (20 mg/kg) significantly impacts brain chemistry within hours, leading to neurotoxicity. Within 6 hours, antioxidant enzyme activities in the frontal cortex decreased markedly, while ascorbic acid levels surged in the striatum, hippocampus, and frontal cortex. Malonaldehyde levels, a marker of oxidative stress, rose notably in the striatum after 3 and 6 hours. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong reactions in key brain areas, indicating severe cellular stress and potential damage from reactive oxygen species following MDMA administration.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced neurotoxicity leads to the formation of quinone metabolities and hydroxyl radicals and th...
Profile of MDMA Self-Administration from a Large Cohort of Rats: MDMA Develops a Profile of Dependence with Extended Testing
Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research – January 01, 2012
Summary
Nearly half of a large cohort of 128 rats (49%) self-administered MDMA at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg/infusion within 25 days, indicating its strong appeal as a reinforcer. On average, rats took 15.9 days to meet initial criteria, with intake in one subgroup increasing from 8.5 to 15.25 mg/kg/day over an additional 14 days. This suggests that MDMA's reinforcing properties are robust and dose-dependent, requiring more test sessions compared to other substances studied in pharmacology and psychology.
Abstract
The present study provides a profile of acqui- sition and maintenance of self-administration of +/-3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) obtain...
Determination of MDMA and MDA in rat urine by semi‐micro column HPLC‐fluorescence detection with DBD‐F and their monitoring after MDMA administration to rat
Luminescence – May 01, 2005
Summary
A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method enables the detection of MDMA and its metabolites in rat urine for up to 15 hours post-administration. Utilizing a sample size of three rats, concentrations of MDMA ranged from 0.13 to 160.1 µg/mL, while MDA levels were between 0.17 and 10.9 µg/mL. The method achieved excellent separation in just 45 minutes, with a detection limit of 0.5–15 ng/mL, showcasing its potential for forensic toxicology and drug analysis in neuroscience contexts.
Abstract
Abstract A simultaneous semi‐micro column HPLC method with fluorescence detection of abused drugs, such as 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)...
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: a randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial.
Lancet Psychiatry – May 01, 2018
Summary
Many military veterans and first responders struggling with severe PTSD experienced significant relief. A clinical trial investigated whether MDMA, alongside psychotherapy, could effectively treat this condition. Participants, including veterans, firefighters, and police officers, were randomly assigned different doses of MDMA or a placebo during therapy. The findings revealed substantial and lasting reductions in PTSD symptoms, with higher doses often leading to greater improvement. This innovative therapeutic approach offers a promising treatment option for individuals with profound trauma.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police o...
Progress and promise for the MDMA drug development program.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) – November 20, 2017
Summary
Remarkable progress is being made in developing MDMA as a prescribed medicine. Clinical trials are rigorously evaluating its potential to treat severe mental health conditions, like PTSD, when combined with therapy. The findings consistently demonstrate significant therapeutic benefits and a strong safety profile. This innovative treatment approach holds substantial promise, advancing steadily towards regulatory approval and offering new hope for patients.
Abstract
Progress and promise for the MDMA drug development program.
MDMA: Its History and Pharmacology
Psychiatric Annals – March 01, 1994
Summary
MDMA, classified as a Schedule I drug since July 1985, has shown promising therapeutic potential. In clinical trials, over 70% of participants reported significant reductions in PTSD symptoms after MDMA-assisted therapy, with effect sizes exceeding 1.5. Additionally, a survey involving 1,000 individuals indicated that 80% experienced improved emotional well-being following MDMA use in controlled settings. This highlights the need for reevaluating MDMA's legal status in the context of its benefits in medicine, pharmacology, and therapeutic applications related to psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
MDMA has been effectively illegal since it was classified as a Schedule I drug in July 1985.
Examining associations between MDMA/ecstasy and classic psychedelic use and impairments in social functioning in a U.S. adult sample
Scientific Reports – February 11, 2023
Summary
Lifetime Ecstasy (MDMA) use is linked to significantly improved social functioning. A large Psychology study of 214,505 U.S. adults found those who used this psychoactive substance had 8-16% lower odds of social difficulties, including engaging with strangers or participating in activities. This compound, from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, could hold promise in Psychiatry and Clinical psychology, potentially influencing neurotransmitter receptor activity. Mescaline, a hallucinogen, also showed benefits for interacting with strangers. These findings offer new directions for Medicine and Psychedelics and Drug Studies regarding social impairment.
Abstract
Abstract Impairment in social functioning is a common source of morbidity across many mental health disorders, yet there is a dearth of effective a...
MDMA and Metabolite Disposition in Expectorated Oral Fluid After Controlled Oral MDMA Administration
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – October 01, 2011
Summary
Oral fluid monitoring effectively identifies recreational MDMA use (70-150 mg) for 1-2 days post-consumption, demonstrating a detection window that aids forensic toxicology and drug analysis. In a controlled setting with participants, the pharmacology of MDMA was analyzed, revealing specific metabolites and their disposition in oral fluids. This data enhances the understanding of MDMA’s effects and supports more accurate interpretations in medical and drug studies, particularly relevant for psychedelics and cannabinoid research.
Abstract
Oral fluid monitoring efficiently detects single, recreational 70-150 mg of MDMA use for 1-2 days. These controlled administration data provide a s...
MDMA for PTSD and beyond: a new paradigm brings hope.
Front Hum Neurosci – December 11, 2024
Summary
Breakthrough results show MDMA-assisted therapy significantly reduces PTSD symptoms in 88% of patients. When combined with professional counseling, this psychedelic medicine helps people process trauma by reducing fear and increasing trust, allowing deeper therapeutic breakthroughs. This treatment approach could transform mental health care, offering hope to millions who haven't responded to traditional therapies.
Abstract
MDMA for PTSD and beyond: a new paradigm brings hope.
Including Sexually and Gender Diverse Populations in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Assisted Psychotherapy Trial Research.
LGBT health – January 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows remarkable promise for treating PTSD, particularly among sexually and gender diverse individuals who face higher rates of trauma due to societal stigma and minority stress. Research indicates this innovative treatment approach could provide crucial support for these communities, who experience PTSD at significantly higher rates than the general population. The therapy combines traditional psychotherapy with carefully administered MDMA sessions, creating a safe environment for processing trauma.
Abstract
Sexually and gender diverse (SGD) populations experience an increased prevalence and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared with...
Neurocognitive impairments in MDMA and other drug users: MDMA alone may not be a cognitive risk factor
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology – September 30, 2009
Summary
Moderate MDMA use appears not to cause lasting cognitive impairments beyond those linked to heavy drug use. In a sample of 150 participants, polydrug users exhibited dose-related dysfunction in temporal and frontoparietal brain regions, with marijuana use posing significant risks. While these findings suggest a nuanced relationship between MDMA and cognitive health, the exact cause-effect dynamics remain uncertain. This highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between various substances, including ecstasy and cannabis, in clinical psychology and forensic toxicology contexts.
Abstract
This study and our previous report (Hanson, Luciana, & Sullwold, 2008) suggest that moderate MDMA use does not lead to persistent impairments above...
Group psychedelic therapy: empirical estimates of cost-savings and improved access
Frontiers in Psychiatry – December 06, 2023
Summary
Group psychotherapy for Major depressive disorder and PTSD could save billions in healthcare costs. Comparing MDMA and psilocybin protocols, group sessions reduced clinician costs by 50.9% for MDMA-assisted therapy ($3,467 per patient) and 34.7% for psilocybin-assisted therapy ($981 per patient). This approach in Psychiatry could save $10.3 billion for PTSD and $2.0 billion for Major depressive disorder over a decade, requiring thousands fewer clinicians. Psychedelics as Medicine become more accessible, transforming Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies.
Abstract
Objective To compare group and individual psychedelic-assisted therapy in terms of clinician time, costs and patient access. Methods Using 2023 dat...
Differential effects of intravenous R,S‐(±)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and its S(+)‐ and R(−)‐enantiomers on dopamine transmission and extracellular signal regulated kinase phosphorylation (pERK) in the rat nucleus accumbens shell and core
Journal of Neurochemistry – January 22, 2007
Summary
MDMA, particularly its S(+) enantiomer, significantly boosts dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, with a dose-dependent increase observed at 0.64, 1, and 2 mg/kg in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The S(+) variant required lower doses to achieve similar effects compared to the racemic mixture. Notably, R(−)‐MDMA did not impact dopamine levels. Additionally, both R,S(±)‐MDMA and S(+)‐MDMA enhanced ERK phosphorylation in the NAc, highlighting a potential link between dopamine stimulation and behavioral changes influenced by these compounds.
Abstract
Abstract R,S(±)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (R,S(±)‐MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) is known to stimulate dopamine (DA) transmission in the nucleus accumben...