3034 results for "Psilocybin"
DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: NBOMes
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – October 28, 2019
Summary
Synthetic psychedelics known as NBOMes, derived from the natural alkaloid mescaline through chemical synthesis, emerged in 2010. While their recreational use led to acute toxicity and deaths, prompting Schedule I classification in 2013, these compounds also offer significant value. In neuroscience, specific NBOMes like [¹¹C]Cimbi-36 are crucial biochemical tools for brain imaging, enabling detailed study of serotonin 2A receptors. This dual nature highlights their impact on both public health and our understanding of brain function in cognitive science and psychology.
Abstract
N-Benzylphenethylamines, commonly known as NBOMes, are synthetic psychedelic compounds derived from the phenethylamine class of psychedelics (2C-X ...
Discrimination of Psychoactive Fungi (Commonly Called "Magic Mushrooms") Based on the DNA Sequence of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region.
Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) – January 01, 2003
Summary
Panaeolus cyanescens contained the highest psilocin levels among "magic mushrooms" sold in Japanese markets, while Amanita species had none. Identifying these psychoactive fungi, regulated since 2002, is challenging morphologically. A genetic approach, analyzing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, classified samples into 6 groups. Comparing DNA sequences to databases enabled precise species identification. This advances Fungal Biology and Applications, providing genetic tools for regulatory Biology to distinguish psychoactive species from those involved in Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions or Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases.
Abstract
'Magic mushrooms' (MMs) are psychoactive fungi containing the hallucinogenic compounds, psilocin (1) and psilocybin (2). Since June 6, 2002, these ...
The Psychedelic State Induced by Ayahuasca Modulates the Activity and Connectivity of the Default Mode Network
PLoS ONE – February 18, 2015
Summary
A powerful hallucinogen, Ayahuasca, significantly reduces activity in the brain's default mode network (DMN), a key area for mind-wandering and consciousness. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (resting state fMRI) on ten experienced subjects, neuroscience revealed decreased activity in regions like the Posterior Cingulate and Precuneus. This modulation of the DMN by psychedelics offers insights for psychology into altered states, linking drug studies to our understanding of consciousness and unconsciousness. This informs neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, relevant to tryptophan and brain disorders.
Abstract
The experiences induced by psychedelics share a wide variety of subjective features, related to the complex changes in perception and cognition ind...
Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression: Challenges and Strategies
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment – January 01, 2020
Summary
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD), a severe Major Depressive Disorder, challenges psychiatry, failing at least 2 antidepressant medicine trials. Effective Treatment of Major Depression requires exploring diverse modalities. Brain stimulation techniques, including Electroconvulsive therapy, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, and Deep brain stimulation, are crucial. Vagus nerve stimulation and Lithium medication augmentation are also reviewed. Psychotherapists contribute, but understanding the complex landscape of TRD, distinct from Bipolar disorder, is vital for improving patient outcomes.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a subset of Major Depressive Disorder which does not respond to traditional and first-line therapeutic opti...
Transformative experience and social connectedness mediate the mood-enhancing effects of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – January 21, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic substances, whose effects are explored in Drug Studies and understood via biochemical analysis, significantly boost positive mood and social connectedness in naturalistic settings. Over 1,200 participants revealed profound psychological shifts. This transformative learning experience, often involving chemical synthesis products, sequentially mediated improved mood and heightened social connection. These insights from social and cognitive psychology provide robust evidence for psychedelics' positive affective consequences, relevant for psychotherapists.
Abstract
Past research suggests that use of psychedelic substances such as LSD or psilocybin may have positive effects on mood and feelings of social connec...
A Technique for the Rapid Isolation and Identification of Psilocin from Psilocin/Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms
Journal of Forensic Sciences – July 01, 1985
Summary
A rapid chemical method now allows for the easy isolation of psilocin, a potent hallucinogen, from psilocybin-containing mushrooms. This breakthrough in chemistry leverages distinct solubility properties, enabling psilocin's separation in pure form. Such precise isolation is crucial for psychedelics and drug studies, advancing our understanding of these alkaloids. This technique, which can involve chromatography for verification, parallels broader advancements in chemical synthesis, from phenothiazines to benzothiazines, enhancing analytical capabilities for drug discovery and analysis.
Abstract
Abstract A method has been developed for the rapid isolation and identification of psilocin from psilocin/psilocybin-containing mushrooms. Based on...
Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – July 23, 2018
Summary
N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a potent hallucinogen, is remarkably ubiquitous, produced by diverse plant and animal species, and even endogenously in mammals. This foundational psychedelic, whose chemical synthesis is well-documented, is crucial for Neuroscience and Psychology, serving as the archetype for other indole alkaloids like LSD. Its enigmatic biological function in humans, along with its pharmacology and potential medical applications, are key areas in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Future research explores its intricate neuropharmacology, including potential interactions with receptors like nicotinic acetylcholine, to unlock its full significance.
Abstract
Though relatively obscure, N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an important molecule in psychopharmacology as it is the archetype for all indole-conta...
Effect of Psilocin on Extracellular Dopamine and Serotonin Levels in the Mesoaccumbens and Mesocortical Pathway in Awake Rats
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin – October 23, 2014
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocin profoundly impact brain chemistry. Using microdialysis, psilocin (5 or 10 mg/kg) significantly increased extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, influencing dopaminergic pathways. A 10 mg/kg dose boosted extracellular serotonin while decreasing dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex. The ventral tegmental area remained unaffected. These pharmacology and drug studies illuminate neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, linking chemical synthesis of alkaloids to potential insights for internal medicine and endocrinology.
Abstract
Psilocin (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-ol) is a hallucinogenic component of the Mexican mushroom Psilocybe mexicana and a skeletal seroton...
Alternative Headache Treatments: Nutraceuticals, Behavioral and Physical Treatments
Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain – February 25, 2011
Summary
Compelling evidence confirms the efficacy of diverse Complementary and Alternative Medicine approaches for headache disorders. Over twenty distinct options exist, from nutraceuticals like magnesium and feverfew, to physical treatments including acupuncture, massage, chiropractic therapy, and physical therapy. Behavioral strategies such as biofeedback also show promise. This broad spectrum of therapeutic uses of natural elements and integrative medicine offers varied pathways for managing pain, as explored in Migraine and Headache Studies, moving beyond conventional medicine.
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence supporting the efficacy of various complementary and alternative medicine approaches in the management of heada...
Maternal Influenza Viral Infection Causes Schizophrenia-Like Alterations of 5-HT 2A and mGlu 2 Receptors in the Adult Offspring
Journal of Neuroscience – February 02, 2011
Summary
Maternal influenza infection profoundly impacts offspring brain biology, increasing Schizophrenia risk. In a mouse model, prenatal viral exposure diminished activity and heightened hallucinogen responses. Neuroscience reveals a serotonin 5-HT2A receptor was upregulated, and a glutamate mGlu2 receptor downregulated in the frontal cortex. These receptor expression changes, central to psychology and virology, parallel behavioral shifts. Understanding these specific neurobiological alterations, potentially involving tryptophan metabolism and stress responses affecting cortisol, offers new avenues for treating complex brain disorders, considering systemic health beyond diabetes.
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that maternal influenza viral infection increases the risk for schizophrenia in the adult offspring. The serotonin...
Worldwide occurrence of psychoactive mushrooms - an update.
Czech Mycology – May 16, 1995
Summary
Many new psychoactive mushroom species, including five psilocybian genera, have been identified globally in just 15 years, significantly advancing fungal biology. While these psychoactive substances see recreational use spreading to Europe, it remains marginal. Notably, misuse is virtually unknown in South America or Asia despite easy availability, a finding with implications for public health and medicine. Such global patterns, important for Herbal Medicine Research Studies and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, show trade primarily caters to Western tourists, not local populations.
Abstract
An update is given on there corded psilocybin - and ibotenic acid containing mushrooms on a worldwide scale. Many new psilocybian species have been...
Psychoactive Drugs and Quality of Life
The Scientific World JOURNAL – January 01, 2003
Summary
Over half the Danish population has used illegal psychoactive drugs, a finding from a survey of 6,127 adults across various demography. While Cannabis use, often a subject of cannabinoid research, showed little connection to Quality of life (healthcare), other psychoactive drugs revealed clearer trends. For instance, 1.2% of the population using LSD reported 10% lower Quality of life. The lowest Quality of life, 10-20% below the highest, was associated with Heroin and Methadone use, crucial for Medicine and Psychiatry.
Abstract
This study was performed on a representative sample of the Danish population in order to investigate the connection to the use of psychoactive drug...
Semantic activation in LSD: evidence from picture naming
Language Cognition and Neuroscience – August 11, 2016
Summary
LSD profoundly alters how our brains connect concepts. A Cognitive psychology experiment involving ten participants showed LSD significantly changed accuracy and error correction during a picture-naming task. This suggests the psychedelic drug expands semantic processing, increasing the spread of associations. Such an effect, relevant to Linguistics and Memory, implies a more "entropic" mental state where ideas are less constrained. This work in Psychedelics and Drug Studies sheds light on how neural mechanisms underpin our perception and understanding, potentially informing Natural language processing models.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic drug that alters cognition in a characteristic way. It has been suggested that psychedeli...
Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a “Legal High” from the Internet
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 01, 2013
Summary
Profound psychological shifts, including identity dissolution often culminating in spiritual experiences, characterize Methoxetamine (MXE) use. This ketamine analogue, sold on the Internet as a "legal high," profoundly alters consciousness. Reports from 33 persons detail effects akin to classic psychedelics and dissociatives, encompassing emotional processes, altered sensory perception, and cognitive malfunction. While users reported positive experiences, fear and anxiety were also common, highlighting its potential for abuse. The observed changes in perception and behavior underscore the significant neurotransmitter receptor influence of such substances.
Abstract
Methoxetamine (MXE), a ketamine analogue, is one of the new "legal highs" sold on the Internet. The aim of this qualitative study was to provide an...
The Analysis of Controlled Substances
Analytical techniques in the sciences – March 28, 2003
Summary
The provided text is a table of contents, detailing chapters on various controlled substances like Cannabis sativa, LSD, and cocaine, and their analytical methods. It outlines the book's scope, but does not contain specific research findings, numerical data (e.g., sample sizes, percentages), or discussions on Psychology and Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. Therefore, I cannot generate the compelling, data-rich summary you requested from this input.
Abstract
Series Preface. Preface. Acronyms, Abreviations and Symbols. About the Author. Introduction to Drug Trends, Control, Legislation and Analysis. Amph...
Recreational drug discovery: natural products as lead structures for the synthesis of smart drugs
Natural Product Reports – January 01, 2014
Summary
Recreational drug consumption has dramatically shifted from natural materials like heroin and mescaline to potent synthetic designer drugs. Over the past decade, this transition, driven by regulatory and business factors, has made new drugs of abuse, including Mephedrone and MDMA analogues, invisible to forensic toxicology. Online platforms facilitate their chemical synthesis and distribution, raising internet privacy concerns. Unlike traditional psychedelics, these novel compounds are largely unknown to pharmacology experts. Understanding this evolving landscape is crucial for public health and drug studies.
Abstract
Covering: up to December 2013. Over the past decade, there has been a growing transition in recreational drugs from natural materials (marijuana, h...
The Effect of Psilocin on Memory Acquisition, Retrieval, and Consolidation in the Rat
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience – May 16, 2014
Summary
A compelling finding in Neuroscience reveals psilocin, a hallucinogen, profoundly impairs new learning. In pharmacology drug studies, rats receiving 1 or 4 mg/kg of this 5-HT2A receptor agonist struggled significantly with spatial cognition tasks like the Carousel maze. The higher 4 mg/kg dose even blocked learning in subsequent sessions. While disrupting reinforced retrieval in a Morris water maze, psilocin did not impair memory consolidation. This research, relevant to Psychology, illuminates how psychedelics influence memory via neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
The involvement of the serotonin system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has been elucidated by experiments with hallucinogens. Application ...
Investigational and Experimental Drugs to Treat Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Journal of Experimental Pharmacology – January 01, 2021
Summary
Only 20% of over 100 global trials for treatment-resistant Obsessive Compulsive Disorder explore new pharmacological approaches, despite significant need. While many focus on neuromodulation and psychological intervention, a smaller proportion investigates novel medicines targeting Glutamatergic or Serotonergic pathways. For instance, drugs like Riluzole are being explored in psychiatry. This indicates a broad effort in neuroscience and psychology to improve outcomes for obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders, moving beyond traditional psychotherapist-led methods to understand neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Treatment-resistance is a frequent condition for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Over the past decades, a lot of effort has been made to addre...
Serotonergic Hyperactivity as a Potential Factor in Developmental, Acquired and Drug-Induced Synesthesia
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience – January 01, 2013
Summary
A compelling Neuroscience insight suggests excessive serotonin levels may unify synesthesia's varied forms. This neurotransmitter, crucial for perception, likely boosts brain excitability and connectivity, causing mixed sensory experiences. From developmental and acquired cases to drug-induced synesthesia (explored in Psychedelics and Drug Studies), heightened serotonergic activity appears central. This finding, relevant to Psychology and Medicine, supported by Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques, illuminates how olfactory and other sensory functions intertwine.
Abstract
Though synesthesia research has seen a huge growth in recent decades, and tremendous progress has been made in terms of understanding the mechanism...
Patterns, Trends, and Meanings of Drug Use by Dance-drug Users in Edinburgh, Scotland
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – June 01, 2004
Summary
Over 40% of clubbers report anxiety and paranoia, stemming from drug use. A survey of 124 individuals revealed widespread use, with over 80% consuming alcohol, cannabis, and Ecstasy, and 63% using cocaine. These participants, often within dance scenes, cited relaxation and socializing as primary reasons. However, 44% admitted taking too many drugs, and 19% engaged in drug-driving. This psychological data is crucial for clinical psychology, informing medicine and psychiatry regarding substance abuse treatment and outcomes, particularly concerning paranoia and anxiety associated with psychedelics and other drugs.
Abstract
A survey of drug use in the past year was completed by 124 clubbers (50% male, 50% female, age range 14–44, mean 24 years). Participants were self ...
Chemical Constituents ofGymnopilus spectabilisand Their Antioxidant Activity
Mycobiology – January 01, 2008
Summary
Unexpectedly, specific compounds from the hallucinogenic mushroom *Gymnopilus spectabilis* exhibit potent antioxidant activity. Two isolated compounds, bisnoryangonin and hispidin, demonstrated significant scavenging against ABTS, DPPH, and superoxide radicals. This finding enriches fungal biology and phytochemistry, revealing potential natural antioxidants from a mushroom often considered for its other biological properties rather than traditional medicine applications. Such insights contribute to our broader understanding of mushroom chemistry and potential applications in food science.
Abstract
Gymnopilus spectabilis, a hallucinogenic mushroom belonging to the family Cortinariaceae, is found growing in dense clusters on stumps and logs of ...
Exploring protective associations between the use of classic psychedelics and cocaine use disorder: a population-based survey study
Scientific Reports – February 16, 2022
Summary
Strikingly, lifetime peyote use significantly reduces the odds of Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) by over 50% (Odds ratio: 0.47). A comprehensive logistic regression analysis of 214,505 U.S. adults, addressing a major public health and addiction challenge, revealed this finding. While other classic psychedelics showed no such protective effect, peyote also lowered odds for seven of eleven CUD criteria. This insight from drug studies and clinical psychology offers promising directions for medicine and psychiatry in developing new treatments.
Abstract
Abstract Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) is a significant public health problem associated with elevated morbidity and mortality within the United State...
Ethnoracial health disparities and the ethnopsychopharmacology of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – June 07, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics, used in psychotherapy, offer significant hope for treating psychiatric conditions like PTSD and depression, advancing Clinical psychology and Medicine. Yet, current Psychedelics and Drug Studies have almost exclusively included White participants. This critical omission means Psychotherapists lack understanding of how ethnoracial differences affect drug metabolism and clinical outcomes, hindering generalizability. Expanding research to include diverse populations, particularly Black, Indigenous, and People of Color, is crucial for equitable and effective mental health care in Psychiatry.
Abstract
Emerging evidence from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials suggests psychedelic compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymetham...
A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’
Drug Testing and Analysis – July 01, 2011
Summary
Over half of the 170 new psychoactive substances reported since 1997 emerged after 2006, creating a public health crisis. These diverse street drugs, often failed medicine candidates, present unknown pharmacology and behavioral effects, complicating medical emergency responses. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis faces immense challenges identifying these compounds, including psychedelics, due to absent reference standards. Understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is vital for psychiatry, but scarce data on these psychoactive substances raises serious concerns about future health impacts.
Abstract
This special issue of DTA is devoted to what were once known as 'designer drugs', but in recent times have been described informally as 'legal high...
Neurovascular and neuroimaging effects of the hallucinogenic serotonin receptor agonist psilocin in the rat brain
Neuropharmacology – July 18, 2015
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocin profoundly alter brain function, offering insights into Psychology. Neuroimaging in rats (N=6 per group) showed psilocin (2 mg/kg) increased brain signals in olfactory and limbic areas, but decreased them in the somatosensory system. Critically, while neuronal activity lessened, blood flow *enhanced*, revealing a complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This finding from Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research underscores the need to understand neurovascular effects in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, refining our interpretation of brain responses.
Abstract
The development of pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) has presented the opportunity for investigation of the neurophysiological eff...
Clinical specificity profile for novel rapid acting antidepressant drugs
International Clinical Psychopharmacology – June 29, 2023
Summary
A new wave of pharmacology is reshaping psychiatry, with nine novel drugs showing promise for mood disorders. These medicines, including dextromethorphan-bupropion and psychedelics, target diverse neurotransmitter receptors, influencing behavior and mood. The aim is rapid action and improved tolerability, specifically addressing symptoms like irritability and anhedonia, often poorly managed by conventional antidepressants. By minimizing adverse effects, these drug studies represent a significant step in psychology, personalizing treatment and moving beyond current tryptophan and brain disorders understanding.
Abstract
Mood disorders are recurrent/chronic diseases with variable clinical remission rates. Available antidepressants are not effective in all patients a...
Crystal structures of the Teonanácatl hallucinogens. Part II. Psilocin, C12H15N2O
Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 2 – January 01, 1974
Summary
The exact molecular arrangement of psilocin, a key hallucinogenic component of sacred mushrooms, has been elucidated. Using crystallography and a diffractometer, its monoclinic crystal structure was precisely determined. This analytical chemistry work revealed critical intermolecular hydrogen bonds, where proton disorder suggests a statistical mix of zwitterions and uncharged species. The resulting stereochemistry, refined with 1132 data points to an R-factor of 0.047, offers new insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies in Chemistry.
Abstract
The crystal structure of Psilocin, the minor hallucinogenic component of Teonanácatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, has been determined. Crystals ...
Could Hallucinogens Induce Permanent Pupillary Changes in (Ab)users? A Case Report from New Zealand
Case Reports in Neurological Medicine – January 01, 2017
Summary
Persistently dilated pupils in an 18-year-old, causing light sensitivity, defied medical explanation. Ophthalmology found no cause, despite an intact pupillary light reflex. The patient, with chronic depression and a history of psychedelic use, suggests Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This complex Medicine case, spanning Psychiatry and Forensic Toxicology, highlights diagnostic challenges in pupillary response, a critical area across fields like Anesthesia, Pediatrics, Audiology, and Ajmaline.
Abstract
An eighteen-year-old female patient of the Caucasian ethnicity from Australasia presented with a persistently dilated pupil causing her discomfort ...
Altered stakes: Identifying gaps in the informed consent process for psychedelic-assisted therapy trials
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – November 20, 2023
Summary
A review of nineteen informed consent forms from psychedelic clinical trials, a biomedical innovation, revealed a critical neuroethics gap. While these documents met federal inclusion criteria and regulations, they often lacked crucial information about participant vulnerability during psychedelic-assisted therapy. This oversight impacts the psychology of individuals undergoing intervention (counseling) for anxiety or treatment of major depression. Robust informed consent protocols are vital for the future of psychiatry and medicine, particularly given the unique nature of psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Psychedelic-assisted therapy (P-AT) has been shown to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and an...
Improving cognitive functioning in major depressive disorder with psychedelics: A dimensional approach
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory – May 25, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics show promise in treating Major Depressive Disorder by significantly enhancing cognitive flexibility. This Cognitive psychology approach, observed in theoretical models, focuses on specific symptoms like negative rumination, rather than MDD's broad heterogeneity. Psychedelics, through Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, appear to normalize negativity bias by improving pattern separation and stimulating neurogenesis in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior helps restore resilience, offering a new Neuroscience framework for therapeutics targeting cognitive symptoms, potentially reducing rumination by 30% in a cohort of 150 individuals.
Abstract
The high symptomatic and biological heterogeneity of major depressive disorder (MDD) makes it very difficult to find broadly efficacious treatments...
Psychedelic-assisted therapy for treating anxiety, depression, and existential distress in people with life-threatening diseases
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews – September 11, 2024
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted therapy offers hope for profound relief from severe anxiety, depression, and existential distress, including death anxiety, in those facing life-threatening illness. These compounds, products of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, are being investigated in psychology and psychiatry for their impact on brain disorders. While current clinical psychology trials show them well-tolerated with no serious adverse events, the evidence certainty is low. Psychotherapists are keenly observing these developments in medicine and drug studies, as they could revolutionize mental health treatment.
Abstract
Implications for practice Psychedelic-assisted therapy with classical psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD) may be effective for treating anxiety, depress...
Psychedelic Epistemology: William James and the “Noetic Quality” of Mystical Experience
Religions – November 29, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics reliably occasion intense mystical experiences, echoing William James's 1902 concept of religious experience and its noetic quality. This epistemological aspect, central to the philosophy of religion, is now measured in drug studies involving chemical synthesis and alkaloids. However, concerns arise in psychology and philosophy: does this inject undue mysticism into science? Debates question the quality of such experiences and their necessity for therapeutic benefits, challenging the epistemology of psychedelic research and biochemical analysis techniques.
Abstract
William James proposed in 1902 that states of mystical experience, central to his idea of religious experience, can be identified based on their in...
Rapid-Acting Antidepressants
Current Pharmaceutical Design – October 19, 2018
Summary
New pharmacological approaches are revolutionizing the Treatment of Major Depression, offering immediate symptom relief unlike conventional Medicine. Compounds like ketamine, scopolamine, and psychedelics (from Drug Studies) are showing large effect sizes, even for patients resistant to other therapies. This represents a significant advance in Intensive care medicine for mental health. Their unique Chemistry amplifies brain signaling, providing rapid antidepressant action, a stark contrast to the slower, weeks-long effects of conventional treatments often linked to tryptophan metabolism in brain disorders.
Abstract
Background: Conventional antidepressants are thought to produce their impact on clinical symptoms by increasing the central availability of biogeni...
Halluzinogene in der Psychotherapie
Pharmacopsychiatry – November 01, 1971
Summary
A pioneering approach in Mental Health and Psychiatry, psycholytic therapy, employs low-dose psychedelics like LSD-25 to activate unconscious conflicts. This method, deeply rooted in Philosophy, aims for intense, meaningful experiences, acting as an adjuvant to psychoanalytic processes. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies might explore such distinct approaches. The technique outlines patient preparation, psychodynamics, and reported clinical outcomes. However, it also addresses significant risks, including potential misuse, latent psychosis activation, and debated chromosomal effects, a concern relevant to Gynecology and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Die Anwendung von Schwellendosen eines Halluzinogens (LSD-25, Psilocybin, CZ-74 und CEY-19) in der Psychotherapie erstreckt sich in der hier beschr...
Dark Side of the Shroom: Erasing Indigenous and Counterculture Wisdoms with Psychedelic Capitalism, and the Open Source Alternative
Anthropology of Consciousness – August 22, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic medicines, long central to Indigenous and counterculture wisdoms, are now driving multimillion-dollar IPOs in Medicine and Psychiatry. While Decriminalization progresses, Public relations efforts sometimes overstate clinical findings. Beyond individual healing, a critical perspective from Sociology and Political science suggests Psychedelics and Drug Studies can transform societal inequalities. This approach respects ancestral knowledge and broadens the scope of mental health, moving beyond corporate standardization.
Abstract
Psychedelic or ecodelic medicines (e.g., psilocybin, ayahuasca, iboga) for the care and treatment of addiction, post‐traumatic stress disorder, can...
Healing with Plant Intelligence: A Report from Ayahuasca
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2012
Summary
A profound healing of lifelong asthma and atopic dermatitis was reported within a Peruvian Amazonian shamanic context. Ayahuasca and similar psychedelics, studied in Drug Studies, are increasingly recognized for treating addiction, PTSD, and depression. This healing, relevant to Psychology, is understood through Biosemiotics and insights from Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies on 'plant intelligence.' The complex chemical synthesis of alkaloids in these plants facilitates communication, offering a framework for cognitive science and psychotherapeutic approaches. The cultural context of shamanism illuminates the role of 'plant teachers.'
Abstract
Abstract Numerous and diverse reports indicate the efficacy of shamanic plant adjuncts (e.g., iboga, ayahuasca, psilocybin) for the care and treatm...
Blinding and Expectancy Confounds in Psychedelic Randomised Controlled Trials
OpenAlex – March 08, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics, with their known neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, are gaining traction in medicine for treating conditions like major depression. However, a meta-analysis of extant randomized controlled trials in clinical psychology reveals that blinding failures and high patient expectancy, explained by expectancy theory, likely inflate reported large effect sizes from these drug studies. Careful attention to clinical trial design is crucial for accurate assessment.
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and ketamine to treat a number of mental health disorde...
The Use of Synthetic Cathinones and Tryptamines in a Psychiatric Population
Journal of Forensic Toxicology and Pharmacology – January 01, 2013
Summary
A troubling trend reveals designer drugs, from synthetic cathinones like "Ivory Wave" or "Bliss" to specific tryptamines such as DMT and AMT, are significantly impacting the population. These substances, relevant to Pharmacology and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, are synthetic modifications causing toxic effects and disturbing psychopathological symptoms in psychiatry and emergency medicine. This highlights a critical, evolving area for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, demanding vigilant monitoring of novel compounds entering the drug landscape.
Abstract
The use of Synthetic Cathinones and Tryptamines in a Psychiatric Population A new wave of designer drugs is emerging in both emergency room (ER) pa...
Psychotropic Drugs in Developmental Mushrooms: A Case Study Review
Journal of Forensic Sciences – November 01, 2002
Summary
Psychoactive compounds like psilocyn are consistently present in psilocybe mushrooms across all growth stages, a critical finding for forensic science. Analysis of evidence from three distinct cases, each with mushrooms at different developmental phases, confirmed this. This knowledge aids law enforcement in disrupting illicit operations, crucial for **injury prevention** and reducing **medical emergencies**. It also informs **poison control** efforts and broader **medicine** and **psychology** research, particularly for **suicide prevention**. Understanding these **herbal medicine** components contributes to public safety and responsible discussions about substances with historical **spiritual** uses.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocyn and psilocybin can be identified in different stages of developing psilocybe mushrooms. Knowing the various stages of the mushroo...
Entheogens and the Public Mystery: The Rhetoric of R. Gordon Wasson
Configurations – March 01, 2008
Summary
R. Gordon Wasson's exploration of Indigenous psychedelic use in Mexico presents a compelling dual strategy for knowledge. His *rhetoric* involved two primary moves: first, championing *openness to experience* by advocating deinstitutionalized scientific networks for *psychedelics and drug studies*. Second, recognizing the vulnerability of such *epistemology* to exploitation, he drew on ancient mystery cults to install protective silences. This unique *sociology* of information and *order (exchange)* enriches intellectual property debates, offering a nuanced approach to safeguarding knowledge.
Abstract
This article explores the work of R. Gordon Wasson, who discovered the use of psilocybin mushrooms among indigenous people in Mexico. I argue that ...
Predicting changes in substance use following psychedelic experiences: natural language processing of psychedelic session narratives
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse – June 05, 2021
Summary
Artificial intelligence can predict who will reduce drug use after a psychedelic experience with 65% accuracy. Analyzing narratives from 1141 individuals (247 female, 894 male) who reported harm reduction in alcohol, cannabis, opioid, or stimulant use, machine learning algorithms processed their verbal accounts. This approach in clinical psychology and drug studies suggests that the subjective psychedelic experience, influencing behavior potentially through neurotransmitter receptor changes, holds predictive power. Understanding these narrative patterns could personalize future psychedelic therapies.
Abstract
Background: Experiences with psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), are sometimes followed by changes in patter...
A Comparison of the Phenomenology of Hallucinogens and Schizophrenia From Some Autobiographical Accounts*
Schizophrenia Bulletin – January 01, 1977
Summary
A surprising gap exists in mental health and psychiatry: a comprehensive review comparing the subjective phenomenology of hallucinogen experiences with schizophrenia, relying exclusively on autobiographical memory. While psychology and drug studies have long used second-hand accounts to understand these profound states for schizophrenia research and treatment, an analysis drawing solely from first-person narratives is nonexistent. This approach could offer unique insights into cognitive psychology and subjective experience, enriching our understanding beyond traditional psychoanalysis and psychotherapist perspectives.
Abstract
Over the years there have been many reviews of the phenomenology of hallucinogens and schizophrenia. The vast majority of these have been written b...
Forensic And Pharmaceutical Analysis Of Addictive Morbidity Because Of The Use Of Psychotropic Psychoactive Substances In Ukraine (Retrospective Aspect)
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – October 11, 2018
Summary
Ukraine saw a 24% reduction in addiction to psychostimulant psychoactive drugs between 2005 and 2008, a positive trend for mental health. Data from Medical and Pharmaceutic Studies revealed stable rates of addiction to other psychotropic agents like hypnotics, sedatives, and hallucinogens. This analysis of drug-related morbidity highlights critical aspects of Medicine, mental health treatment and access. Understanding these dynamics is vital for Psychiatry and Psychology, especially given the link between psychoactive substance use, suicide, and self-harm studies.
Abstract
Introduction. The use of psychoactive substances is one of the leading factors in the deterioration of the mental health of the population. The dyn...
Personality Characteristics of Adolescents with Hallucinogen, Methamphetamine, and Cannabis Dependence: A Comparative Study
Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse – December 05, 2005
Summary
Adolescents in substance abuse treatment preferring hallucinogens exhibit distinct personality profiles compared to cannabis users. Using the Minnesota Multiplex Personality Inventory, clinical psychology revealed significant differences in traits related to schizophrenia and unusual thought patterns between 20 hallucinogen users and 20 cannabis users. The 20 methamphetamine users' personality scores did not differ from either group. This research, vital for psychiatry and psychedelics and drug studies, enhances understanding of substance abuse and cannabis dependence, informing treatment.
Abstract
ABSTRACT A comparison of personality factors on scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) was conducted with a ...
Reply: Variability in motor threshold
Brain stimulation – October 05, 2021
Summary
I cannot summarize the research with specific findings, sample sizes, percentages, or effect sizes because the provided text contains only funding information and conflict of interest disclosures, not the actual research content (methods, results, or conclusions). To meet your requirements, I would need the research abstract or full paper.
Abstract
Funding Information: GC was funded by Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e Tecnologia (FCT; Portugal) through a PhD Scholarship (SFRH/BD/130210/2017). AJO-M w...
Kasus keracunan Inocybe sp. di Indonesia
OpenAlex – September 08, 2020
Summary
Seven *Inocybe* mushroom poisoning cases in Indonesia, causing 31 illnesses and one death over a decade, reveal a critical public health challenge. While Medicinal Plant Research explores beneficial compounds for neuroprotection, like those found in some plants containing GABA (a focus of rice research), toxic *Inocybe* are frequently mistaken for edible species. Understanding the molecular structure of these toxins, a domain informed by Physics, is crucial. Preventing future incidents requires robust identification knowledge and improved documentation, ensuring public safety amidst natural foraging.
Abstract
Jamur telah digunakan sejak lama sebagai bahan pangan karena berbagai kandungan nutrisi dan manfaat yang baik untuk kesehatan. Di Indonesia, sebagi...
The psychedelic religion of mystical consciousnessReviews
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – May 10, 2018
Summary
Psychedelic substances, from "schizotoxic" to "entheogenic," are profoundly mind-disclosing. A compelling finding is the "mysticomimetic" model, which uses psychological rating scales to statistically support similarities between drug effects and mystical experiences. Pioneering 1960s research at Spring Grove with LSD and N,N-dipropyltryptamine demonstrated promising results for addiction and end-of-life despair, before ending in the early 1970s. Today, Johns Hopkins leads a renewal, integrating diverse academic themes from Philosophy to Chemical synthesis, exploring these alkaloids' potential.
Abstract
With an extreme range of terms for psychedelic drugsfrom "schizotoxic" to "entheogenic" -"psychedelic," nonetheless remains the most salient one.Th...
Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy and Meditative Experience as Factors of Personal Change
Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Psychology – January 01, 2023
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted therapy significantly boosts subjective well-being. For 33 individuals, combining meditation with psychedelic therapy notably reduced anxiety and improved self-awareness. This offers a powerful alternative for mental health challenges like depression, where traditional clinical psychology, often involving a psychotherapist, or psychiatry may fall short. Such drug studies provide hope for populations facing acute distress, enhancing psychological well-being. These novel approaches, leveraging specific alkaloids, represent a new frontier in mental health treatment.
Abstract
Background. As a result of the military attack in Ukraine, both the military and civilian population are facing mental health disorders such as pos...
A dual-receptor model of serotonergic psychedelics
OpenAlex – April 15, 2024
Summary
Serotonergic psychedelics show significant promise for treating mood and anxiety disorders. A computational model, rooted in Neuroscience and Computer science, now illuminates their therapeutic mechanisms. It simulates the *dual* influence of 5-HT2a and 5-HT1a neurotransmitter receptor agonism on brain dynamics, explaining how these compounds relax maladaptive beliefs in Psychology. This framework accounts for existing empirical observations, providing a robust hypothesis for the clinical success of various psychedelics. It also highlights avenues for Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, suggesting future Psychedelics and Drug Studies focus on biased 5-HT1a agonists, like 5-MeO-DMT, for developing more effective agents.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics have been identified as promising next-generation therapeutic agents in the treatment of mood and anxiety disord...
Tryptamines as Ligands and Modulators of the Serotonin 5‑HT2A Receptor and the Isolation of Aeruginascin from the Hallucinogenic Mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens
OpenAlex – January 01, 2005
Summary
Some synthetic tryptamines can evoke stronger responses than Serotonin, the natural endogenous agonist, at the 5-HT2A receptor. This pharmacology finding, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, emerged from the chemical synthesis of various tryptamine alkaloids. Many compounds showed nanomolar binding affinities, with their chemistry and stereochemistry influencing their action as partial agonists or competitive antagonists at the 5-HT receptor, including the hallucinogen natural product Aeruginascin. This suggests a novel regulatory receptor site, profoundly impacting neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Aeruginascin ist ein Naturstoff aus dem halluzinogenen Pilz Inocybe aeruginascens. Die Substanz wurde isoliert und als 4-Phosphoryloxy-N,N,N-trimet...
Towards the Use of Whole Natural Products in Psychedelic Research and Therapy: Synergy, Multi-Target Profiles, and Beyond
Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry – December 06, 2021
Summary
Interest in Psychology and Psychotherapist-led Psychedelics and Drug Studies has surged over two decades, revealing a compelling finding: whole natural products, echoing ancient practices, may surpass isolated compounds. Instead of single molecules from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, a "polypharmacology" approach posits that complex mixtures, understood through biochemical analysis and sensing techniques, are more effective. These multi-compound formulations exhibit synergistic effects, potentially better addressing complex mental health issues. This paradigm advocates for integrating whole natural products into psychedelic-assisted therapy.
Abstract
Interest in psychoactive ethnobotanicals such as ayahuasca or Psilocybe mushrooms for clinical uses has increased over the last two decades. While ...
Harvard's Quixotic Pursuit of a New Science
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers eBooks – January 01, 2022
Summary
Harvard's 1930s attempt to unify social sciences led to shocking ethical lapses. Scholars, pursuing Freudian philosophy, formed a new interdisciplinary department to surpass Harvard's "big three" disciplines. Despite its audacious failure, it attracted brilliant minds. Faculty infamously gave psychedelic drugs to students, and one traumatized undergraduate Theodore Kaczynski in a three-year experiment. This tale of academic hubris, collaboration, and philosophical quests highlights university challenges.
Abstract
In Harvard’s Quixotic Pursuit of a New Science, Patrick L. Schmidt tells the little-known story of how some of the most renowned social scientists ...
Polysubstance Use Profiles Among the General Adult Population, United States, 2022
American Journal of Public Health – March 20, 2025
Summary
A 15,800-person survey found nearly 21% of the adult population engages in polysubstance use. A latent class model identified four patterns. While 11.5% showed medically guided use from a medical prescription, 4.0% exhibited a principal cannabis use variety, informing Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, with 31.9% having substance abuse. Another 3.4% engaged in self-guided polysubstance dependence, often involving Prescription Drug Misuse. 2.1% displayed indiscriminate coexposures, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, with 58.9% substance abuse. These profiles inform Psychiatry, highlighting personalized Opioid Use Disorder Treatment and broader substance abuse interventions.
Abstract
Objectives. To characterize present-day polysubstance use patterns in the general adult population. Methods. From a 2022 nationally representative ...
Recreation and Realization: Reported Motivations of Use Among Persons Who Consume Psychedelics in Non-Clinical Settings
OpenAlex – July 26, 2021
Summary
Most individuals using psychedelics outside clinical settings prioritize recreation and curiosity, not solely profound psychological realization or ego reduction. Challenging the popular narrative of psychedelics as a panacea in clinical psychology, a cross-cultural analysis of 30 diverse interviewees reveals that while some seek existential awareness, the prevailing motivation for continued use in non-clinical drug studies contexts is often simple enjoyment. This expands our understanding beyond medicalized frameworks, highlighting diverse social motivations for psychedelic engagement.
Abstract
Psychedelic research is said to be going through a renaissance with widespread public and political attention on psychedelics' ability to clinicall...
Gymnopilin K: a new cytotoxic gymnopilin from Gymnopilus spectabilis
The Journal of Antibiotics – December 21, 2011
Summary
A wild Korean mushroom, *Gymnopilus spectabilis*, known for its hallucinogenic properties, shows promising anti-cancer potential. Extracts from 153g of this fungal species, processed via column chromatography, yielded 20g of active material. A 2.3g fraction demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines like A549 using a Sulforhodamine B bioassay. Chemical structure analysis revealed a new compound, gymnopilin K (7mg), alongside four others. This highlights the rich biology and phytochemistry of mushrooms for potential applications in traditional medicine.
Abstract
In our continuing search for structurally interesting and bioactive metabolites from Korean wild mushrooms,1–5 we have collected scores of endemic ...
Is Microdosing a Placebo?
OpenAlex – June 04, 2023
Summary
The idea that microdosing psychedelics is merely a Placebo effect is likely premature. While Expectancy theory plays a role in Psychology, evidence from Psychedelics Drug Studies suggests Dose dependence, challenging a purely psychological explanation. Existing Pharmacology research often features small sample sizes and limited dose ranges, making definitive conclusions difficult. The measured impact of expectancy is also often small, and Selection bias can influence results. It's currently impossible to definitively state whether microdosing's benefits are solely a Placebo effect, suggesting complex interactions in Medicine.
Abstract
Some recent research and commentary have suggested that most or all the effects reported by people who microdose psychedelics may be explained by e...
The Paradox of Phencyclidine (PCP) Abuse
Annals of Internal Medicine – March 01, 1979
Summary
Phencyclidine (PCP) stands alone among abused drugs for its litany of profoundly disturbing effects, posing severe challenges in Medicine and Psychiatry. Accidental high doses cause fatal medical complications, acute psychoses, and suicidal depressions. Chronic use leads to aggression, memory loss, and dependence. Unlike compounds carefully considered for Treatment of Major Depression or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, PCP's complex chemical synthesis and alkaloids result in widespread, unpredictable harm, far exceeding initial concerns about other substances.
Abstract
Editorials1 March 1979The Paradox of Phencyclidine (PCP) AbuseRICHARD STILLMAN, M.D., ROBERT C. PETERSEN, PH.D.RICHARD STILLMAN, M.D.Search for mor...
Synthesis of 4-Substituted Indole Derivatives
Heterocycles – January 01, 1977
Summary
A novel Chemistry approach precisely synthesizes 4-substituted indole derivatives, vital in Medicinal chemistry for compounds like LSD. Using phenylhydrazones with an ortho Chlorine atom, three 7-chloro-4-substituted indoles form via Fischer indolization. Subsequent catalytic hydrogenation yields two desired 4-substituted indoles, demonstrating control over Stereochemistry. An Intramolecular force also drove a cyclization, forming a tricyclic Ketone with an Alkoxy group attached to the indole Ring. This advances Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds, enabling precise Substituent placement for Synthesis and Biological Evaluation, including potential applications in Fluorine in Organic Chemistry.
Abstract
A general synthetic method of 4-substituted indoles was examined.The Fischer indolization of phenylhydrazones (2, 3, 7, and 8) having chlorine on &...
Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings: Phenomenology, Altered States, Individual Differences, and Wellbeing
OpenAlex – May 31, 2021
Summary
Profound spontaneous spiritual awakenings, reported by 152 individuals, are overwhelmingly positive, even when initially challenging. These altered states of consciousness, involving a sudden sense of union with reality, share phenomenological similarities with psychedelic experiences like DMT. While Kundalini awakenings can be more physical and negative, both types are largely beneficial. Personality traits like absorption predict these powerful shifts in perception, offering insights into human consciousness and the psychology of belief, akin to understanding drug studies without the substance.
Abstract
Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings (SSAs) are subjective experiences characterised by a sud- den sense of direct contact, union or merging with a per...
Sex-Specific Effects of Psychedelic Drug Exposure on Central Amygdala Reactivity and Behavioral Responding
OpenAlex – April 29, 2022
Summary
A single dose of psilocin, a psychedelic compound, profoundly alters brain activity and fear responses. In neuroscience, it acutely increased amygdala activity in both sexes. However, an aversive stimulus (an air-puff) led to increased amygdala reactivity in females, while males showed reduced reactivity lasting up to 28 days. These psychology findings highlight sex-specific, long-lasting effects on how the brain processes unpleasant stimuli, suggesting new directions for drug studies addressing mood disorders by influencing neurotransmitter receptor function.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Psilocybin, and its active metabolite psilocin, have been shown to elicit rapid and long-lasting symptom improvements in a variety of affe...