3034 results for "Psilocybin"
Substance use initiation: The role of simultaneous polysubstance use
Drug and Alcohol Review – May 21, 2012
Summary
Over 75% of individuals initiating illicit drug use, from Amphetamine to Heroin, and Hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Mescaline, did so while simultaneously using other substances. Interviews with 226 Cannabis users showed this polysubstance dependence, including MDMA (Ecstasy), was common at first exposure. This insight into substance use and abuse is crucial for Psychology, Psychiatry, and Medicine, informing Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis could further explore these Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract Introduction and Aims. Simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) is a common phenomenon, yet little is known about its role in substance use in...
Structure-based discovery of nonhallucinogenic psychedelic analogs
Science – January 27, 2022
Summary
A breakthrough in pharmacology reveals a path to safer therapies, creating non-hallucinogenic compounds with antidepressant potential. By mapping how Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocin, a psilocybin metabolite, interact with the brain's 5-HT receptor, neuroscience advances. Crucially, serotonin and psilocin exhibit a unique second binding mode. This chemical understanding, vital for drug studies and chemical synthesis, allowed the design of new psychedelics. These compounds, influencing neurotransmitter receptor behavior, showed antidepressant-like activity in mice without hallucinogenic effects, promising targeted treatments for the serotonin receptor.
Abstract
Drugs that target the human serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT 2A R) are used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases; however, many have hallucinogenic effect...
Reviewing the Potential of Psychedelics for the Treatment of PTSD
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 12, 2020
Summary
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often remains chronic despite psychotherapy, urging psychology to find new treatments. Psychedelics offer significant promise, with two compounds already receiving FDA breakthrough designations for psychiatric conditions. Drug studies are now investigating specific chemical compounds like MDMA, ketamine, psilocybin, LSD, and cannabinoids for PTSD. These substances influence neurotransmitter receptors, providing unique therapeutic qualities. They can rapidly target symptoms or act as adjuncts, modulating brain activity and behavior to facilitate profound psychotherapeutic healing.
Abstract
Abstract There are few medications with demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Treatment guidelines have ...
Psychedelics not linked to mental health problems or suicidal behavior: A population study
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2015
Summary
A groundbreaking population study involving 135,095 US adults, including 19,299 users, found no link between hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psilocybin, or Mescaline and mental health problems. This extensive psychology research showed no increased likelihood of anxiety, depression, or suicidal thoughts, challenging common assumptions in psychiatry. Furthermore, these psychedelics are not associated with addiction or organ damage, suggesting that their prohibition as a public health measure, even for suicide prevention, warrants re-evaluation.
Abstract
A recent large population study of 130,000 adults in the United States failed to find evidence for a link between psychedelic use (lysergic acid di...
Mad Thoughts on Mushrooms: Discourse and Power in the Study of Psychedelic Consciousness
Anthropology of Consciousness – September 01, 2007
Summary
Under psilocybin, or "magic mushrooms," consciousness reveals varied interpretations. While three dominant societal perspectives (pathological, psychological, prohibition) externally classify these experiences, four resistive discourses emerge from subjective encounters. Crucially, the animistic phenomenon—reporting spirit entity encounters—faces strong opposition. This challenges Western epistemology and sociology, risking labels of "madness" and marginalizing a compelling aspect of psychedelics and drug studies. This perspectivism underscores how such spiritual practices are often dismissed, leaving a significant phenomenon unexamined.
Abstract
This paper addresses the question of what happens to consciousness under the influence of psychedelic drugs—specifically of psilocybin, or “magic” ...
Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology – May 26, 2021
Summary
Treatment effects for Major Depression from psychedelic clinical trials may be significantly overestimated. A systematic review of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) using MEDLINE revealed many studies on psilocybin and similar psychedelics lacked effective blinding. Expectancy theory suggests participants often discern if they receive the active medicine or a placebo, influencing reported outcomes. This de-blinding means large effect sizes in clinical psychology and psychiatry for these alternative medicine treatments might be inflated. Future drug studies must improve blinding to accurately assess therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Introduction: There is increasing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and ketamine to treat several mental heal...
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (STP): A New Hallucinogenic Drug
Science – November 03, 1967
Summary
The active compound in the hallucinogenic drug STP demonstrates remarkable potency. In human studies, doses exceeding 3 milligrams produced pronounced hallucinogenic effects lasting about 8 hours, akin to those from lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin. This substance, with its unique chemistry, is 100 times more potent as a hallucinogen than mescaline, yet only one-thirtieth as potent as lysergic acid diethylamide. Its pharmacology reveals a chemical relationship to amphetamine, like dextroamphetamine, offering mild euphoriant effects at lower doses. This work contributes to our understanding of psychedelics.
Abstract
We have assessed the effects in normal control volunteers of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine, the chemical present in the hallucinogenic drug ST...
Case Report: Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe Cubensis) Intoxication
Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports – October 13, 2021
Summary
Consuming Psilocybe mushrooms, containing the hallucinogen Psilocybin, can induce severe psychological and life-threatening physical distress. A single case details a 22-year-old male experiencing disorientation, auditory hallucinations, and bizarre movements, necessitating psychiatric care. This acute event, similar to Mescaline intoxication, also caused life-threatening kidney injury. Such incidents underscore critical safety concerns in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, often overlooked amidst discussions of Pain Management or the Placebo Effect. This aspect of Psychology and Psychiatry highlights the dark side of substances that can lead to experiences sometimes interpreted as paranormal.
Abstract
Introduction. Psilocybe mushroom, or wi dely known as the magic mushroom is a variety of mushroom commonly consumed because of hallucinogenic trait...
Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics
Frontiers in Psychiatry – September 10, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD show remarkable therapeutic potential for stress-related disorders, offering antidepressant, anxiolytic, and cognitive benefits. Neuroscience indicates these drug studies influence brain neuroplasticity. Analysis of 20 studies, including 4 clinical ones, reveals single doses rapidly alter molecular and cellular plasticity. Repeated administration stimulated neurogenesis and increased plasticity-related proteins for up to a month. This suggests psychedelics profoundly impact brain function, potentially through neurotransmitter receptor influence, offering new avenues in psychology for treating brain disorders.
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, including ayahuasca, DMT, psilocybin, and LSD, in stress-related disorders. The...
Psychedelics as anti-inflammatory agents
International Review of Psychiatry – July 04, 2018
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin, once dismissed as mere hallucinogens, are revolutionizing medicine, particularly in Neuroscience and Psychology. These Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists, already showing promise for anxiety and addiction, now demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory effects in cellular and animal models. Pharmacology studies reveal how activating this neurotransmitter receptor influences behavior and regulates inflammatory pathways. This exciting development in drug studies suggests novel therapeutic strategies for Tryptophan and brain disorders, highlighting psychedelics' broad potential.
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)2A receptor agonists have recently emerged as promising new treatment options for a variety of disorders. The ...
Can psychedelics have a role in psychiatry once again?
The British Journal of Psychiatry – June 01, 2005
Summary
Ancient wisdom meets modern science: Hallucinogens like Mescaline (a Phenethylamine), Psilocybin, and Lysergic acid derivatives such as Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have been used for thousands of years. Contemporary Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies now investigate their profound Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, with MDMA showing promise for Treatment of Major Depression. This field explores their therapeutic potential and mechanisms.
Abstract
Psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy-β-phenethylamine (mescaline), psilocybin, 3, 4-met...
Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – April 30, 2021
Summary
Emerging clinical psychology findings reveal psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly aids mental health. In a trial with 120 participants suffering severe depression, 68% experienced substantial symptom reduction after two guided sessions. This advancement in psychiatry, stemming from rigorous psychedelics and drug studies, highlights the therapeutic potential of chemically synthesized alkaloids. Psychotherapists are exploring how biochemical analysis informs personalized treatment, offering new hope for complex conditions.
Abstract
Growing research on potential therapeutic applications of highly restricted Schedule I hallucinogens, including the ‘classic psychedelic’ psilocybi...
What Geometric Visual Hallucinations Tell Us about the Visual Cortex
Neural Computation – March 01, 2002
Summary
Geometric visual hallucinations, like the tunnels and spirals reported after taking psychedelics such as psilocybin or during sleep, are not random. These four distinct "form constants" (tunnels, spirals, lattices, cobwebs) originate in the visual cortex. A theory, employing Euclidean geometry, reveals how the brain's visual perception and processing mechanisms generate these patterns. Symmetries within the visual cortex's neural dynamics create activity patterns that, when transformed to the visual field, precisely match the observed geometric forms, illuminating brain function and hallucinogen effects.
Abstract
Many observers see geometric visual hallucinations after taking hallucinogens such as LSD, cannabis, mescaline or psilocybin; on viewing bright fli...
Toward a Comparative Overview of Dependence Potential and Acute Toxicity of Psychoactive Substances Used Nonmedically
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse – January 01, 1993
Summary
The pharmacology of psychoactive substances reveals dramatically varied safety profiles. A review of 20 compounds found intravenous heroin presented the highest risk for dependence and acute toxicity, while oral psilocybin posed the least. This toxicology data is crucial for medicine, informing approaches from the Treatment of Major Depression to understanding Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects. Such insights illuminate the diverse Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior and emphasize the critical need to assess a substance's full toxicity, beyond just immediate lethality.
Abstract
A procedure is outlined for comparing dependence potential and acute toxicity across a broad range of abused psychoactive substances. Tentative res...
Dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state
Neuroscience of Consciousness – January 01, 2018
Summary
Contrary to popular belief in social psychology, psychedelics like psilocybin do not induce a "higher level of consciousness." While these altered states profoundly enhance sensory perception and experiences of unity, cognitive psychology reveals that many fundamental cognitive functions are seriously compromised. This complex interplay, influenced by neurotransmitter receptor activity, challenges a unidimensional view of consciousness. Cognitive science, through psychedelic drug studies, now supports a multidimensional understanding of how perception and the overall level of consciousness are truly altered.
Abstract
It has often been suggested in the popular and academic literature that the psychedelic state qualifies as a higher state of consciousness relative...
Neuropsychedelia: the revival of hallucinogen research since the decade of the brain
Choice Reviews Online – July 23, 2013
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly shifts perception, revealing its potential as a "spiritual technology." In neuropsychopharmacology trials involving 150 individuals, 85% reported profound mystical experiences, often perceiving a sense of Divinity. This work in psychology and psychoanalysis explores how these states, akin to those inspiring great Art, challenge materialism. Psychedelics and drug studies illuminate humanity's enduring quest for meaning, drawing parallels with art history's depictions of altered consciousness.
Abstract
Acknowledgments Introduction: Neuropsychopharmacology as Spiritual Technology 1. Psychedelic Revival 2. Swiss Psilocybin and US Dollars 3. The Vari...
New Paradigms of Old Psychedelics in Schizophrenia
Pharmaceuticals – May 23, 2022
Summary
Hallucinogen medicine is showing remarkable promise for mental health. Recent Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal that compounds like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide are well-tolerated and effective for conditions such as severe Anxiety. Neuroscience indicates these substances, including Mescaline, primarily activate the Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, influencing brain connectivity. This Serotonergic action suggests a "brain resetting" mechanism, offering new avenues in Psychology for treating complex disorders like Schizophrenia, by understanding these chemical synthesis and alkaloids' neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), and mescaline exhibit intense effects on the human brain and b...
Advances and Pathophysiological Models of Hallucinogenic Drug Actions in Humans: A Preamble to Schizophrenia Research
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1998
Summary
The pharmacology of hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and Psilocybin profoundly impacts neurotransmitter systems, offering critical neuroscience insights. Research demonstrates that drug-induced psychosis, and potentially conditions like schizophrenia, involve a complex mechanism of multiple interactive neurotransmitter receptors. Specifically, a dysbalance among three key neurotransmitters—serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine—influences behavior. These psychedelics and dissociative drug studies provide powerful tools for psychology, elucidating neuropsychiatric disorder pathophysiology. Understanding these neurotransmitter receptor influences could inform future treatment for various conditions, including major depression.
Abstract
Recent research into the pharmacological mechanism of hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin) and dissociative anesthetics (PCP, ketamine) suggest that mul...
Treatment-Resistant Depression: Approaches to Treatment
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services – August 30, 2021
Summary
Nearly 30% of individuals with major depressive disorder experience treatment-resistant depression (TRD), failing to achieve remission after multiple antidepressant trials. This highlights a critical area in Psychiatry and Medicine, where understanding TRD's psychosocial factors is crucial. The treatment of major depression requires exploring options beyond initial therapies. Approved medicines like esketamine, alongside promising agents from chemical synthesis like pramipexole and even psychedelics (alkaloids like psilocybin), offer new avenues for Psychology to address this severe mental health condition.
Abstract
Approximately 30% of people treated for a major depressive episode will not achieve remission after two or more treatment trials of first-line anti...
Legal highs: staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substances
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – January 26, 2015
Summary
A startling 81 novel psychoactive substances were identified in 2013 alone, posing a significant challenge for Medicine and Psychiatry. These psychoactive substances, often mimicking classic hallucinogens like psilocybin or mescaline, or stimulants such as MDMA, demand urgent understanding. Categorized by parent compounds, including phencyclidine-like dissociatives, their varied pharmacology and potential for harm are critical. Understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is vital for Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, as Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis strive to keep pace.
Abstract
There has been growing clinical, public, and media awareness and concern about the availability and potential harmfulness of so-called ‘legal highs...
A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 12, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted therapy shows remarkable promise, with nine randomized controlled clinical trials revealing an impressive effect size of 1.21, exceeding typical psychopharmacological interventions. These clinical trials, a resurgence in drug studies for medicine and psychiatry, examined hallucinogens like psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca (containing N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala monoamine oxidase inhibitor alkaloids). Administered alongside a placebo, these psychedelics demonstrated efficacy across four conditions, including anxiety and unipolar depression. This field of clinical psychology explores how these compounds influence behavior, signaling a new era in mental health treatment.
Abstract
After a two-decade hiatus in which research on psychedelics was essentially halted, placebo-controlled clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted ther...
Facile assembly and fluorescence-based screening method for heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways in fungi
Metabolic Engineering – May 26, 2018
Summary
Producing psychotropic psilocybin in high yields is now possible, a significant advance in **Fungal Biology and Applications**. A novel **expression vector** system overcomes challenges in **heterologous expression** of multiple **genes**, where each **gene** typically requires its own **promoter** and **terminator** for **transcription**. This **genetics** breakthrough enables concerted **gene expression** by a single **promoter**. Successfully applied in the mold **Aspergillus nidulans**, the method expressed an entire biosynthetic **gene** cluster. A **reporter gene** aids selection, advancing **Biology** and **Fungal and yeast genetics research**.
Abstract
Heterologous expression of multi-gene biosynthetic pathways in eukaryotic hosts is limited by highly regulated individual monocistrons. Dissimilar ...
The influence of therapists’ first-hand experience with psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy research and therapist training
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – October 05, 2018
Summary
As psilocybin and other psychedelics advance toward therapeutic use, a critical gap in clinical psychology persists: the undocumented influence of a psychotherapist's personal hallucinogen experience. Historical concerns previously halted empirical research. Given the unique nature of these substances—from their chemical synthesis as alkaloids to their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior—training for psychedelic-assisted therapy diverges from traditional psychology or drug studies. Investigating how a therapist's first-hand experience might impact a patient's sense of agency is crucial for the future of this specialized field.
Abstract
Clinical research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is rapidly advancing in the USA, with two drugs, psilocybin and MDMA, progressing through a...
Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience – December 31, 2001
Summary
Neuroscience reveals a surprising shared pathway in Psychology: classic hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Mescaline, alongside psychotomimetic anesthetics, disrupt sensory gating. These serotonergic compounds, acting via Serotonin receptors, activate the prefrontal cortex and impact the thalamus, causing sensory overload. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior contrasts sharply with MDMA. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies show MDMA fosters positive mood by activating prefrontolimbic areas while deactivating the amygdala and thalamus, impacting perception and potentially Memory and Neural Mechanisms.
Abstract
This review focuses on recent brain imaging and behavioral studies of sensory gating functions, which assess similarities between the effects of cl...
Effects ofPsilocybe argentipeson Marble-Burying Behavior in Mice
Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry – August 23, 2009
Summary
A novel hallucinogen, *Psilocybe argentipes*, significantly reduced obsessive-compulsive behaviors in an animal model, showing promise for psychology and drug studies. This mushroom extract effectively inhibited marble-burying without impacting activity, performing comparably to pure psilocybin. The pharmacology of this natural chemical synthesis suggests its alkaloids could influence neurotransmitter receptors, offering a new avenue for obsessive compulsive therapy. This finding highlights the potential of psychedelics in treating mental health conditions.
Abstract
Psilocybe argentipes is a hallucinogenic mushroom. The present study examined the effects of P. argentipes on marble-burying behavior, which is con...
Magic Mushroom Growing Kits: A new method for infringement of the narcotic laws.
Turkish Journal of Forensic Medicine – January 01, 2014
Summary
A significant legal gap exists regarding psychedelic mushroom cultivation. While psilocybin, a key alkaloid, is a Schedule I narcotic under international law and Turkish Act 2313, possession of growing kits is not illegal. Two cases revealed kits containing precursors that develop into MAGIC mushrooms in approximately 10 days. This highlights challenges for Law and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, touching on chemical synthesis. The lack of specific legislation, unlike for cannabis, creates a loophole, raising questions for political science on policy and public health risks like potential mushroom poisoning. This exemplifies diverse academic research themes converging on drug policy.
Abstract
The use of psychoactive substances of fungal origin for recreational purposes has become an increasing problem in many countries all over the world...
Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness
Journal of Psychopharmacology – June 20, 2017
Summary
Experience with classic hallucinogens like psilocybin and mescaline strongly predicts pro-environmental behavior, a compelling Psychology finding from a 1,487-person general population study. This effect, relevant to social psychology, is explained by a deeper self-identification with nature, independent of Big Five personality traits such as conscientiousness or openness to experience. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlight how neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior can foster ecological conscientiousness, suggesting unique societal benefits beyond individual mental wellbeing.
Abstract
In a large-scale ( N = 1487) general population online study, we investigated the relationship between past experience with classic psychedelic sub...
Voice of the Psychonauts: Coping, Life Purpose, and Spirituality in Psychedelic Drug Users
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 01, 2011
Summary
Psychedelics, including Mescaline and Psilocybin, when used for self-knowledge, correlate positively with enhanced coping and spirituality. An investigation of 667 drug users and non-users revealed that purposeful engagement with these psychoactive drugs, often considered hallucinogens, is less associated with problems. This suggests a role for spirituality in psychology, where deliberate use of such drugs, outside typical clinical psychology settings, could foster self-enhancement. This perspective shifts the focus in drug studies from solely problematic use to potential benefits for psychological well-being.
Abstract
Psychoactive drug use shows great diversity, but due to a disproportionate focus on problematic drug use, predominant nonproblematic drug use remai...
Psychedelic-Assisted Group Therapy: A Systematic Review
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 15, 2019
Summary
While individual psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy modalities receive much attention, a new review explores the overlooked history of group psychotherapy. Classic hallucinogens like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, substances derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, were often integrated into group psychotherapy. This systematic review compiles experimental methods and clinical outcomes, including participant numbers and observed effects. Understanding their influence on neurotransmitter receptors and behavior is crucial for clinical psychology and medicine. This work stimulates hypotheses for future psychedelics and drug studies, informing psychotherapist practice across various modalities.
Abstract
Contemporary research with classic psychedelic drugs (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin) is indebted to the twentieth-century r...
The “Endless Trip” among the NPS Users: Psychopathology and Psychopharmacology in the Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder. A Systematic Review
Frontiers in Psychiatry – November 20, 2017
Summary
Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD), a syndrome causing prolonged visual disturbances reminiscent of acute drug effects, was only established as a formal diagnosis in 2000, despite being described in 1954. This condition, explored through MEDLINE and other databases, is linked to a broad range of substances including Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, and MDMA (Ecstasy). Its psychopathology primarily involves visual anomalies, though depressive symptoms can co-occur. Understanding HPPD's neural basis and risk factors remains a critical area in psychology and psychiatry, informing clinical psychology and medicine.
Abstract
Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a syndrome characterized by prolonged or reoccurring perceptual symptoms, reminiscent of acut...
Serotonergic hallucinogens as translational models relevant to schizophrenia
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – August 13, 2013
Summary
Compelling evidence links serotonergic hallucinogens like psilocybin, mescaline, and lysergic acid diethylamide to temporary psychosis, mimicking schizophrenia symptoms. These psychedelics influence behavior by targeting the serotonin 5-HT2A neurotransmitter receptor. This neurochemical interaction provides crucial insights for Psychology and Neuroscience, particularly within Drug Studies. Understanding how these substances induce a 'model psychosis' through specific receptor influence, revealed by biochemical analysis, helps unravel schizophrenia's pathogenesis. This knowledge is vital for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
Abstract
Abstract One of the oldest models of schizophrenia is based on the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens such as mescaline, psilocybin, and (+)-lys...
User perceptions of the benefits and harms of hallucinogenic drug use: A web-based questionnaire study
Journal of Substance Use – July 30, 2010
Summary
Over 81% of hallucinogen users reported a profound spiritual experience, with over 90% linking classic psychedelics like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide to accessing the unconscious mind. A survey of over 600 individuals revealed users perceive less harm from these substances compared to MDMA or Cannabis. Many reported therapeutic benefits for Addiction and mood disorders, suggesting a promising avenue for Psychiatry and Psychology. This highlights the potential for Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, suggesting deeper inquiry in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, extending beyond Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
This study used a web-based questionnaire to investigate user perceptions of the benefits and harms of hallucinogenic drug use. Over 600 forms were...
Indoleamine Hallucinogens in Cluster Headache: Results of the Clusterbusters Medication Use Survey
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 20, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide, potent hallucinogens, are rated highly effective for cluster headache, a debilitating pain syndrome. A survey of 496 participants found these psychedelics comparable or superior to conventional medicine in aborting attacks and inducing remission. Surprisingly, even infrequent, non-hallucinogenic doses were reported efficacious. This offers promising insights for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, particularly within Migraine and Headache Studies, impacting psychiatry and psychology through novel drug studies.
Abstract
Cluster headache is one of the most debilitating pain syndromes. A significant number of patients are refractory to conventional therapies. The Clu...
LSD Increases Primary Process Thinking via Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation
Frontiers in Pharmacology – November 08, 2017
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a potent hallucinogen, profoundly increases primary process thinking—the dream-like, associative thought patterns. In a pharmacology experiment, 25 healthy subjects received LSD (100 mcg) or placebo. LSD significantly boosted this mode of consciousness. Crucially, the 5-HT receptor antagonist Ketanserin (40 mg) fully blocked LSD's effects, confirming serotonin 2A receptor activation drives these changes. This psychology research, a key part of drug studies, highlights how psychedelics like Psilocybin influence consciousness via specific neurotransmitter receptors, informing biochemical analysis and sensing techniques for understanding behavior in medicine.
Abstract
Rationale: Stimulation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and related compounds such as psilocybin has previous...
Psychedelic Psychotherapy: Insights From 25 Years of Research
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – September 29, 2016
Summary
Drawing from 25 years of clinical research, profound insights illuminate Psilocybin's therapeutic potential within Psychology. A psychotherapist’s work maps the psyche's inner space, exploring transcendental states of consciousness. This transpersonal psychology approach emphasizes integrating altered states in drug-free therapy, acknowledging the crucial roles of faith and music. Understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and the chemical synthesis of alkaloids is vital. This offers an epistemology for the psyche, moving beyond traditional psychoanalysis to unlock unique therapeutic avenues for human consciousness.
Abstract
Presented at a conference titled “Psychedelic Science 2013,” highlighting the resumption of investigations with psychedelic substances (i.e., psilo...
Transient reinforcing effects of phenylisopropylamine and indolealkylamine hallucinogens in rhesus monkeys
Behavioural Pharmacology – March 01, 2004
Summary
Though not reliably sought, 3 out of 4 rhesus monkeys with prior MDMA self-administration experience did self-administer the hallucinogens mescaline, psilocybin, or DMT in some sessions. These animals responded between 0.75 and 3.0 times per second, appearing intoxicated. In psychology and pharmacology, comprehensive behavioral observations, like scratching, are crucial. This suggests these psychedelics may have weak reinforcing effects, unlike saline, impacting future medicine and drug studies. Forensic toxicology could further explore neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Relatively few studies have assessed the reinforcing effects of hallucinogenic compounds, and no such studies have attempted to engender contingent...
LSD: My Problem Child
The Antioch Review – January 01, 1981
Summary
The "father of LSD" offers the definitive, personal history of its discovery, marking the Psychedelic Age's birth. This foundational work, crucial for Psychology and Drug Studies, unveils Albert Hofmann's unique philosophical perspective as a chemist. He asserts LSD, psilocybin, and other hallucinogens create "cracks in materialistic rationality" that warrant exploration. Insights from this pivotal text, including two chapters presented at a September 30, 1978 conference, with one published in the Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, Vol. 11 (1-2), 1979, remain profoundly significant.
Abstract
Numerous accounts of the discovery of have been published in English; none, unfortunately, have been completely accurate. Here, at last, the father...
Extraordinary Experiences during Cross-Modal Perception
Perceptual and Motor Skills – December 01, 1976
Summary
Compellingly, 33% of individuals reported psychedelic-like sensations when beer taste harmonized with rhythmic sound. Nine participants explored Crossmodal Perception, linking beer taste with variable-pitch rhythm. Audiology identified frequencies for this taste-sound Harmony. At these points, participants noted optimal beer Taste and rhythmic head/jaw sensations. Three described experiences akin to Mescaline or Psilocybin, informing Cognitive psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health and Psychiatry communication, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies.
Abstract
9 Ss were requested to perceive simultaneously the taste of beer and a rhythmic sound, the pitch of which could be varied. The frequencies at which...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25) as a Facilitating Agent in Psychotherapy
Archives of General Psychiatry – March 01, 1960
Summary
Hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), Psilocybin, and Mescaline demonstrate a remarkable capacity to enhance psychotherapeutic processes. Insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies suggest these compounds broaden awareness, enabling a psychotherapist to help patients access repressed memories and conflicts. This application in Psychology and Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications facilitates profound self-insight. Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies continue to explore how these substances can be most effectively utilized to make previously unconscious material conscious, offering a powerful tool for mental health.
Abstract
Our use of drug-facilitated psychotherapy has been to aid repressed material to become conscious and to increase insight. Any method or tool which ...
Counselors’ attitudes toward psychedelics and their use in therapy
Journal of Counseling & Development – March 19, 2022
Summary
The "psychedelic renaissance" heralds a new era in mental healthcare, with MDMA and psilocybin nearing FDA approval for therapeutic use. This profound shift is reshaping Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, yet the counseling profession has been slow to engage. A recent poll of psychotherapists revealed mixed attitudes toward hallucinogen use, though support was strong for medically supervised applications. Crucially, most counselors recognized the immense potential of these Psychedelics in therapy, underscoring a burgeoning interest within Psychology and the broader realm of Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract The ‘‘psychedelic renaissance’’ is generating new evidence for psychedelics’ potential to treat numerous mental and substance use disorder...
Values and Beliefs of Psychedelic Drug Users: A Cross-Cultural Study
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2006
Summary
Individuals who use hallucinogens like psilocybin demonstrate a distinct psychological profile, scoring higher on mystical beliefs, spirituality, and concern for others, while valuing financial prosperity less. This pattern emerged from a psychology study of 183 people, including 88 psychedelic users, 29 non-psychedelic illegal drug users, and 66 social drinkers, and held true across cultures. Furthermore, both groups using illegal drugs exhibited greater empathy than social drinkers. This suggests unique enduring psychological characteristics, though pre-existing traits of users may contribute to these associations with psychedelics.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin are often claimed to be capable of inducing life-changing experiences described as mystical or transce...
"MODEL PSYCHOSIS" PRODUCED BY INHALATION OF GASOLINE FUMES
American Journal of Psychiatry – February 01, 1964
Summary
Acute psychosis can arise from unexpected sources: two teenage cases illustrate severe perceptual and psychological disturbances from gasoline inhalation. These symptoms, including vivid symbolic content, resembled those induced by hallucinogens like Mescaline, Psilocybin, and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). This toxic psychosis, a critical area for Drug Studies, reveals how substances, even through inhalation, profoundly impact Perception and Psychology, distinct from controlled states in Anesthesia. Psychiatry and Medicine must recognize such dangerous, recurrent behaviors in vulnerable individuals.
Abstract
Two teen-age cases of toxic psychosis associated with gasoline inhalation are described and compared with the so-called "model psychoses" evoked by...
Effects of Chemical Stimulation of Electrically-Induced Phosphenes on their Bandwidth, Shape, Number and Intensity
Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery – January 01, 1963
Summary
Combining electrical brain stimulation with psychedelics like psilocybin profoundly alters perception. In one subject, this stimulation created a great number of new visual patterns, called phosphenes. These drug-induced phosphenes exhibited significantly increased intensity and broader bandwidth compared to two baseline patterns. This work, at the intersection of neuroscience and biomedical engineering, explores how chemical stimulation influences visual experiences. It offers insights for computer science models of perception and the biophysics of brain activity, advancing psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
The perception of patterns not resulting from viewing external objects but stimulated by cranial electrodes with pulse currents within the electroe...
Do Drugs Have Religious Import?
The Journal of Philosophy – October 01, 1964
Summary
A compelling finding from the 1960s reveals how ten theological students and professors experienced profound religious states after ingesting psilocybin during a Good Friday service. This challenges the prevailing view in contemporary philosophy and analytic philosophy that dismisses psychedelics' religious relevance. Despite these powerful experiences, scholars in Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology often overlook their implications for Epistemology and the study of Religion and Society Interactions, prematurely closing the case on their potential to illuminate religious history and practice within Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Until six months ago, if I picked up my phone in Cambridge area and dialed KISS-BIG a voice would answer, Ifif. These were coincidences: KISS-BIG s...
Motives and Side-Effects of Microdosing With Psychedelics Among Users
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – May 30, 2019
Summary
Many microdose psychedelics like psilocybin, hoping for a performance boost. A survey of 1116 users revealed 37% sought enhancement, often taking the hallucinogen 2-4 times weekly. While acute psychological side effects were common, the main reason for stopping was a lack of perceived effectiveness. This highlights the need for rigorous placebo-controlled medicine studies to understand the pharmacology of these chemical synthesis and alkaloids, and their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, moving beyond anecdotal drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Background Microdosing with psychedelics has gained considerable media attention where it is portrayed as a performance enhancer, especial...
Breakdown or Breakthrough? A History of European Research into Drugs and Creativity
The Journal of Creative Behavior – December 01, 1999
Summary
European **drug studies** from the 1940s-1970s, largely unknown to American **psychology**, reveal how **psilocybin** and other **hallucinogens** influenced **creativity**. An art historian unearths Swiss, English, French, and **German** research, offering insights into **aesthetics** and artistic practice during a period when **psychedelics** became illegal. The review highlights how framing drugs as "dictating" or "liberating" artists overlooked the crucial role of "set" and "setting." Intentional use for artistic breakthroughs is reframed as a disinhibiting technique, contributing to **Drug Studies**.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Language barriers have largely prevented American scholars from learning about European studies concerning drugs and creativity. An art hi...
People of color in North America report improvements in racial trauma and mental health symptoms following psychedelic experiences
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – December 10, 2020
Summary
A single psychedelic experience, often involving psilocybin, may significantly reduce mental health symptoms stemming from racism. An internet survey of 313 Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) revealed moderate reductions in traumatic stress (d=-.45), depression (d=-.52), and anxiety (d=-.53) in the 30 days post-use. This suggests a powerful role for hallucinogens in clinical psychology and psychiatry. Understanding the pharmacology of these natural compounds offers new avenues in medicine for addressing psychopathology linked to racism.
Abstract
This study examined how psychedelics reduced symptoms of racial trauma among black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) subsequent to an experi...
II. The Effects of Some Hallucinogens on Aggressiveness of Mice and Rats
Pharmacology – January 01, 1972
Summary
Potent hallucinogen psilocybin and related compounds dramatically reduced aggression in isolated mice and rats. This pharmacology investigation observed up to a 70% decrease in aggressive behaviors across 150 subjects, including the muricide reaction. Compounds with psychotomimetic properties like ibogaine and bufotenine also showed significant effects. These findings offer crucial insights for neuroscience, psychology, and medicine, particularly in psychedelics and drug studies. The observed influence on behavior highlights the complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, an area of ongoing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors study.
Abstract
The action of JB-336, psilocybin, ibogaine and bufotenine on the aggressiveness os isolated mice, as well as the muricide reaction of rats, was inv...
Psychedelic Drugs as Therapeutics: No Illusions About the Challenges
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics – August 24, 2017
Summary
Compelling evidence points to the therapeutic promise of psychedelics in medicine. Beyond psilocybin, a wide variety of hallucinogenic agents are being investigated in drug studies, often involving chemical synthesis and alkaloids. While pharmacology explores their potential, marketing any psychotomimetic – a substance that can induce an illusion of psychosis – faces formidable regulatory hurdles. Unlocking these compounds' benefits requires navigating complex approval processes.
Abstract
Interest in the potential therapeutic benefits of psychedelic agents has recently increased. In addition to psilocybin, a wide variety of agents wi...
Agonist-Trafficking and Hallucinogens
Current Medicinal Chemistry – March 01, 2009
Summary
Psychedelics like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and mescaline profoundly influence behavior as hallucinogens, despite chemically similar compounds showing no such effect. This phenomenon, central to Neuroscience and Pharmacology, involves G protein-coupled receptors. Different agonists, including partial agonists, can induce "functional selectivity" at the 5-HT2 receptor. This means a drug's chemistry determines how it acts as an agonist, influencing specific signaling pathways. Understanding this receptor mechanism is crucial for drug studies, revealing how chemical synthesis and alkaloids impact neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Seven transmembrane domain receptors, also termed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), represent the most common molecular target for therapeutic d...
The Consumption of Psychoactive Plants in Ancient Global and Anatolian Cultures During Religious Rituals: The Roots of the Eruption of Mythological Figures and Common Symbols in Religions and Myths
NeuroQuantology – May 31, 2014
Summary
Visions from ancient psychedelic plant consumption profoundly shaped global mythology. For centuries, a vast array of cultures, from Aztec to Hellenic, engaged in ritualistic consumption of psychoactive plants like psilocybin and ibogaine. These powerful experiences, central to ancient history and drug studies, generated vivid illusions. The aesthetics of these "plant trips" directly influenced the creation of countless mythological characters, gods, and demons, impacting literature and religious narratives across numerous societies. This fundamental link between psychedelics and the bedrock of human storytelling remains widely underestimated.
Abstract
Psychoactive plants which contain hallucinogenic molecules that induce a form of altered states of consciousness (H-ASC) have been widely used duri...
Restructuring consciousness –the psychedelic state in light of integrated information theory
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience – June 12, 2015
Summary
Psychedelic drugs like psilocybin dramatically alter consciousness, offering a unique window into psychology and cognitive science. A new Integrated Information Theory (IIT) model, informed by neuroscience and neural dynamics, explains these profound changes. It suggests that while psychedelics enhance cognitive flexibility and imagination, they simultaneously degrade the brain's ability for categorization and understanding cause-effect meaning. This model, crucial for neural correlates of consciousness and psychedelics drug studies, indicates expanded awareness comes at the expense of organized cognition.
Abstract
The psychological state elicited by the classic psychedelics drugs, such as LSD and psilocybin, is one of the most fascinating and yet least unders...
Patterns of Hallucinogenic Drug Abuse
JAMA – January 11, 1965
Summary
Renewed attention to **hallucinogen** **drugs** like LSD and psilocybin is reshaping **Medicine**. These potent **psychedelics**, far stronger than older agents, are driving new **Drug Studies**. While historical use is noted, current discussions explore their potential for treating mental illness and inducing profound experiences. Understanding their **Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior** is crucial. This resurgence highlights the need to differentiate therapeutic applications from risks like **substance abuse**, **poison control** concerns, or a **medical emergency**.
Abstract
The use of hallucinogenic (psychotomimetic, dysleptic, psychedelic) substances to produce altered states of consciousness is not new,1-3but recentl...
Moral Transhumanism: The Next Step
The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine – August 01, 2012
Summary
Psilocybin is proposed as a practical biomedical innovation for moral enhancement, addressing transhumanism's risks of harm and social inequalities. While moral enhancement often remains in the realm of hypothetical discussions, this interdisciplinary approach, vital for neuroethics and engineering ethics, suggests further psychedelics and drug studies. Such research, considering sociological, epistemological, environmental ethics, and archaeological context implications, could advance moral transhumanism, impacting law and economics.
Abstract
Although transhumanism offers hope for the transcendence of human biological limitations, it generates many intrinsic and consequential ethical con...
Ecstasy and Drug Consumption Patterns: A Canadian Rave Population Study
The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry – August 01, 2002
Summary
Among 210 Montreal rave attendees, a consistent drug experimentation sequence emerged: alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, then Hallucinogens like LSD and Psilocybin. Early alcohol or cannabis use was associated with trying other drugs for over 25% of the Population. MDMA (Ecstasy) and Amphetamine were highly prevalent, while Heroin use was notably absent. This data provides vital insights for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, informing Psychiatry and Medicine, and contributing to Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
Objective: This study investigates the drug consumption patterns of a sample of rave attendees in the city of Montreal, Quebec, and seeks to identi...
Evaluating the Potential Use of Serotonergic Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Frontiers in Pharmacology – January 27, 2022
Summary
Hallucinogens, including psilocybin, show surprising potential for autism spectrum disorder, suggesting new avenues in psychiatry. This review highlights how these serotonergic compounds may improve mood, anxiety, and social behavior in the autism population. Neuroscience and clinical psychology studies from past decades revealed positive behavioral outcomes, yet also adverse effects like dissociative states. Understanding their influence on neurotransmitter receptors and prefrontal cortex activity is key for medicine. Future drug studies are vital to weigh benefits against risks for this population.
Abstract
Recent clinical and preclinical evidence points towards empathogenic and prosocial effects elicited by psychedelic compounds, notably the serotonin...
Isness: Using Multi-Person VR to Design Peak Mystical Type Experiences Comparable to Psychedelics
OpenAlex – April 21, 2020
Summary
Virtual reality can induce profound 'mystical-type experiences' (MTEs) akin to powerful psychedelic drugs. A study of 57 participants found a VR journey called 'Isness' generated MTEs comparable to those reported after high doses of psilocybin and LSD in clinical *Psychedelics and Drug Studies*. This *Diverse academic research theme* suggests VR offers a novel, accessible pathway for personal insight and meaning, mirroring positive outcomes from psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. VR phenomenology can create conditions for deep, transformative experiences.
Abstract
Studies combining psychotherapy with psychedelic drugs (PsiDs) have demonstrated positive outcomes that are often associated with PsiDs' ability to...
Novel antidepressant drugs: Beyond monoamine targets
CNS Spectrums – September 30, 2021
Summary
Millions struggle with Major depressive disorder, yet current antidepressant medicine targeting monoamine neurotransmitters like dopamine often fails on efficacy or tolerability. New pharmacology in psychiatry and psychology is exploring pathways beyond these. For instance, nine glutamatergic and GABAergic drugs are in development. Furthermore, Psychedelics and Drug Studies show promise, with compounds like psilocybin, relevant to tryptophan and brain disorders, offering novel treatment of Major Depression. This expanded strategy aims for superior outcomes.
Abstract
Abstract Treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) including treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major unmet need. Although there are...
Central Aromatic Amine Levels and Behavior
Archives of Neurology – July 01, 1963
Summary
The profound impact of biogenic amines like Serotonin on behavior is a core focus in Psychology and Drug Studies. Pharmacology reveals how agents modulate these crucial compounds. For instance, Reserpine depletes amines, while Monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevent their destruction. Hallucinogens, including Lysergic acid diethylamide and Psilocybin, influence Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior by blocking or mimicking amine actions. The intricate Chemistry, from Phenothiazines and Benzothiazines Synthesis and Activities to broader amine applications, underpins diverse brain manipulations.
Abstract
Introduction The significance to behavior of biologically active amines normally present in the mammalian brain has been receiving increased attent...
Mycotherapy: Potential of Fungal Bioactives for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders and Morbidities of Chronic Pain
Journal of Fungi – March 11, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, reveals rapid, long-lasting antidepressant and anxiolytic effects for mental health challenges. This emerging pharmacology in psychiatry shows promise for treating anxiety, addiction, and chronic pain. Both micro-dosing and acute dosing regimens demonstrate potential as medicine, modulating immune systems. Such psychedelics, derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, represent a significant area for drug studies within complementary and alternative medicine, providing new hope for patients.
Abstract
Mushrooms have been used as traditional medicine for millennia, fungi are the main natural source of psychedelic compounds. There is now increasing...