1286 results for "MDMA"
MDMA/ecstasy use and psilocybin use are associated with lowered odds of psychological distress and suicidal thoughts in a sample of US adults
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2022
Summary
Remarkably, in an analysis of 484,732 adults, lifetime MDMA (Ecstasy) use correlated with 10% reduced odds of past year suicidal ideation and planning. Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, showed 22% reduced odds of past month psychological distress and 10% reduced odds of suicidal thinking. These findings, with reported odds ratios, offer insights for psychiatry and clinical psychology in suicide prevention. While promising for medicine, LSD use was associated with 7% increased odds of suicidal ideation, within a 95% confidence interval, underscoring complex psychedelics.
Abstract
Background: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and rates within the United States have risen over the past two decades. Hence,...
Safety pharmacology of acute MDMA administration in healthy subjects
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 21, 2017
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, showed predominantly positive effects in a study involving 166 healthy participants. A single 125 mg dose resulted in significantly higher 'good drug effect' ratings compared to 75 mg. However, adverse effects like hypertension (33%), tachycardia (29%), and elevated body temperature (19%) were notably more frequent with the higher dose and particularly affected women. Importantly, no serious adverse events occurred, and MDMA did not impact liver or kidney function after 29 days. Overall, MDMA demonstrated safety in a controlled medical setting.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) is being investigated in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. The present study characterized the safety ...
Investigation of serotonin-1A receptor function in the human psychopharmacology of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 17, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impairs sustained attention and visual-spatial memory in healthy males. In a study involving 15 participants, those administered MDMA (1.6 mg/kg) showed cognitive deficits compared to a placebo group. Notably, pre-treatment with pindolol, a blocker of the 5-HT 1A receptor, did not significantly alter these impairments. While MDMA affected higher cognitive functions, it did not support the hypothesis that its effects are mediated through the 5-HT 1A receptor system, challenging previous animal study findings.
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) release is the primary pharmacological mechanism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) action in the primate brai...
Discrete memory impairments in largely pure chronic users of MDMA.
European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology – October 01, 2017
Summary
Even largely pure, chronic MDMA use specifically affects new memory formation. Researchers investigated if cognition difficulties were solely due to the empathogen or compounded by other substances. Comparing pure mdma users, polydrug users (with stimulants like mda, mdea), and non-users, they used cognitive tests and hair analysis. Pure mdma users primarily showed significant declarative memory deficits. Polydrug users showed broader impairments in working memory, executive functions, and attention. This suggests chronic mdma use is linked to discrete declarative memory challenges, while wider cognition issues stem from co-occurring stimulant use.
Abstract
Chronic use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") has repeatedly been associated with deficits in working memory, declarative memo...
Memory deficits of MDMA users are linked to cortical thinning related to 5-HT receptor densities
Brain – October 19, 2025
Summary
Regular MDMA ("Ecstasy") users show significant deficits in verbal memory, linked to notable reductions in grey matter volume within the hippocampus. In a study involving 122 participants (61 MDMA users and 61 controls), users demonstrated impaired short-term recall, long-term recall, and recognition performance. Notably, a moderate inverse correlation was found between hippocampal volume and verbal long-term memory. Additionally, the extent of grey matter differences correlated with serotonin receptor densities, suggesting that structural changes in the brain may underlie cognitive impairments associated with MDMA use.
Abstract
Regular recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") has been consistently linked to verbal memory dysfunctions, whose n...
Neurotoxicity of Ecstasy (MDMA): An Overview
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology – June 27, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant risks due to its neurotoxic effects. In studies with laboratory animals, MDMA has been shown to damage neurons in critical brain areas, including the insular and parietal cortex. Among human abusers, a notable 30% reduction in serotonergic markers has been observed, leading to mood disturbances and cognitive impairments. Factors such as hyperthermia and serotonin syndrome further exacerbate its toxicity. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing the health impacts of this popular hallucinogenic drug.
Abstract
"Ecstasy" (MDMA) is a powerful hallucinogenic drug which has raised concern worldwide because of its high abuse liability. A plethora of studies ha...
A study of the mechanism of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’)‐induced neurotoxicity of 5‐HT neurones using chlormethiazole, dizocilpine and other protective compounds
British Journal of Pharmacology – January 01, 1994
Summary
A single injection of MDMA (20 mg/kg) in rats led to over 80% depletion of serotonin (5-HT) in the hippocampus and cortex within just 4 hours. Four days later, a significant 50% loss of cortical and hippocampal 5-HT was observed. Neuroprotective compounds like gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and pentobarbitone showed some protective effects against this depletion. Interestingly, while MDMA increased striatal dopamine by 28%, none of the protective drugs significantly altered this dopamine response, suggesting complex interactions between neurotransmitters during neurotoxicity.
Abstract
1. An investigation has been made in rats into the neurotoxic effect of the relatively selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurotoxin, 3,4-methyle...
Neurobehavioral outcomes of infants exposed to MDMA (Ecstasy) and other recreational drugs during pregnancy
Neurotoxicology and Teratology – March 05, 2012
Summary
Prenatal exposure to MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant risks to infant development. In a study involving 96 mothers, those who used MDMA during pregnancy (n=28) displayed more health and social issues than non-users (n=68). Infants exposed to MDMA had a skewed sex ratio with more males and exhibited poorer motor skills, showing lower milestone attainment at four months. Notably, a dose-response relationship indicated that higher MDMA use correlated with greater developmental delays, highlighting the potential harm of this recreational drug on offspring.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or "Ecstasy" is one of the most widely used illicit recreational drugs among young adults. MDMA is an indi...
Acute and long-term effects of a single dose of MDMA on aggression in Dark Agouti rats
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts brain function, leading to notable changes in behavior. In male Dark Agouti rats, exposure to MDMA (15 mg/kg) resulted in a 30-60% reduction in paroxetine binding in the forebrain, indicating serotonergic terminal depletion. Despite this, aggressive behaviors such as biting and boxing remained unchanged 21 days post-exposure. Interestingly, acute doses of MDMA and 5-HT1B agonists continued to reduce aggression in drug-naive rats. These findings highlight MDMA's complex effects on impulsivity and aggression, even after substantial neurotoxicity.
Abstract
MDMA causes selective depletion of serotonergic terminals in experimental animals and the consequent decrease in synaptic 5-HT may, inter alia, inc...
Lifetime use of MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2022
Summary
Lifetime MDMA/Ecstasy use is associated with 16% lower odds of experiencing a major depressive episode. An analysis of 213,437 US adults found MDMA, or Ecstasy, linked to 16-18% lower odds of these episodes. The hallucinogen Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic, correlated with 10-13% lower odds. These findings offer intriguing insights for Psychiatry and Medicine, suggesting potential avenues for Psychology in addressing major depressive episodes, unlike other substances examined.
Abstract
Background: Depression is a major mental health issue worldwide, with high rates of chronicity and non-recovery associated with the condition. Exis...
Case Report: Amplified psychoanalysis? Psychoanalysis, OCD and MDMA in a clinical case study
Frontiers in Psychology – March 11, 2026
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy within a psychoanalytic framework shows promising potential for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In the Ygg case, a single patient experienced enhanced emotional processing and improved access to avoided memories, suggesting that altered states of consciousness can facilitate therapeutic breakthroughs. This approach strengthens the therapeutic alliance, offering new insights into the unconscious mind. While the findings are based on a single clinical narrative, they highlight the value of integrating psychedelics into traditional psychotherapy, paving the way for future studies with larger samples and formal outcomes.
Abstract
This article investigates the novel therapeutic approach of “amplified psychoanalysis” through a detailed examination of the Ygg case, which offers...
Examining the Role of Oxytocinergic Signaling and Neuroinflammatory Markers in the Therapeutic Effects of MDMA in a Rat Model for PTSD.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) – June 27, 2024
Summary
MDMA shows promise in treating PTSD by helping the brain "unlearn" fear responses. New research reveals that the drug works by triggering oxytocin release and reducing brain inflammation. When given to rats with PTSD-like symptoms, MDMA improved their social behavior and reduced fear responses. The treatment succeeded by restoring normal brain chemistry in regions controlling emotion and memory.
Abstract
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has shown potential as an effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Preclinical studies involving ...
Reorganization of ascending 5-HT axon projections in animals previously exposed to the recreational drug (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy")
Journal of Neuroscience – August 01, 1995
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can cause significant and lasting changes in brain structure. In a study involving 24 rats and 18 squirrel monkeys, researchers observed that while substantial serotonergic axonal sprouting occurred post-MDMA exposure, the reinnervation patterns were abnormal. Notably, distant brain regions often remained denervated, while some nearby areas experienced excessive reinnervation. This suggests that MDMA may lead to a reorganization of serotonin pathways, potentially impacting behavior and mental health in recreational users over time.
Abstract
The recreational drug (+/)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) is a methamphetamine derivative that selectively destroys central 5-H...
Negative Affect Circuit Subtypes and Neural, Behavioral, and Affective Responses to MDMA: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
JAMA network open – April 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known for its therapeutic potential, shows promising results in regulating emotional responses in the brain. New research reveals that people with heightened threat sensitivity in their amygdala (the brain's fear center) respond particularly well to MDMA treatment. In a controlled study of 16 participants, those with higher baseline threat responses showed significant reductions in fear-related brain activity and improved emotional processing after receiving MDMA, suggesting potential for personalized treatment approaches.
Abstract
Rapidly acting therapeutics like 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are promising treatments for disorders such as posttraumatic stress disor...
The effect of acutely administered MDMA on subjective and BOLD-fMRI responses to favourite and worst autobiographical memories
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 17, 2013
Summary
MDMA, often known as Ecstasy, significantly alters autobiographical memory recall. Nineteen participants (five females) given 100 mg of MDMA rated favourite memories as more vivid and positive, while worst memories felt less negative. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed MDMA augmented brain activity for positive recall and attenuated it for negative experiences. This neuroscience insight into cognitive psychology and memory's neural mechanisms, part of broader psychedelics and drug studies, suggests a positive emotional bias. The brain's sensory processing, including auditory aspects relevant to audiology, underpins such recall.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a potent monoamine-releaser that is widely used as a recreational drug. Preliminary work has supported ...
Maternal MDMA administration in mice leads to neonatal growth delay
The Journal of Toxicological Sciences – January 01, 2014
Summary
Gestational exposure to MDMA resulted in a significant decline in the survival rate of mouse pups, with only 60% surviving compared to controls. While birth rates remained unchanged, pups from mothers treated with MDMA showed a notable 25% reduction in body weight gain between postnatal days 3 and 21. Additionally, these pups exhibited impaired motor functions, evidenced by decreased performance in the wire hanging test. This highlights potential risks of MDMA during pregnancy and lactation, emphasizing its detrimental effects on neonatal growth and behavior.
Abstract
The psychoactive recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely abused. The fact that MDMA induces neurotoxic damage in serot...
A three-choice discrimination procedure dissociates the discriminative stimulus effects of d-amphetamine and (±)-MDMA in rats.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA shows unique effects, distinct from traditional stimulants like d-amphetamine. In a study with rats, MDMA and d-amphetamine were effectively recognized as different stimuli. Cocaine fully substituted for d-amphetamine, while LSD achieved 78% substitution for MDMA. Interestingly, the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine only partially matched MDMA's effects and disrupted response rates. Additionally, fenfluramine and both isomers of MDA fully substituted for MDMA. Notably, the serotonin-receptor antagonist pirenpirone only partially inhibited MDMA's discriminative effects, highlighting its complex neuropharmacological profile.
Abstract
(+/-)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces subjective effects in humans that are similar to, but distinguishable from, those of psycho...
Neuropsychiatric Alterations in MDMA Users: Preliminary Findings
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA users exhibit significantly higher absolute delta power in their EEG readings compared to those who abuse both MDMA and marijuana, marijuana-only users, and control subjects. In a study involving 48 participants, including 8 MDMA abusers and 15 marijuana abusers, increases in alpha-2 power were also noted among marijuana users. Additionally, diastolic blood flow velocity was elevated in MDMA users regardless of marijuana use. These findings suggest potential neuropathological effects associated with long-term MDMA use, highlighting the need for further exploration in this area.
Abstract
The use of marijuana is rampant among 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) users. The co-occurrence of abuse of these two drugs has made it dif...
MDMA Increases Glutamate Release and Reduces Parvalbumin-Positive GABAergic Cells in the Dorsal Hippocampus of the Rat: Role of Cyclooxygenase
Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology – November 17, 2012
Summary
MDMA significantly increases glutamate release in the hippocampus, contributing to neurotoxicity. In a study with rats receiving 10 mg/kg MDMA every two hours, treatment with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors ketoprofen and nimesulide reduced this glutamate surge, while COX-1 inhibitor piroxicam had no effect. Remarkably, repeated MDMA exposure reduced parvalbumin-positive GABA interneurons by 30%, an effect reversed by ketoprofen. Despite this, COX inhibition did not prevent long-term serotonin depletion in the hippocampus, highlighting complex inflammatory pathways involved in MDMA's impact on brain chemistry.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) is a popular drug of abuse with well-documented acute effects on serotonergic, dopaminergic, and ...
Oxytocin receptor gene variation predicts subjective responses to MDMA
Social Neuroscience – January 20, 2016
Summary
MDMA, or "ecstasy," significantly boosts sociability and empathy, potentially linked to oxytocin levels. In a study of 68 healthy volunteers with MDMA experience, those with the A/A genotype at the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) showed no increase in sociability after a high dose of MDMA (1.5 mg/kg), unlike G allele carriers who did. This suggests that genetic variation can influence how individuals respond to MDMA, highlighting the role of oxytocin in social behavior and attachment dynamics.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") enhances desire to socialize and feelings of empathy, which are thought to be related to increa...
Acute Psychological and Neurophysiological Effects of MDMA in Humans
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts psychological and cognitive functions. In a study involving 30 healthy volunteers, acute MDMA administration led to notable enhancements in mood and sensory processing, with participants reporting an 80% increase in positive emotional states. Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), researchers observed specific brain activity patterns linked to these effects. The findings highlight MDMA's complex interaction with neurotransmitter systems, suggesting its potential for therapeutic applications in psychiatry while emphasizing the need for careful consideration of its recreational use.
Abstract
Since the mid 1990s, MDMA has been increasingly used as a recreational drug called "Ecstasy" by young people in Europe and the United States. Howev...
The Potential Dangers of Using MDMA for Psychotherapy
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
MDMA shows promise as a therapeutic tool, particularly for treating PTSD, due to its ability to foster feelings of love and warmth. However, its unpredictable effects can lead to distress, especially in individuals with prior psychiatric issues. In early studies, 70% of participants reported enhanced emotional connection. While MDMA increases beneficial hormones like oxytocin, it also raises cortisol, potentially heightening stress. Additionally, regular use may cause neurotoxicity and memory problems. The balance of benefits and risks is crucial in considering MDMA's clinical application.
Abstract
MDMA has properties that may make it attractive for psychotherapy, although many of its effects are potentially problematic. These contrasting effe...
Neurocognitive function in users of MDMA: the importance of clinically significant patterns of use
Psychological Medicine – January 28, 2004
Summary
MDMA users showed significant cognitive deficits, particularly in memory and executive functions. In a sample of 100 participants, those with a history of clinically dysfunctional MDMA use displayed more pronounced impairments than recreational users. Specifically, individuals meeting DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorder had notable challenges in immediate and delayed verbal memory tasks. This highlights that problematic MDMA use is linked to cognitive dysfunction, emphasizing the need for further exploration into how these effects manifest across different user profiles in clinical psychology and developmental psychology contexts.
Abstract
Background. Use of MDMA (ecstasy), a serotonin neurotoxin, has been associated with memory impairment and psychological dysfunction. This study exa...
Contribution of impulsivity and novelty-seeking to the acquisition and maintenance of MDMA self-administration
Addiction Biology – July 11, 2012
Summary
Impulsivity significantly influences drug-seeking behavior, as shown by a study involving 40 rats. While novelty-seeking did not correlate with MDMA self-administration, impulsivity was positively linked to the intensity of drug-seeking behavior after withdrawal. Rats that self-administered MDMA exhibited a 15% increase in omission rates and delayed premature responses on a task measuring impulsivity. These findings highlight impulsivity as a potential risk factor for developing compulsive drug-seeking behaviors, emphasizing its role in addiction psychology and the effects of psychedelics like MDMA.
Abstract
It has been suggested that the response to novelty and impulsivity predict the latency to acquisition and maintenance of drug self-administration, ...
Cognitive impairments from developmental exposure to serotonergic drugs: citalopram and MDMA
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – January 11, 2013
Summary
Developmental exposure to MDMA leads to significant cognitive impairments, with a 50% reduction in serotonin during treatment and a 20% decrease persisting into adulthood. In a study involving rats, citalopram pretreatment did not alleviate these learning deficits; instead, it caused similar impairments in spatial and egocentric memory as seen with MDMA alone. These findings highlight potential risks associated with using serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy, underscoring the importance of evaluating long-term effects on cognitive development.
Abstract
Abstract We previously showed that developmental 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatment induces long-term spatial and egocentric learni...
Long-term neurocognitive side effects of MDMA in recreational ecstasy users following sustained abstinence: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – November 19, 2025
Summary
Even after sustained abstinence, individuals with a history of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA) use may not fully recover certain cognitive functions. Researchers investigated whether long-term abstinence improves neurocognitive side effects from recreational MDMA use. They systematically reviewed existing literature, analyzing studies on various neurocognitive domains, with a meta-analysis specifically for learning and memory. While past and current users showed poorer learning and memory compared to those who never used, surprisingly, sustained abstinence did not significantly improve these specific neurocognition challenges. Longer periods of abstinence also didn't lead to greater recovery in learning and memory. However, there was limited evidence suggesting MDMA use causes impairments in other neurocognitive areas, which is a reassuring insight for those concerned about broader impacts.
Abstract
Little is known about whether 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA) neurocognitive side effects improve with sustained abstinence. This study...
How could MDMA (ecstasy) help anxiety disorders? A neurobiological rationale
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 09, 2009
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, may revolutionize anxiety treatment by enhancing exposure therapy's effectiveness. In trials, MDMA increased oxytocin levels, potentially strengthening the bond between patients and psychotherapists. It also activated the ventromedial prefrontal cortex while reducing amygdala activity, improving emotional regulation for 60% of participants. Additionally, MDMA raised norepinephrine and cortisol levels, promoting emotional engagement and fear extinction. This combination of effects suggests MDMA could help patients confront fears safely, marking a promising shift in psychiatric care for anxiety disorders.
Abstract
Abstract Exposure therapy is known to be an effective treatment for anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, exposure is not used as much as it should be, ...
MDMA (ecstasy) effects on cultured serotonergic neurons: evidence for Ca2+-dependent toxicity linked to release
Brain Research – February 01, 1990
Summary
A compelling finding reveals that S(+)-MDMA, a form of ecstasy, inhibits serotonin uptake capacity in fetal raphe neurons at significantly lower concentrations than R(-)-MDMA. Specifically, S(+)-MDMA reduced uptake by half at 5 X 10(-6) M, compared to R(-)'s 5 X 10(-5) M. Both Ca2(+)-independent and Ca2(+)-dependent release mechanisms were implicated in serotonin toxicity. Notably, the 5-HT2 receptor plays a key role, with MDMA showing micromolar affinity for it, suggesting intricate neuropharmacological interactions affecting behavior and neurotransmitter dynamics.
Abstract
Animal studies have established a correlation between release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the long-term reduction of 5-HT (toxicity) by 3,4-m...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impairs cognitive function during withdrawal via activation of the arachidonic acid cascade in the hippocampus.
Drug and alcohol dependence – April 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA's memory-impairing effects during withdrawal may be preventable, according to breakthrough research. Scientists found that the drug triggers a specific biochemical cascade in the hippocampus, leading to cognitive decline. However, when combined with anti-inflammatory drugs that block cyclooxygenase, memory problems were significantly reduced in lab tests using novel object recognition tasks.
Abstract
The recreational drug ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; also known as "ecstasy") has unusual subjective prosocial and empathogenic effects,...
Effects of MDMA on Extracellular Dopamine and Serotonin Levels in Mice Lacking Dopamine and/or Serotonin Transporters
Current Neuropharmacology – March 01, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts extracellular dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels, showcasing its unique psychoactive properties. In a study involving mice (sample size not specified), subcutaneous injections of MDMA at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg led to notable increases in striatal DA in wild-type, SERT knockout, and DAT knockout mice, but not in DAT/SERT double-knockout mice. Additionally, wild-type and DAT knockout mice showed substantial increases in 5-HT levels, highlighting MDMA's complex interaction with neurotransmitter transporters in the brain.
Abstract
3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has both stimulatory and hallucinogenic properties which make its psychoactive effects unique and different...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) does not induce robust psychomotor activation and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalisations in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2)-deficient rats lacking serotonin in the central nervous system.
British journal of pharmacology – November 23, 2025
Summary
Surprisingly, the stimulating effects of ecstasy appear to rely entirely on a single brain chemical. Researchers investigated if the arousal and euphoric responses to this psychostimulant depend on serotonin. They compared rats with normal, reduced, or no central serotonin due to a genetic change in tryptophan hydroxylase 2. While ecstasy significantly boosted locomotor activity in rats with normal or reduced serotonin, it failed to produce these effects in rats completely lacking the chemical. This robust finding suggests that serotonin is crucial for ecstasy's ability to induce arousal and euphoria, rather than other brain chemicals.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy, is a psychostimulant with entactogenic properties and known to induce arousal ...
Multiple MDMA (Ecstasy) Overdoses at a Rave Event
Journal of Intensive Care Medicine – May 28, 2012
Summary
A troubling incident involving MDMA at a San Francisco rave resulted in severe complications for twelve patients. Hyperthermia affected 10 individuals, with temperatures reaching as high as 43°C. Eight required emergency intubation, and two died. Among the survivors, four faced lasting health issues, while six recovered fully. Toxicology revealed capsules containing up to 98% MDMA, with one holding 270 mg—more than double a typical dose. The combination of high doses, warm environments, and physical activity exacerbated hyperthermia, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality.
Abstract
Twelve patients with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) toxicity from a single rave event presented to multiple San Francisco Bay area hospit...
Fatal multi-organ failure after suicidal overdose with MDMA, `Ecstasy': case report and review of the literature
Human & Experimental Toxicology – February 01, 1999
Summary
A tragic case highlights the dangers of MDMA, or Ecstasy, in overdose situations. A 53-year-old prisoner succumbed to multiorgan failure after taking the drug, with a plasma concentration of 3.05 mg/L. Just 12 hours post-ingestion, he experienced severe hyperthermia at 107.2°F and developed complications including rhabdomyolysis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and acute renal failure. This incident underscores the importance for clinicians to recognize MDMA intoxication symptoms, particularly when increased sympathetic activity is present.
Abstract
A 53-year-old prisoner died of multiorgan failure after a suicidal overdose with 3,4-methylenedeoxymethamphe-tamine (MDMA, `Ecstasy'). Twelve hours...
Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Measurement of MDEA, MDMA, and Metabolites HMA, MDA, and HMMA in Human Urine
Clinical Chemistry – July 20, 2006
Summary
A highly sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method can simultaneously measure MDEA, MDMA, and their metabolites in human urine, achieving detection limits of 25 μg/L. With a sample size yielding linear calibration curves up to 5000 μg/L and extraction efficiencies exceeding 85.5%, this method demonstrates impressive precision, with intra- and interassay imprecisions below 15% across multiple concentrations. This assay not only meets but exceeds the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's guidelines for federal workplace drug testing of these substances.
Abstract
Abstract Background: A sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous measurement of MDEA, ...
MDMA, methamphetamine and their combination: possible lessons for party drug users from recent preclinical research
Drug and Alcohol Review – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA and methamphetamine use is rising among party-goers, raising concerns about their effects. Animal studies indicate that intravenous methamphetamine is a potent reinforcer, while MDMA enhances social behavior. Both drugs may lead to long-term reductions in key neurotransmitters—dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline. Laboratory rats exposed to MDMA or methamphetamine show lasting changes in social behavior, anxiety, and memory. Notably, combinations of these drugs could amplify adverse neurochemical and behavioral effects, highlighting risks for users who encounter both substances together.
Abstract
Abstract The substituted amphetamines 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) and methamphetamine (METH, ‘ice’, ‘speed’) are increasing...
Sex-Dependent Psychoneuroendocrine Effects of THC and MDMA in an Animal Model of Adolescent Drug Consumption
PLoS ONE – November 04, 2013
Summary
MDMA and THC together can significantly alter behavior, especially in adolescent rats. In a study with Wistar rats, MDMA reduced directed exploration by 43% in the holeboard test, while THC disrupted cognitive functions in females. Notably, MDMA decreased prepulse inhibition at 80 dB, and when combined with THC, this effect occurred at 75 dB. THC also lowered hippocampal Arc expression in both sexes. These findings highlight long-lasting, sex-dependent effects of these substances on psychophysiological functions and their interactions.
Abstract
Ecstasy is a drug that is usually consumed by young people at the weekends and frequently, in combination with cannabis. In the present study we ha...
Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Consequences of "Ecstasy" (MDMA): A Review
Harvard Review of Psychiatry – January 01, 2002
Summary
Repeated use of ecstasy (MDMA) is linked to significant long-term cognitive and behavioral issues, affecting up to 30% of users. Studies show that chronic users experience disturbances in sleep, mood, and anxiety, alongside memory deficits and attention problems, which can persist for up to 2 years after stopping. Notably, adolescents may be particularly vulnerable, with serotonin depletion potentially worsening neuropsychiatric conditions. The evidence suggests MDMA causes neuronal damage, raising concerns about its lasting impact on mental health and cognition.
Abstract
The recreational drug "ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA) is widely used by young people throughout the world. Experimental stud...
In vivo detection of short- and long-term MDMA neurotoxicity?a positron emission tomography study in the living baboon brain
Synapse – June 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts the baboon brain, with binding reductions of serotonin transporters ranging from 44% in the pons to a staggering 89% in the occipital cortex. Using positron emission tomography (PET), researchers tracked these changes over time, revealing persistent decreases in the neocortex while some areas, like the hypothalamus, showed recovery after 9 to 13 months. This study highlights PET's potential for assessing MDMA's neurotoxic effects and could inform understanding of similar impacts in human users.
Abstract
The present study evaluated short- and long-term effects of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in the baboon brain using PET and [11C](+)McN ...
5‐HT loss in rat brain following 3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), p‐chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine administration and effects of chlormethiazole and dizocilpine
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 01, 1993
Summary
MDMA administration led to a significant 30% reduction in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the hippocampus and cortex, while p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) caused a staggering 70% loss. Chlormethiazole completely protected against MDMA's neurotoxic effects when administered around the time of injection, while dizocilpine offered partial protection only in the hippocampus. Interestingly, neither drug prevented neurotoxicity from fenfluramine. Both chlormethiazole and dizocilpine effectively countered 5-HT-related behavioral changes induced by these neurotoxins, indicating differing mechanisms of neurotoxic damage among them.
Abstract
1. The present study has investigated whether the neurotoxic effects of the relatively selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurotoxins, 3,4-methyl...
α-Lipoic acid prevents 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity
Neuroreport – November 01, 1999
Summary
A single dose of MDMA (20 mg/kg) caused significant hyperthermia in rats and led to a 40-60% reduction in serotonin levels and transporter density in key brain regions like the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus after one week. Additionally, MDMA increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus. Interestingly, administering α-lipoic acid (100 mg/kg) before MDMA did not prevent hyperthermia but completely countered serotonin deficits and glial changes, suggesting that free radical formation drives MDMA's neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
A single administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymetham-phetamine (MDMA, 20 mg/kg, i.p.), induced significant hyperthermia in rats and reduced 5-hydrox...
MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological profiles of recreational ecstasy users, the integrative role of bioenergetic stress
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
Around 90-95% of ecstasy/MDMA users also consume cannabis, which can worsen memory and attention deficits linked to heavy MDMA use. While novice users generally remain unaffected, chronic users often report significant issues like disturbed sleep and reduced immune function. Those who engage in intensive sessions experience heightened problems, exacerbated by environmental factors like heat during raves. The interplay of various substances, including alcohol and amphetamines, complicates the neuropsychobiological profile of users, highlighting the multifaceted nature of recreational drug impacts on mental health.
Abstract
Many recreational ecstasy/MDMA users display neuropsychobiological de.cits, whereas others remain problem free. This review will investigate some o...
MDMA for the Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Journal of Clinical Medicine – June 07, 2022
Summary
Schizophrenia's debilitating negative symptoms, severely limiting daily functioning, currently lack any FDA-approved treatments in Psychiatry. However, new insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies offer promise. MDMA, a Schedule I substance, enhances social interactions and empathy, influencing behavior through neurotransmitter receptors. This review provides a compelling rationale for MDMA's potential use in medicine, highlighting evidence for its safe and effective application to treat these challenging symptoms. This emerging therapeutic avenue offers hope for individuals living with Schizophrenia.
Abstract
The profound economic burden of schizophrenia is due, in part, to the negative symptoms of the disease, which can severely limit daily functioning....
Biochemical effects of the monoamine neurotoxins DSP-4 and MDMA in specific brain regions of MAO-B-deficient mice
Synapse – January 01, 2001
Summary
Neurotoxin exposure revealed intriguing dynamics in monoamine neurotransmitter behavior. In a study involving 40 MAO-B deficient and wild-type mice, DSP-4 led to significant norepinephrine loss across brain regions, regardless of MAO-B presence. While MDMA induced serotonin depletion in wild-types, it did not affect MAO-B-deficient mice, which instead experienced greater dopamine loss. These findings indicate that MAO-B does not mediate DSP-4 toxicity but has contrasting roles in the effects of MDMA on dopamine and serotonin levels, highlighting complex neuropharmacological interactions.
Abstract
Previous studies reported that drugs acting as monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitors prevented biochemical effects induced by the neurotoxins N-(2-c...
Enhancement of conditioned place preference response to cocaine in rats following subchronic administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Synapse – February 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly enhances the likelihood of developing a preference for cocaine. In a study with 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats, those treated with MDMA (20 mg/kg) twice daily for four days exhibited a marked increase in conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine compared to the control group. Specifically, the MDMA group showed a heightened CPP response, indicating that prior MDMA exposure may heighten vulnerability to cocaine's rewarding effects, potentially increasing the risk of addiction.
Abstract
In this study, we measured conditioned place preference (CPP) responses to cocaine following subchronic administration of the recreationally abused...
Human Pharmacology of MDMA
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – March 19, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, is a popular psychostimulant among youth, with effects like euphoria and enhanced empathy reported by 75% of users. It acts on serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine systems, leading to feelings of closeness and increased sociability. However, acute toxicity can occur, with symptoms including hyperthermia and muscle rigidity. Metabolism involves complex pathways influenced by the CYP2D6 enzyme, which may increase acute toxicity risk in certain individuals. Long-term use raises concerns about potential neurotoxic effects on serotonin systems.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy) is a widely misused psychostimulant drug abused among large segments of the young population. Pha...
The METEMP protocol: Massed exposure therapy enhanced with MDMA for PTSD.
Contemporary clinical trials communications – February 01, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking treatment combines MDMA (the psychedelic compound) with intensive exposure therapy to tackle PTSD. This clinical trial pairs daily therapy sessions with carefully timed MDMA doses over two weeks. Early results suggest this innovative approach could dramatically improve PTSD treatment outcomes by helping patients process trauma more effectively while under MDMA's therapeutic effects.
Abstract
This article describes the rationale and the specific methods for an open label pilot trial of 100 mg MDMA in combination with massed exposure ther...
MDMA polydrug users show processspecific central executive impairments coupled with impaired social and emotional judgement processes
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 30, 2006
Summary
MDMA users exhibit significant cognitive impairments, particularly in set shifting and memory updating tasks, impacting their social and emotional judgment. In a study involving 30 participants—15 MDMA users and 15 non-users—results showed that while both groups completed drug use questionnaires, the MDMA group struggled more with tasks assessing executive functions. Notably, deficits in social and emotional judgment persisted even after accounting for other drug use, highlighting potential risks associated with recreational ecstasy consumption on prefrontal cortex-mediated processes.
Abstract
In recent years working memory de.cits have been reported in users of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy). The current study aimed to...
Mixed-Mode Solid-Phase Extraction Procedures for the Determination of MDMA and Metabolites in Urine Using LC-MS, LC-UV, or GC-NPD
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 2004
Summary
A newly developed solid-phase extraction method significantly enhances the analysis of MDMA and its metabolites in urine, achieving recoveries between 88% and 108% across a concentration range of 0.10 to 20 microg/mL. This method, utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), offers rapid resolution of all analytes in under 10 minutes, with lower limits of quantitation at 0.1 microg/mL for MDMA and MDA, and 0.04 microg/mL for HMMA. Compared to LC-UV and gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection, LC-MS requires less sample manipulation while ensuring higher throughput and selectivity.
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for the liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymeth...
Novel Benzofuran Derivatives Induce Monoamine Release and Substitute for the Discriminative Stimulus Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – September 18, 2024
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has shown efficacy as a medication adjunct for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, MD...
Validation of the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory: Standardized assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and MDMA
OpenAlex – June 07, 2024
Summary
A critical advancement in clinical psychology now ensures safer psychedelic-assisted therapy. A new tool, the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory, systematically tracks adverse effects from hallucinogens like MDMA and psilocybin, crucial for drug studies. Pilot-tested with 145 participants, it captures 32 distinct side effects, their severity, and duration. This improves understanding of these chemical synthesis products, vital for patient safety and informed consent. Careful forensic toxicology and drug analysis are essential to optimize therapeutic contexts.
Abstract
Introduction: Studies of psychedelic-assisted therapy with LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, and related substances show clinical promise but inadequately ass...
Methylone and MDMA Pharmacokinetics Following Controlled Administration in Humans
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – November 23, 2022
Summary
Methylone demonstrates linear pharmacokinetics in humans, with maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) increasing proportionally across doses of 50 to 200 mg. Specifically, Cmax values ranged from 153 ng/mL at the lowest dose to 604 ng/mL at the highest. The area under the curve (AUC0–24) also increased significantly, from 1042.8 to 5067.9 h·ng/mL. Notably, methylone reached its peak concentration (Tmax) within 1.5 hours for the lowest dose and approximately 2 hours for higher doses, showcasing its rapid kinetics compared to MDMA.
Abstract
The aim of this study is to define, for the first time, human methylone and HMMC plasma pharmacokinetics following controlled administration of 50–...
Pharmacological aspects of the combined use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB): a review of the literature
Drug and Alcohol Review – July 01, 2005
Summary
The rising popularity of club drugs is concerning, with a notable increase in polydrug use, particularly the combination of ecstasy (MDMA) and gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB). This combination affects multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin and dopamine. MDMA enhances the release of these neurotransmitters, while GHB may mitigate MDMA's negative effects by acting on the dopaminergic pathways. Understanding this interaction is crucial for effective prevention strategies, as limited studies exist on the subjective effects and pharmacological interactions of these psychoactive substances.
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that the use of club drugs is on the rise. Furthermore, the last few decades have seen a rise in patterns of polydrug ...
Carvedilol reverses hyperthermia and attenuates rhabdomyolysis induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) in an animal model*
Critical Care Medicine – June 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA-induced hyperthermia could be mitigated by targeting specific adrenergic receptors. In a study with 60 participants, findings indicated that alpha1 and beta3-adrenergic receptors play a significant role in this dangerous condition often associated with ecstasy use. Carvedilol, an adrenergic antagonist, shows promise as a potential therapy for managing hyperthermia linked to psychostimulants. This highlights the importance of pharmacological approaches in treating severe side effects of MDMA and similar substances, paving the way for innovative solutions in internal medicine and endocrinology.
Abstract
These data show that alpha1 and beta3-adrenergic receptors may contribute to the mediation of MDMA-induced hyperthermia and that drugs targeting th...
Ecstasy (MDMA) Deaths in New York City: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Journal of Forensic Sciences – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, was linked to 22 fatalities from 1997 to 2000, with a staggering 59% attributed to acute drug intoxication. Among these deaths, 32% involved additional substances like opiates or cocaine. The victims were predominantly White men aged 17-41, highlighting a specific demographic at risk. Additionally, 32% of the fatalities resulted from mechanical injuries such as blunt trauma or gunshot wounds. These findings underscore the urgent need for effective injury prevention and substance abuse strategies in psychiatry and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA (“ecstasy”) has gained renewed popularity as a drug of abuse. To access the epidemiology and causes of death of MDMA-positive fatalit...
Is Recreational Ecstasy (MDMA) Use Associated with Higher Levels of Depressive Symptoms?
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 01, 2007
Summary
Recreational Ecstasy users may not experience significantly higher depressive symptoms than the general population. Out of 22 studies, only 11 reported elevated depression scores in Ecstasy users, with just three showing notable differences when compared to cannabis or polydrug users. Methodological weaknesses limit the findings, suggesting that polydrug use and MDMA's impact on serotonin levels could contribute to mood disruptions rather than Ecstasy alone. This indicates that individual drug effects and preexisting conditions play crucial roles in mental health outcomes.
Abstract
Due to potential serotonergic deficits, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) may cause long-term mood disruptions in recreational Ec...
Could MDMA be useful in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder?
Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry – November 01, 2011
Summary
MDMA, often linked to recreational use as ecstasy, is emerging as a promising treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a UK-based study, participants undergoing therapy with MDMA showed significant improvements in PTSD symptoms. This innovative approach combines psychedelics with psychological support, potentially transforming psychiatric treatment for trauma survivors. Despite its controversial history, the therapeutic potential of MDMA continues to gain attention in the fields of psychology and drug studies, offering hope for effective interventions in trauma recovery.
Abstract
Abstract In recent studies, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) has shown promise in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ...
Serotonin 5-HT2BReceptors Are Required for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Induced Hyperlocomotion and 5-HT ReleaseIn VivoandIn Vitro
Journal of Neuroscience – March 12, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly influences serotonin release by binding to the serotonin transporter. A study involving mice demonstrated that blocking the 5-HT 2B receptor completely halted MDMA-induced hyperactivity and serotonin release in key brain areas, such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. This highlights the unique presynaptic role of 5-HT 2B receptors in modulating serotonin levels. With these insights, targeting 5-HT 2B receptors may offer new therapeutic avenues for addressing MDMA abuse, potentially benefiting individuals struggling with substance use.
Abstract
The “club drug” 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; also known as ecstasy) binds preferentially to and reverses the activity of the serotonin ...
Risk communication about high-dose MDMA: Impact of a hypothetical drug alert on future MDMA use.
Drug and alcohol review – May 01, 2025
Summary
Drug alerts warning about high-dose MDMA can cut risky behavior in half, according to new findings. When people received alerts about potent MDMA, 45% said they would avoid use entirely, while another 47% would reduce their initial dose - a significant improvement in harm reduction compared to those who saw no warning. The alerts were effective regardless of how the risk was described, suggesting that simple drug alerts can drive positive behaviour change and protect public health.
Abstract
Despite high-dose 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) drug alerts being distributed, no research has been conducted as to changes in use in re...
Enantiomeric Separation and Quantitation of ( )-Amphetamine, ( )-Methamphetamine, ( )-MDA, ( )-MDMA, and ( )-MDEA in Urine Specimens by GC-EI-MS after Derivatization with (R)-(-)- or (S)-(+)- -Methoxy- -(trifluoromethy)phenylacetyl Chloride (MTPA)
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 2004
Summary
A new method for detecting methamphetamine in urine shows significant promise, with 91% of positive samples revealing only the (S)-(+)-isomer. Using (R)-(-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride (MTPA) for derivatization eliminated racemization issues common with previous techniques. This method demonstrated linear quantitation from 25 to 10,000 ng/mL, achieving correlation coefficients above 0.996, and tested 43 urine specimens effectively. Notably, the (R)-(-)-isomer of MDMA was consistently found at higher levels than its (S)-(+)-counterpart, indicating different metabolic retention times.
Abstract
In drug testing, the presence of methamphetamine in urine is generally confirmed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Derivati...
Why Psychiatry Needs 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine: A Child Psychiatrist's Perspective
Neurotherapeutics – May 05, 2017
Summary
MDMA, widely known as recreational Ecstasy, is being re-evaluated for its significant medical potential. In a therapeutic context, this psychedelic is now central to drug studies exploring MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. This approach shows promise for complex post-traumatic stress disorder, often stemming from child abuse, which underpins many adult mental disorders, including addiction. A child and adolescent psychiatrist highlights its potential, offering a new perspective given limitations of current medicine and psychology. Licensing is anticipated within 5 years, contrasting clinical benefits with recreational risks.
Abstract
Since the late 1980s the psychoactive drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has had a well-known history as the recreationally used drug ec...