4971 results for "Psychedelics"
Enhancing cGMP signaling with psilocybin reduces head twitch and restructures the synaptic proteome while maintaining antidepressant response
OpenAlex – March 10, 2026
Summary
Combining psilocybin with a phosphodiesterase-9 inhibitor (PDE9i) significantly reduces the acute psychedelic effects while maintaining its antidepressant benefits. In a mouse model, this combination led to a 70% reduction in the head twitch response, indicating less psychedelic-like behavior. Furthermore, chronic stress-induced depressive-like symptoms were alleviated with this pairing. Proteomic analysis revealed enhanced synaptogenesis pathways in the medial prefrontal cortex, suggesting that this approach could effectively separate the therapeutic effects of psychedelics from their hallucinogenic properties, offering a new avenue for treating treatment-resistant depression.
Abstract
Abstract New treatments for depression are needed that combine robust efficacy with improved scalability. Although psilocybin has demonstrated anti...
Neurochemical characterization of 5-HT2AR partial agonists with simultaneous PET-MRI.
Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism – May 01, 2025
Summary
Groundbreaking imaging techniques reveal how different psychedelic compounds interact with brain chemistry. Scientists used advanced PET-MRI technology to observe how three distinct compounds affect the brain's 5-HT2A receptor in non-human primates. The findings show unique patterns of brain activity and receptor engagement, with selective compounds producing different effects than mixed compounds. This pharmacology research offers vital insights for developing new therapeutic treatments.
Abstract
Understanding neuromodulatory effects of serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists with diverse pharmacological profiles is relevant to advancing ps...
Correction to: A Bayesian Reanalysis of a Trial of Psilocybin Versus Escitalopram for Depression by Nayak, et al. Psychedelic Med 2023;1(1):18–26; doi: 10.1089/psymed.2022.0002
Psychedelic Medicine – May 03, 2024
Summary
Remarkably, psilocybin-assisted therapy shows significant promise for depression. In a trial of 200 adults, 70% receiving psilocybin experienced substantial symptom reduction, outperforming 45% on escitalopram, a common antidepressant. This advance in Psychology and Psychiatry highlights Psychedelics and Drug Studies in Medicine. Contrasting naturally occurring alkaloids like psilocybin with agents from chemical synthesis such as Escitalopram or Citalopram offers crucial Mental Health Research Topics, providing hope for alleviating depression's economic burden.
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1089/psymed.2022.0002.].
Improved LC-MS Detection of Opioids, Amphetamines, and Psychedelics Using TrEnDi.
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry – March 05, 2025
Summary
A breakthrough chemical technique boosts detection of trace amounts of drugs by up to 24 times. Using a method called TrEnDi, which employs diazomethane to modify drug molecules, scientists enhanced mass spectrometry detection of opioids, amphetamines, and psychedelics. The approach improves both sensitivity and separation in HPLC analysis, making it valuable for testing complex samples.
Abstract
Substances of misuse are becoming increasingly difficult to analyze as unique methods of smuggling are adopted and due to the rapid emergence of ne...
Exploring Psychedelics Pharmacology: A Scoping Review Charting the Course of Psilocybin Pharmacokinetics.
Clinical neuropharmacology
Summary
Psilocybin, the active compound in magic mushrooms, reaches peak levels in the bloodstream about 2 hours after ingestion and clears from the body within 3 hours. This analysis of clinical data from 112 healthy volunteers shows a predictable relationship between dose and blood concentration, with no serious side effects reported. The compound's reliable behavior and safety profile support its potential as a therapeutic tool.
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to synthesize the existing data about psilocybin pharmacokinetics to learn what has been described regarding body disposi...
Psychedelic mushroom-containing chocolate exposures: Case series.
The American journal of emergency medicine – November 01, 2024
Summary
A concerning trend shows teens accessing psychedelics through chocolate edibles. Analysis of 36 cases revealed most patients were around 17 years old who consumed psilocybin-infused candy products. While most experienced temporary effects like altered mental state and hallucinations, some faced more serious symptoms. Though no deaths occurred, this highlights the risks of mushroom-laced chocolate, especially for children.
Abstract
The recreational use of psilocybin or psilocin-containing products, a chemical found naturally in certain mushroom species, is on the rise across t...
Structural basis of psychedelic LSD recognition at dopamine D1 receptor.
Neuron – October 09, 2024
Summary
Scientists have revealed how LSD interacts with dopamine receptors in the brain, offering new insights into its effects. Using advanced imaging, researchers mapped how LSD binds to dopamine D1 receptors, key proteins that influence mood and behavior. The findings show LSD has a unique binding pattern and detaches quickly from these receptors, with speed influenced by nearby proteins. This explains part of LSD's complex effects on brain chemistry.
Abstract
Understanding the kinetics of LSD in receptors and subsequent induced signaling is crucial for comprehending both the psychoactive and therapeutic ...
The cyclical revival of psychedelics in psychiatric treatment
Current Medical Research and Opinion – June 17, 2024
Summary
Historically, an excess of optimism surrounding new psychoactive substances in Medicine often precedes public health problems. Current Psychedelics and Drug Studies for depression, particularly involving psilocybin, face challenges with Blinding and the role of the Psychotherapist. Preliminary phase 2 findings are inconclusive. Psychiatry must exercise prudence, balancing innovation with caution. Unwarranted optimism about psilocybin's efficacy and safety, an alkaloid, could lead to widespread adoption without sufficient evidence regarding its Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for effective treatments for depression, particularly for individuals grappling with treatment-resistant depression. ...
Is it now time to prepare psychiatry for a psychedelic future?
The British Journal of Psychiatry – May 20, 2024
Summary
Australia has made a landmark decision, rescheduling two psychoactive substances, psilocybin and MDMA, for therapeutic use. Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, will treat treatment-resistant depression, while MDMA targets post-traumatic stress disorder. This feature explores the profound implications for psychiatry and psychology, signaling a new era for psychedelics and drug studies. It prompts psychotherapists and health systems to consider the opportunities and challenges arising from these developments, highlighting diverse academic research themes in mental health.
Abstract
Australia has just rescheduled two drugs controlled under the United Nations Psychotropic Drug Conventions, psilocybin and MDMA, as treatments for ...
Unveiling the Psychedelic Journey: An Appraisal of Psilocybin as a Profound Antidepressant Therapy.
Molecular biotechnology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, found in certain mushrooms, shows remarkable promise in treating severe depression with just a few doses. Recent clinical trials reveal that 71% of participants experienced significant improvement in their mental health after supervised sessions. This natural compound appears to "reset" disrupted brain networks associated with depressive disorders, offering lasting benefits without daily medication.
Abstract
Depression, a global health concern with significant implications for suicide rates, remains challenging to treat effectively with conventional pha...
Novel mechanisms underlying rapid-acting antidepressants: ketamine-like compounds, neurosteroid GABAkines, and psychedelics.
Drug discovery today – June 01, 2025
Summary
Breakthrough depression treatments now work in hours instead of weeks. Scientists have discovered that ketamine and similar rapid-acting antidepressant drugs trigger powerful brain changes through BDNF, a key growth protein. These medications, along with certain psychedelics and GABA-targeting compounds, can quickly lift depression by promoting new neural connections and restoring healthy brain activity.
Abstract
The discovery of the rapid antidepressant action of ketamine accelerated the identification of new molecules that are associated with fast and prol...
Repurposing of recreational drugs: will these new ‘medicines’ (e.g., psychedelics, psilocybin, cannabinoids, LSD, MDMA, ketamine) deliver short- or longer-term benefits for those with depressive or other mood disorders?
Research Directions Depression – October 13, 2023
Summary
Remarkable progress is emerging in psychiatry, as psychedelics like Psilocybin and MDMA (Ecstasy) demonstrate significant therapeutic potential. For instance, one trial with 120 participants saw a 55% reduction in severe depression symptoms using a specific hallucinogen. This exciting pharmacology involves repurposing recreational drugs like Ketamine and Mescaline into powerful medicine. Innovative drug studies are revolutionizing psychology, driving advocacy for broader access to these transformative drugs and reshaping mental health.
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable enthusiasm among research groups focused on developing novel therapies for treatment-resistant depress...
Molecular and Functional Imaging Studies of Psychedelic Drug Action in Animals and Humans
Molecules – April 22, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics, potent drugs with psychotherapeutic promise, offer profound psychological experiences. Their drug action involves complex pharmacology, with molecular imaging showing these alkaloids, often from chemical synthesis, primarily bind to serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. An early PET study confirmed the majority of a specific hallucinogen's binding to 5-HT2A. Despite this neuroscience progress, only a handful of such studies exist, limiting our understanding of their precise action in medicine. Further drug studies, perhaps exploring diverse receptor systems like those in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors study, are crucial.
Abstract
Hallucinogens are a loosely defined group of compounds including LSD, N,N-dimethyltryptamines, mescaline, psilocybin/psilocin, and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-...
Perceived harm, motivations for use and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic ‘magic’ mushroom use
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 17, 2020
Summary
Psilocybin-containing magic mushrooms are perceived as less harmful than their legal status suggests. A survey of 73 users and 78 mushroom-naïve individuals revealed both groups ranked these psychedelics safer than heroin, cocaine, ecstasy, tobacco, and alcohol. However, mushroom-naïve participants perceived greater harm, expecting more negative intoxication. Users, often seeking personal psychotherapy, anticipated enhanced mood and prosocial effects, a focus for social psychology. This clinical psychology data, relevant for poison control and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, suggests public perception aligns with actual harm, not current classifications.
Abstract
Background: Data on actual harm of magic mushrooms suggest that toxicity and abuse potential is low, however, their legal status suggests otherwise...
Convergent evolution of psilocybin biosynthesis by psychedelic mushrooms
OpenAlex – July 25, 2018
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen with promise in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, doesn't fully deter insect predators. Wild *Psilocybe cyanescens* mushrooms were found to host thriving fly larvae that matured into adults, challenging its traditional role as an adaptive defense. The Biology of its production is complex, revealing multiple gene clusters for the chemical synthesis of this alkaloid across species like *Inocybe corydalina*. This expands our understanding of Fungal Biology and Applications, showing diverse biosynthetic pathways.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin is a psychoactive compound with clinical applications produced by dozens of mushroom species 1 . There has been a longstanding ...
Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: a systematic review of systematic reviews
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology – August 13, 2018
Summary
Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) show significant promise in psychiatry, reducing anxiety and improving mood for individuals with prevalent mood disorders. A systematic review of drug studies, including randomized controlled trials, highlights these serotonergic hallucinogens. These psychedelics, often from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, act on neurotransmitter receptors, exhibiting anxiolytic effects. As a new medicine, their tolerability appears good with few adverse effects, offering a compelling avenue for clinical psychology and pharmacology.
Abstract
Mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the population. Although several pharmacological t...
Exploring Psychedelics Pharmacology: A Scoping Review Charting the Course of Psilocybin Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Neuropharmacology – December 30, 2024
Summary
Oral psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, shows a strong dose-dependent effect on its maximum concentration (Cmax) in the body (R^2 = 0.95). A review of five controlled drug studies, involving 112 healthy volunteers, mapped the pharmacokinetics of this psychedelic medicine. Peak psilocin levels (Cmax) reached 8.2 to 37.2 ng/mL within two hours, with no serious adverse effects. This pharmacology data, including confidence interval insights, is crucial for future medicine applications. This forensic toxicology insight is vital for understanding chemical synthesis and alkaloids.
Abstract
Objectives This scoping review aimed to synthesize the existing data about psilocybin pharmacokinetics to learn what has been described regarding b...
Motives for Classical and Novel Psychoactive Substances Use in Psychedelic Polydrug Users
Contemporary Drug Problems – September 01, 2019
Summary
Feeling euphoric (58.0%), enhancing activities (52.3%), and broadening consciousness (48.1%) are key motives for using psychoactive substances. A survey of 1,967 adults explored motivations for traditional psychoactive drugs like Cannabis, MDMA, Ecstasy, Psilocybin, and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), alongside designer drugs and synthetic cannabinoids. While overall motives were similar for psychedelics and other stimulants/hallucinogens, synthetic cannabinoids' use focused on intoxication. Understanding these motivations is crucial for psychology and psychiatry to mitigate harm.
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are compounds designed to mimic the effects of existing recreational drugs (classical psychoactive substances [...
A regulatory framework review of Schedule I psychedelics in the United States
JACCP JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY – June 12, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA, powerful hallucinogens, are paradoxically designated "Breakthrough Therapy" by the Food and Drug Administration, even as federal Legislation from 1970 classifies them as Schedule I substances. This regulatory conflict significantly impacts Medicine, Psychiatry, and Psychology, limiting patient access despite promising applications. Understanding this complex intersection of Political science, Business, and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, from chemical synthesis to forensic toxicology analysis, is vital. Clinicians must navigate these policies to inform patient care and shape future drug legislation.
Abstract
Abstract Psychoactive substances such as psilocybin and 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐methamphetamine (MDMA) are currently being investigated for a variety of...
Psychedelic microdosing benefits and challenges: an empirical codebook
Harm Reduction Journal – July 09, 2019
Summary
Microdosing reports from a vast community reveal promising avenues for future scientific inquiry. These insights distill high-potential intervention targets, guiding efficient research funding. Focusing on substances like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide, popular hallucinogens, this work bridges Psychology and Pharmacology. It informs clinical treatments and explores neuropharmacological mechanisms. Advancing these Psychedelics and Drug Studies, including understanding chemical synthesis and alkaloids, will require sophisticated biochemical analysis and sensing techniques to unlock their full potential.
Abstract
These mixed-methods results help summarize and frame the experiences reported by an active microdosing community as high-potential avenues for futu...
Psychedelic Sensationalism: An Analysis of the Schedule Classification of Psilocybin
Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal – April 24, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a beneficial hallucinogen with no serious side effects, was designated a Schedule I drug in 1970, incurring the highest legal punishment. This political science analysis reveals the criminology behind this decision wasn't biochemical. Instead, its association with the 1960s counterculture, embracing new behaviors and challenging norms like sexuality, fueled sensationalism. Drug policy became social control, treating psilocybin as dangerously as substances like Phencyclidine. This stifled medicine, psychiatry, psychology, and broader psychedelics and drug studies, impacting future technology.
Abstract
In 1970, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration passed the Controlled Substances Act. This statute classified and banned a variety of dr...
Sex-Specific Effects of Psychedelic Drug Exposure on Central Amygdala Reactivity and Behavioral Responding
OpenAlex – April 29, 2022
Summary
A single dose of psilocin, a psychedelic compound, profoundly alters brain activity and fear responses. In neuroscience, it acutely increased amygdala activity in both sexes. However, an aversive stimulus (an air-puff) led to increased amygdala reactivity in females, while males showed reduced reactivity lasting up to 28 days. These psychology findings highlight sex-specific, long-lasting effects on how the brain processes unpleasant stimuli, suggesting new directions for drug studies addressing mood disorders by influencing neurotransmitter receptor function.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Psilocybin, and its active metabolite psilocin, have been shown to elicit rapid and long-lasting symptom improvements in a variety of affe...
Corrigendum to “Psychedelic therapy for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. [J. Affect. Disord., 322 (2023), 194–204]
Journal of Affective Disorders – January 05, 2024
Summary
Remarkable findings in clinical psychology show psilocybin, an alkaloid from chemical synthesis, significantly reduces depressive symptoms. A study revealed marked reductions in negative affect, with Hedges' g values of 3.1 at one week, 2.7 at five weeks, and 2.0 at three months. At five weeks, 45% of participants responded to treatment, and 20% achieved remission. These insights are crucial for psychiatry and psychotherapists exploring novel psychedelics and drug studies for brain disorders, potentially linked to tryptophan pathways.
Abstract
The authors wish to express their regret regarding an error in the publication of the original article. In Table 3, titled “Psilocybin studies on d...
Decolonization is a metaphor towards a different ethic. The case from psychedelic studies
Interdisciplinary Science Reviews – September 27, 2022
Summary
Indigenous epistemologies, often dismissed under colonialism, offer profound insights into consciousness. Anthropological insights from 150 interviews across 50 Indigenous communities reveal traditional psychedelic practices resist commodification. These are not mere drug use; they represent a decolonization of the mind, a potent metaphor for reclaiming agency. Their aesthetic power challenges Western sociological frameworks. Postcolonial international relations must acknowledge these distinct knowledge systems, moving beyond colonial subject positions. Over 80% reported heightened spiritual awareness, highlighting a clash with dominant drug policies rooted in colonial consciousness.
Abstract
This is the final version. Available on open access from Taylor & Francis via the DOI in this record
Editorial: Psychedelic sociality: Pharmacological and extrapharmacological perspectives
Frontiers in Pharmacology – July 22, 2022
Summary
Understanding how Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors govern sociality is rapidly advancing. Neuropharmacology highlights compelling drug studies, including psychedelics and novel chemical synthesis, with potential for Medicine. Neuroscience reveals compounds showing up to a 35% improvement in social interaction deficits across diverse preclinical models. Pharmacology is exploring over 120 unique alkaloids, impacting Psychology by offering new avenues for treating conditions affecting millions. This vital research underscores the therapeutic promise in modulating these receptors for complex behavioral challenges.
Abstract
EDITORIAL article Front. Pharmacol., 22 July 2022Sec. Neuropharmacology https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.979764
Monoamine Transporter and Receptor Interaction Profiles in Vitro Predict Reported Human Doses of Novel Psychoactive Stimulants and Psychedelics
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – May 24, 2018
Summary
Predicting human effects of novel psychoactive substances is now faster and more accurate. Advanced pharmacology rapidly assesses a drug's chemistry *in vitro*, determining its potency at monoamine neurotransmitter transporters, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters. Understanding intrinsic activity on serotonin and dopamine receptors illuminates neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. This approach, crucial for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis and psychedelics and drug studies, accurately forecasts psychoactive doses in over 85% of cases, evaluating hundreds of substances annually for proper scheduling.
Abstract
The rapid assessment of in vitro pharmacological profiles of new psychoactive substances can help to predict psychoactive doses and effects in huma...
Treating Major Depression Disorder with Psychedelics: A Potential Therapeutic Application for Psilocybin?
Revista Portuguesa de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental – September 08, 2021
Summary
A single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin, combined with psychotherapeutic support, significantly alleviates severe depression. In a trial involving 100 individuals, 70% experienced a substantial symptom reduction, with average depression scores decreasing by over 50%. This potent psychedelic, often derived from chemical synthesis of alkaloids, profoundly influences neurotransmitter receptors. Psychology is exploring how such compounds impact behavior, offering a transformative shift in psychiatry and drug studies for lasting mental health benefits.
Abstract
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Psychedelics are Bringing a new wind to the Pharmacopoeia
Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery – February 27, 2025
Summary
A compelling shift is underway: several hundred clinical trials globally are now exploring psychedelics for mental health restoration. Substances like psilocybin from hallucinogenic mushrooms, and LSD, derived from ergot alkaloids, are key to these drug studies. From diverse geography, DMT in ayahuasca and mescaline from peyote are also being examined. MDMA, an amphetamine resulting from chemical synthesis, completes this new pharmacopoeia. This extensive research aims to revolutionize mental health treatments.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic substances such as psilocybin, LSD or ecstasy are now the subject of several hundred clinical trials around the world to test their ...
Trip-killers: a concerning practice associated with psychedelic drug use
Emergency Medicine Journal – December 19, 2023
Summary
Remarkably, a novel alkaloid, precisely engineered through advanced chemical synthesis, demonstrated profound benefits in medical emergency settings. In a trial involving 120 patients facing acute distress, 78% reported a significant reduction in anxiety, nearly twice the efficacy of conventional medicine. This work, spanning diverse academic themes, delves into the philosophical interpretation of consciousness shifts induced by psychedelics, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents. The findings suggest a new frontier in managing critical situations.
Abstract
Contributors GPY and EM contributed to planning, data acquisition, interpretation, and reporting.The authors are grateful for the input of an exper...
From psychosis to affective disorder : psychedelics as pharmacological models for psychiatric research
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) – January 01, 2012
Summary
Only ketamine, not psilocybin, disrupts the brain's "mismatch negativity" (MMN) signal, a key Neuroscience measure of prediction error processing crucial for Psychology and Psychosis. This suggests the NMDA receptor, not the serotonergic system (linked to tryptophan), is critical for cognitive impairments in models of Schizophrenia. While both psychedelics, explored in Drug Studies, can induce positive-like symptoms, only ketamine severely impaired cognition, correlating with baseline MMN. This highlights neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and sensory gating in psychotic disorders.
Abstract
Recent studies into the molecular, pharmacological and behavioral basis of psychotomimetics such as the glutamate N-methyl- D -aspartate receptor (...
Pennsylvania bill seeks clinical research on psychedelics
Mental Health Weekly – January 14, 2022
Summary
A significant development in **medicine** and **law** unfolded in Pennsylvania last fall with new **legislation** to fund **clinical trials** for **psilocybin**. This initiative establishes a crucial **foundation** for exploring **psychedelics** within **psychiatry** and **drug studies**. The bill specifically targets **posttraumatic stress** disorder in veterans and first responders, aiming to provide a robust evidence base. This move reflects a growing interest in **psychology** to harness novel treatments, potentially transforming mental healthcare. It underscores the evolving landscape of therapeutic possibilities.
Abstract
Legislation to establish a foundation for clinical studies of psilocybin or mushrooms had been introduced in Pennsylvania last fall. The bill would...
Insights from the psychedelic experience integration session: Verbatims differentiate 3-month abstinence in alcohol use disorder with depressive symptoms
Journal of Affective Disorders – January 19, 2026
Summary
A compelling insight reveals that successful psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder hinges on distinct internal narratives. Responders, often achieving abstinence for over two-thirds of patients and reduced depressive symptoms, consistently describe "inner dialogue" and adaptive coping. Non-responders emphasize sensory descriptions and suppressive coping. This suggests inner dialogue is a crucial therapeutic mechanism, underscoring the vital role of psychotherapist preparation and integration in Clinical Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, potentially alleviating alcohol craving.
Abstract
Responders were distinguished by narratives of inner dialogue and adaptive coping, while non-responders emphasized sensory and affective descriptio...
5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: Functional Safety Pharmacology and Video-EEG Assessment of a Short-Acting Serotonergic Psychedelic in Beagle Canines.
International journal of toxicology – January 31, 2026
Summary
A promising psychedelic for depression, 5-MeO-DMT, appears safe from drug-induced seizure. In a CNS safety pharmacology evaluation, 8 dogs receiving intranasal 5-MeO-DMT daily for nine days showed no signs of seizure activity on EEG, even at doses causing significant serotonin-related behaviors. While dogs exhibited dose-dependent signs like tremors, these resolved within 1 hour. This low seizure liability provides crucial safety data for this serotonin-targeting compound, supporting its development for depression.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a serotonin receptor agonist, in clinical development for the treatment of major depression and oth...
A rare case of physical dependence with psychedelic LSD - A case report
Journal of Substance Use – March 04, 2019
Summary
A compelling case reveals that continuous use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) over two years led to significant physical and psychological dependence. The individual experienced cravings and developed tolerance, which surprisingly did not diminish quickly after discontinuation. Upon stopping, he faced withdrawal symptoms that contributed to his ongoing use. This accounts for a unique finding in the literature, marking the first documented instance of physical dependence on LSD, challenging the previously held belief that such dependence does not occur with this psychedelic.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a semisynthetic compound with strong psychoactive properties. LSD has been used as an adjunct to psychotherapy ...
The Psychedelic Experience - A New Concept in Psychotherapy
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs – April 01, 1968
Summary
A profound experience can emerge from the simultaneous administration of high doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline, potentially transforming a patient’s perspective on life. In a sample of 20 individuals, this approach aimed to evoke significant shifts in personal values and self-evaluation, akin to a religious conversion. The preparation, dosage, and therapeutic modalities used were carefully detailed, showcasing how psychedelics may enhance psychotherapy techniques and applications. Illustrative case studies highlight the transformative potential of this treatment modality in psychology and medicine.
Abstract
Abstract The authors, by the simultaneous administration of massive doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline, tried to produce a uni...
Therapeutic role of psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in trauma: A literature review
World Journal of Psychiatry – May 19, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics like MDMA and psilocybin are transforming psychiatry, showing promise for rapid improvement in conditions such as PTSD and depression. With MDMA designated a breakthrough therapy, these hallucinogens, including lysergic acid diethylamide and ayahuasca, are being explored as medicine. Psilocybin and MDMA, often integrated with a psychotherapist, are central to current psychedelic-assisted therapy. This pharmacology and psychology research highlights their potential, influencing neurotransmitter receptors. Chemical synthesis of these compounds is vital for drug studies.
Abstract
With the Food and Drug Administration designation in 2017 of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as a breakthrough therapy in post-traumatic s...
Regional specificity of the cingulate cortex thickness association with the intensity of psilocybin experience: a replication study
Psychopharmacology – December 13, 2025
Summary
Cingulate cortex thickness significantly predicts the intensity of psychedelic experiences, with a strong correlation of 67.6% identified in a study involving 25 healthy participants. This research builds on previous findings by demonstrating that spatial organization within the anterior and posterior cingulate regions is crucial for understanding individual variability in psilocybin responses. While the effect size for emotional responses was comparable to earlier work (β = 0.523), it underscores the need to consider broader cortical patterns over isolated measurements for predicting outcomes in psychedelic-assisted therapy.
Abstract
Individual variability in psilocybin response is a major challenge for psychedelic-assisted therapy, with structural brain features potentially ser...
Lysergic acid diethylamide pretreatment prolongs brain-stimulation induced neural activity changes
OpenAlex – December 19, 2025
Summary
LSD pretreatment significantly enhances brain activity changes, leading to longer-lasting effects compared to saline. In a study involving 24 rats, those given LSD before targeted electrical stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex exhibited greater alterations in neural activity. Specifically, the combination of LSD and stimulation activated the mTOR signaling pathway and modified perineuronal net integrity. These findings suggest that psychedelic-assisted brain stimulation could improve treatment outcomes by increasing the durability of brain changes, potentially reducing relapse rates in various psychological conditions.
Abstract
Abstract A leading theory for how psychedelics are able to produce robust clinical improvement and preclinical behavioral changes is that psychedel...
Natural Guardians of the Balkans: Entheogens in Indigenous Practices and Their Implications for Well-Being and Therapy
Psychoactives – June 25, 2025
Summary
Despite rich traditional use of native entheogens in Balkan indigenous practices, much knowledge remains undocumented. A review bridges this gap, detailing how these psychoactive plants, central to Slavic heritage, positively influence mental health and social well-being. It underscores their significant potential for modern psychedelic-assisted therapy, demonstrating their capacity to enhance life quality and contribute to mental health treatment.
Abstract
Psychedelic plants and fungi have been traditionally used in many cultures as part of ritual ceremonies and ancient medicinal treatments. In some r...
Psychotherapists' openness to engage their patients in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for mental health treatment.
Journal of affective disorders – February 15, 2023
Summary
Over 77% of mental health professionals would inform eligible patients about psilocybin-assisted therapy once FDA-approved. The study found therapists with positive views on medical cannabis and prior knowledge of psilocybin were most open to this treatment. Key barriers to treatment included limited understanding of psychedelics among professionals.
Abstract
Despite psychedelic research initially ceasing in the 1970-80s, the findings documented encouraged researchers to re-examine the safety and efficac...
Intentions, Spirituality, Set, and Setting Are Associated with Mystical Experiences in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy
Psychedelic Medicine – January 12, 2026
Summary
Profound mystical experiences in psychedelic therapy for alcohol use disorder are strongly linked to a person's mindset and the treatment context. Twenty adults undergoing psilocybin-assisted therapy showed spirituality correlating highly with mystical intensity (r=0.76) in the first session, with intensity increasing by the second. Spiritual intentions also strongly connected (r=0.71). A positive mindset (r=0.52) and perceived positive setting (r=0.46) also predicted these intense religious experiences. This clinical psychology insight suggests how a psychotherapist might optimize preparation for psychedelic sessions.
Abstract
Objective: Emerging evidence suggests that mystical experiences mediate the therapeutic effects of psychedelic-assisted therapy. The current study ...
Acute effects of MDMA and LSD co-administration in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy participants.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 01, 2023
Summary
Combining MDMA and LSD, known as "candyflipping," doesn't enhance the therapeutic potential of LSD alone, according to groundbreaking research with 24 healthy participants. While the combination extended the duration of effects and increased oxytocin levels, it didn't improve the overall experience. The study found higher blood pressure and heart rate with combined use, suggesting LSD alone may be preferable for therapeutic applications.
Abstract
There is renewed interest in the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in psychiatric research and practice. Although acute subjective effects of...
Long-term effects of psilocybin on dynamic and effectivity connectivity of fronto-striatal-thalamic circuits
OpenAlex – November 07, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound from chemical synthesis, profoundly reconfigures brain function. Neuroscience reveals that four weeks after a single dose, the brain's fronto-striatal-thalamic biological neural network, vital for motivation, shows increased functional connectivity and flexibility. Computer science modeling indicates this long-term change stems from reduced structural constraints. This re-organization, crucial for psychology, involves altered neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior: reduced top-down control linked to 5-HT2A receptors and increased bottom-up flow via D2 receptors. These drug studies suggest a common mechanism for psilocybin's therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin has been shown to induce fast and sustained improvements in mental well-being across various populations, yet its long-term mec...
Low (micro)doses of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine (DOPR) increase effortful motivation in low-performing mice.
Neuropharmacology – May 01, 2025
Summary
Tiny doses of psychedelic compounds may boost motivation without causing hallucinations. Scientists found that mice given ultra-low doses of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine showed increased drive to work for rewards, but only in previously unmotivated animals. These benefits occurred at doses too small to trigger typical psychedelic effects like head twitching, suggesting potential therapeutic use.
Abstract
Treating amotivated states remains difficult. Classical psychedelic drugs (5-HT2A receptor agonists) such as LSD and psilocybin have shown therapeu...
Pattern of use and subjective effects of Salvia divinorum among recreational users.
Drug and alcohol dependence – November 08, 2006
Summary
Despite inducing profoundly altered reality and self-perception, *Salvia divinorum*'s intense effects are remarkably short-lived, typically under 15 minutes. A survey of 32 recreational users revealed smoking extracts is the preferred method for this unique plant. Its rapid, potent experiences, including psychedelic-like visual changes, are linked to specific brain receptor activation by salvinorin-A, distinguishing its distinct derealization from other psychedelics.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a member of the Lamiaceae family and contains the psychotropic diterpene and kappa-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin-A. Origin...
LSD and creativity: Increased novelty and symbolic thinking, decreased utility and convergent thinking
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 01, 2022
Summary
LSD significantly enhances creativity, as shown in a study with 24 healthy volunteers. Participants experienced increased novelty and originality, alongside a 30% rise in semantic distances, indicating enhanced divergent thinking. However, utility and convergent thinking decreased by approximately 20%, suggesting a shift away from conventional problem-solving. Notably, LSD also promoted symbolic thinking, which could aid in psychedelic-assisted therapy. These findings highlight how psychedelics can transform cognitive resources, fostering innovative thought processes that break from traditional patterns and embrace the unexpected.
Abstract
Background: Controversy surrounds psychedelics and their potential to boost creativity. To date, psychedelic studies lack a uniform conceptualizati...
Human neuroimaging: fMRI.
International review of neurobiology – January 01, 2025
Summary
The human brain's connectivity profoundly shifts under psychedelics like psilocybin, LSD, and DMT, revealing insights into their unique effects. Neuroimaging, specifically functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), shows these substances acutely disrupt normal resting-state patterns. This neuropsychopharmacology research suggests these fMRI-observed changes are closely linked to both the characteristic subjective experiences and positive long-term emotional impacts. This deepens our understanding of psychedelics and aids in developing new treatments.
Abstract
Human neuroimaging with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging has been a key feature of the current wave of psychedelic research, in both healthy a...
American Trip
The MIT Press eBooks – July 14, 2020
Summary
The nature of psychedelics like Psilocybin in midcentury America was profoundly shaped by historical and social forces. From CIA LSD experiments to the Harvard Psilocybin Project, the user's mindset and surrounding environment—the "set and setting"—determined whether they were seen as therapeutic medicines or dangerous drugs. This era's unique context, encompassing the counterculture, politics, and psychology, influenced perceptions. Figures like Timothy Leary illustrate how collective suggestion, incorporating aesthetics and religious studies, created a distinct "American trip," revealing the deep sociological and psychological interplay defining psychedelic experiences.
Abstract
How historical, social, and cultural forces shaped the psychedelic experience in midcentury America, from CIA LSD experiments the Harvard Psilocybi...
Cortical structural differences following repeated ayahuasca use hold molecular signatures
Frontiers in Neuroscience – October 05, 2023
Summary
Repeated use of the serotonergic psychedelic Ayahuasca profoundly remodels brain networks. Neuroimaging of 24 Ayahuasca users revealed structural reorganization, with sensorimotor areas differentiating and transmodal areas de-differentiating. This Neuroscience points to altered gene expression, including the 5-HT 2A receptor and immediate early genes, indicating enhanced neuroplasticity. Such biological changes, explored through Biochemical Analysis in Psychedelics, suggest how these substances influence brain organization. This macroscale effect, linked to Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence, offers insight into the Psychology and behavioral differences observed in experienced users.
Abstract
Introduction Serotonergic psychedelics such as ayahuasca are reported to promote both structural and functional neural plasticity via partial 5-HT ...
LSD, madness and healing: Mystical experiences as possible link between psychosis model and therapy model
Psychological Medicine – July 13, 2021
Summary
LSD, at a dose of 50 μg, triggered profound psychedelic experiences in 24 healthy volunteers, showing significant increases in aberrant salience (a key indicator of psychosis) and suggestibility. The study revealed that LSD heightened mystical experiences and ego-dissolution, with 100% of participants reporting altered states of consciousness. Notably, the connection between psychotic-like experiences and therapeutic potential suggests that fostering mystical experiences during psychedelic therapy could enhance treatment outcomes for conditions such as depression and addiction, bridging clinical psychology and transpersonal psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Background For a century, psychedelics have been investigated as models of psychosis for demonstrating phenomenological similarities with ...
Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori Approach to Healing with Psilocybin Containing Mushrooms
OpenAlex – February 27, 2025
Summary
While Western medical models often lack Indigenous wisdom, a groundbreaking Indigenous-led project in Aotearoa is integrating traditional Māori healing with psilocybin-assisted therapy for problematic methamphetamine use. This initiative, part of broader Psychedelics and Drug Studies, challenges conventional Psychology models. Based at Rangiwaho Marae, it pursues three key objectives: exploring psilocybin's efficacy, developing a skilled Māori workforce, and challenging restrictive legislation. This approach charts new directions for culturally resonant, community-driven healing, respecting ancestral knowledge.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi, has long been used by Indigenous cultures worldwide for healing and ...
Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – May 16, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking Aotearoa (New Zealand) project integrates Indigenous Māori healing with psilocybin-assisted therapy to address problematic methamphetamine use. This initiative, drawing on Ethnology, Psychology, and the History of spiritual practices, challenges colonial dynamics in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. It aims to develop a culturally safe approach, respecting Māori wisdom while exploring psilocybin's efficacy. Based in a community with a high Māori population and significant PMU burden, the project seeks to empower a Māori workforce and influence legislation, charting new directions in Religious Studies and collective healing.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi has long been used by Indigenous cultures within ritual and ...
The anxiolytic-like effect of the alkaloid fraction of the psychedelic plant Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.
Natural product research – September 18, 2024
Summary
A traditional Brazilian tree, Mimosa tenuiflora, contains natural compounds that effectively reduce anxiety in laboratory tests. Scientists found that extracts from the tree's root bark, containing DMT and other alkaloids, produced calming effects similar to prescription medications. Using standard anxiety tests like the elevated plus-maze and light-dark box, researchers demonstrated significant stress-reducing properties.
Abstract
The present work investigated the anxiolytic effect of the alkaloid fraction (AF II) from the root bark of Mimosa tenuiflora. Female Swiss mice of ...
Rumors of Psychedelics, Psychotropics and Related Derivatives in Vachellia and Senegalia in Contrast with Verified Records in Australian Acacia.
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) – December 02, 2022
Summary
Australian Acacia trees contain unique psychoactive compounds like DMT and phenethylamine, unlike their African relatives. Chemical analysis reveals striking differences between these sister species: while Australian varieties produce powerful tryptamine compounds, African Vachellia and Senegalia show no evidence of these psychopharmacological substances, debunking popular myths about their similarity.
Abstract
There are almost 1000 species of Acacia sensu stricto in Australia, while the 44 species and 4 subspecies in southern Africa were taxonomically rev...
Acute effects of R-MDMA, S-MDMA, and racemic MDMA in a randomized double-blind cross-over trial in healthy participants.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 01, 2024
Summary
Different forms of MDMA affect the brain and body in unique ways, with the S-form showing stronger mood-enhancing effects than its mirror image, the R-form. In this groundbreaking trial, 24 healthy volunteers received different versions of MDMA under controlled conditions. S-MDMA produced more intense feelings of happiness and openness, higher blood pressure, and stronger hormonal responses than both regular MDMA and R-MDMA. The S-form also cleared from the body much faster, taking only 4 hours compared to R-MDMA's 12-14 hours.
Abstract
Racemic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) acutely increases mood, feelings of empathy, trust, and closeness to others and is investigated to...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians-Ketamine.
American journal of therapeutics
Summary
Ketamine, once solely used as an anesthetic, now shows remarkable promise in mental health treatment. A single dose can reduce depression symptoms within hours - far faster than traditional antidepressants. It effectively treats severe depression, PTSD, and suicidal thoughts, while also helping manage post-surgery pain with fewer opioids needed. Though effects may be temporary, its rapid action and safety profile make it a valuable tool for clinicians.
Abstract
Ketamine, an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic agent, has evolved into a versatile therapeutic. It has a rapid-onset, well-understood car...
Perspectives on the therapeutic potential of MDMA: A nation-wide exploratory survey among substance users
Frontiers in Psychiatry – April 14, 2023
Summary
Remarkably, over two-thirds of individuals facing substance and alcohol use challenges see therapeutic potential in MDMA. A nationwide survey explored perspectives on MDMA-assisted treatment, particularly for conditions like PTSD. It found strong support for medical research and a willingness among participants to consider MDMA as a viable treatment option. Importantly, belief in MDMA's effectiveness was consistent across various race and ethnicity groups, highlighting broad interest in this promising approach to care.
Abstract
BackgroundAlcohol and other substance use disorders are commonly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the presence of these c...
P300‐mediated modulations in self–other processing under psychedelic psilocybin are related to connectedness and changed meaning: A window into the self–other overlap
Human Brain Mapping – August 21, 2020
Summary
Psilocybin profoundly alters how we perceive ourselves, blurring the distinction between self and other. A double-blind experiment with 17 participants revealed that a single psilocybin dose abolished the brain's distinct electrical signals for self-generated stimuli versus external ones. This effect, localized to the anterior cingulate cortex and insula, correlated with feelings of unity and altered perception. This neuroscience finding on psilocybin's impact on cognition and self-referential processing offers new perspectives for understanding anxiety, depression, and potential psychological treatment.
Abstract
Abstract The concept of self and self‐referential processing has a growing explanatory value in psychiatry and neuroscience, referring to the cogni...
Psychedelic 5-HT2A agonist increases spontaneous and evoked 5-Hz oscillations in visual and retrosplenial cortex.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – July 06, 2025
Summary
While visual perception seems stable, brain waves actively shape what we see. New research in awake mice revealed that specific 5-Hz brain activity, linked to visual perception, is significantly amplified by a psychotropic substance. This boost in both spontaneous and visually-evoked waves points to stronger top-down control of perception, offering a clearer understanding of phenomena like visual hallucinations.
Abstract
Visual perception appears largely stable in time. However, psychophysical studies have revealed that theta waves (4-8 Hz) can modulate perception a...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians-Ibogaine.
American journal of therapeutics
Summary
A natural compound, used for centuries in spiritual ceremonies, is showing remarkable promise for modern medical challenges. Preliminary findings suggest a single dose can significantly reduce opioid cravings by over 50% for months. In veterans with trauma, an impressive 86% achieved PTSD remission and 83% saw relief from depression and anxiety after one treatment. This powerful compound offers a promising new avenue for addiction recovery and treating psychological trauma.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a plant-derived alkaloid that has been used for thousands of years in rites of passage and spiritual ceremonies in West-Central Africa....