1286 results for "MDMA"
The Nature of 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Induced Serotonergic Dysfunction: Evidence for and Against the Neurodegeneration Hypothesis
Current Neuropharmacology – March 01, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," have been linked to a significant reduction in serotonergic markers in forebrain regions, with studies showing up to a 50% decrease in the plasma membrane serotonin transporter (SERT) among heavy users. While traditional views suggest this indicates neurodegeneration, recent findings challenge this notion, revealing that MDMA does not typically provoke glial cell reactions associated with CNS damage. This ongoing debate highlights the complex neuroregulatory mechanisms behind MDMA-induced serotonergic dysfunction without necessarily implying neurodegeneration.
Abstract
High doses of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") have been well-documented to reduce the expression of serot...
Genetic Deletion of Trace Amine 1 Receptors Reveals Their Role in Auto-Inhibiting the Actions of Ecstasy (MDMA)
Journal of Neuroscience – November 23, 2011
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly enhances dopamine release in the brain, particularly in mice lacking trace amine-1 receptors (TA 1 Rs), which typically inhibit this process. In a study with genetically modified mice, TA 1 -KO mice showed increased dopamine levels and heightened hyperthermia when exposed to MDMA compared to wild-type mice. Notably, dopamine release in the dorsal striatum was amplified by 50% in TA 1 -KO mice. These findings suggest that TA 1 Rs play a critical role in modulating the effects of MDMA on neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
“Ecstasy” [3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA)] is of considerable interest in light of its prosocial properties and risks associated with wide...
Women and MDMA: particularities of gender and sex.
International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England) – January 01, 2023
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the intricate interplay between gender/sex and MDMA use, drawing upon recent evidence. It explores how girls,...
Electrochemical detection of MDMA and 2C-B in ecstasy tablets using a selectivity enhancement strategy by in-situ derivatization
Forensic Chemistry – November 23, 2021
Summary
A novel electrochemical sensor effectively distinguishes between MDMA and 2C-B, crucial for on-site drug detection. Testing involved 71 ecstasy tablets seized by the Amsterdam Police; the sensor accurately identified all 39 MDMA tablets and 10 of 11 containing 2C-B. Initial direct analysis showed a false positive for 2C-B among over 70 substances. However, a second step using in-situ derivatization enhanced differentiation. This method offers rapid, reliable results, addressing the challenges posed by the increasing complexity of new psychoactive substances in forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Forensic drug laboratories are confronted with increasing amounts of drugs and a demand for faster results that are directly available on-site. In ...
Age-dependent (+)MDMA-mediated Neurotoxicity in Mice
NeuroToxicology – July 06, 2005
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
MDMA-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: A seven-month follow-up proof of principle trial
Journal of Psychiatric Research – November 27, 2025
Summary
A significant 72% of participants reported reduced depressive symptoms after a psychedelic therapy session in a clinical trial involving 100 individuals with major depressive disorder. This proof of concept highlights the potential of psychedelics as an innovative treatment option. Participants worked closely with psychotherapists, combining therapeutic support with the psychedelic experience. The study's findings contribute to the growing body of evidence in clinical psychology and psychiatry, suggesting that psychedelics may play a crucial role in addressing depression, particularly when traditional treatments fall short.
Abstract
EudraCT number 2021-000805-26.
Post mortem chiral analysis of MDMA and MDA in human blood and hair.
Forensic science international – November 01, 2024
Summary
Despite widespread Ecstasy use, fatal overdoses are relatively rare. Forensic toxicology experts examined post mortem blood and hair samples from MDMA-related deaths using advanced chiral analysis. The research revealed that higher levels of specific MDMA variants correlate with longer survival times after overdose, challenging assumptions about how the drug's metabolism affects fatal outcomes.
Abstract
Drug-related fatalities in the EU are predominantly associated with opioids. MDMA (Ecstasy) consumption results in fewer lethal intoxications despi...
State of the Science: MDMA‐assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Journal of Traumatic Stress – March 12, 2026
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has shown remarkable promise for treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with response rates exceeding 60% and remission rates around 40% in recent trials involving over 300 participants. Despite these encouraging results, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration denied market approval in August 2024 due to concerns about evidence gaps. This review highlights methodological limitations, such as blinding challenges and a lack of active comparators, while suggesting future research should integrate MDMA with established trauma-focused therapies to enhance cognitive behavioral outcomes.
Abstract
There is growing interest in novel approaches to treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including the use of psychedelic substances combine...
Neuroimaging findings with MDMA/ecstasy: technical aspects, conceptual issues and future prospects
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
Heavy ecstasy (MDMA) users may face an increased risk of serotonin system damage, with neuroimaging revealing concerning trends. Studies using positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) suggest that frequent users exhibit significant reductions in serotonin transporter (SERT) densities, indicating potential neurotoxicity. Notably, females appear more vulnerable than males. While 1H-MRS is less effective for detecting these changes, the findings underscore the need for longitudinal studies to clarify the long-term effects of MDMA on the human brain and its neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
Users of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) may be at risk of developing MDMA-induced injury to the serotonin (5-HT) system. Previou...
Can research on entactogens contribute to a deeper understanding of human sexuality?
Pharmacological reports : PR – December 01, 2023
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
In recent years, scientific research into the therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds has experienced a resurgence of interest. New studies ...
Efficacy of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and functional outcomes
European Neuropsychopharmacology – March 12, 2026
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy shows promise for reducing PTSD symptoms, with a notable effect size of -1.19 across nine trials involving 298 participants. Additionally, it may alleviate dissociative symptoms (effect size -0.37) and enhance overall functioning (effect size -0.83). However, the evidence is limited, as most studies faced high bias risks and small sample sizes. Overall certainty in findings remains low, emphasizing the need for larger, more rigorous trials to fully understand MDMA-AT's potential benefits in treating PTSD.
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic and disabling condition and identifying beneficial therapies is timely and important. We aimed to...
Bioactivation and Metabolism of Amino Acid MDMA Prodrugs in Zebrafish Embryos, Human Liver S9, Whole Blood, and Microdosed Human Urine
Drug Testing and Analysis – March 15, 2026
Summary
MDMA prodrugs, specifically MDMA-tryptophan, MDMA-lysine, and MDMA-glycine, were effectively converted to MDMA in zebrafish embryos and human liver samples. In a study involving zebrafish and pooled human liver fractions, 100% of the prodrugs were cleaved to MDMA, with unique metabolites identified for MDMA-tryptophan. Notably, no metabolites appeared in fresh human blood samples, indicating distinct metabolic pathways. This highlights the potential for amino acid prodrugs in controlled drug exposure and emphasizes the need for further investigation into their pharmacokinetics in humans.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) remains unapproved for therapeutic use despite the promising results of MDMA‐assisted psychothera...
Drug seeking in response to a priming injection of MDMA in rats: relationship to initial sensitivity to self-administered MDMA and dorsal striatal dopamine
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 25, 2010
Summary
Exposure to MDMA led to significant drug-seeking behavior in laboratory rats after they had previously stopped self-administering the substance. Out of 20 rats, 12 successfully acquired self-administration, with the time taken ranging from 9 to 37 days. When given a priming dose of MDMA, these rats exhibited notably higher seeking responses compared to those that did not meet the self-administration criterion. Additionally, increased dopamine levels in the striatum correlated positively with drug-seeking behavior, indicating that initial sensitivity to MDMA's effects plays a crucial role in addictive behaviors.
Abstract
In laboratory animals, exposure to priming injections of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produced drug seeking following extinction of MDM...
Acute effects of R-MDMA, S-MDMA, and racemic MDMA in a randomized double-blind cross-over trial in healthy participants.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 01, 2024
Summary
Different forms of MDMA affect the brain and body in unique ways, with the S-form showing stronger mood-enhancing effects than its mirror image, the R-form. In this groundbreaking trial, 24 healthy volunteers received different versions of MDMA under controlled conditions. S-MDMA produced more intense feelings of happiness and openness, higher blood pressure, and stronger hormonal responses than both regular MDMA and R-MDMA. The S-form also cleared from the body much faster, taking only 4 hours compared to R-MDMA's 12-14 hours.
Abstract
Racemic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) acutely increases mood, feelings of empathy, trust, and closeness to others and is investigated to...
Simultaneous determination of methamphetamine, MDMA, and ketamine and their metabolites in urine using a rapid and simple HS-SPME-GC-MS method: A forensic study on drug abuse patterns in South Korea.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – July 14, 2025
Summary
In South Korea, nearly half of individuals positive for MDMA or Ketamine also showed evidence of using both. A new, reliable HS-SPME-GC-MS technique was developed to efficiently detect Methamphetamine, MDMA, and Ketamine, plus their metabolites, in urine. This method highlights widespread polydrug abuse, particularly MDMA-Ketamine co-ingestion, significantly improving forensic drug monitoring.
Abstract
The increasing abuse of stimulants such as methamphetamine (MA) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), along with the dissociative anesthet...
Ascorbic acid prevents 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced hydroxyl radical formation and the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of the depletion of brain 5-HT
Synapse – January 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA significantly impairs serotonin (5-HT) levels in the brain, leading to behavioral and neurochemical deficits. In a study with rats, ascorbic acid was shown to effectively suppress hydroxyl radical formation during MDMA exposure, preventing a notable 50% reduction in striatal 5-HT content. Additionally, ascorbic acid maintained normal responses to subsequent MDMA injections, unlike control rats. Notably, MDMA treatment reduced antioxidant levels, including vitamin E and ascorbic acid, highlighting oxidative stress's role in neurotoxicity. This suggests potential therapeutic avenues for protecting against MDMA's harmful effects.
Abstract
MDMA-induced 5-HT neurotoxicity has been proposed to involve oxidative stress due to increased formation of hydroxyl radicals. Recently, MDMA-induc...
Differential long-term effects of MDMA on the serotoninergic system and hippocampal cell proliferation in 5-HTT knock-out vs. wild-type mice
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – July 09, 2008
Summary
MDMA exposure significantly alters serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission, leading to notable behavioral changes. In a study with wild-type and knock-out mice, acute MDMA administration increased 5-HT release and inhibited neuron firing. Four weeks later, MDMA-treated mice showed a 2-fold increase in the potency of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist ipsapirone, alongside a 30% decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation. Additionally, these mice exhibited increased immobility in the forced swim test, indicating depressive-like behavior. These effects were absent in 5-HTT knock-out mice, highlighting MDMA's complex impact on mood regulation.
Abstract
Although numerous studies investigated the mechanisms underlying 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity, little is known ab...
Recreational MDMA doses do not elicit hepatotoxicity in HepG2 spheroids under normo- and hyperthermia.
Toxicology – March 01, 2024
Summary
Popular party drug Ecstasy (MDMA) may be safer for the liver than previously thought, according to lab tests using advanced tridimensional cell cultures. Using liver cell clusters that better mimic human tissue, researchers found that typical recreational doses didn't cause significant citotoxicity or liver damage - even under high temperatures that can occur at dance events.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), an entactogen with empathogenic and prosocial effects, is widely used in music festivals and other festiv...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians-3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA).
American journal of therapeutics
Summary
MDMA, once known only as a party drug, shows remarkable promise in treating PTSD, with 67-71% of patients no longer meeting PTSD criteria after therapy. Recent clinical trials reveal it's 2-3 times more effective than traditional antidepressants. When used in controlled therapeutic settings, MDMA appears safe and could become a legal treatment option by 2024, offering hope to millions struggling with trauma.
Abstract
After becoming notorious for its use as a party drug in the 1980s, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methampetamine (MDMA), also known by its street names "molly"...
MDMA Toxicity and Pathological Consequences: A Review About Experimental Data and Autopsy Findings
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology – June 27, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant health risks, with studies indicating acute and long-lasting toxicity in both humans and animals. Key findings reveal that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine can lead to serious hepatic, cardiovascular, cerebral, and hyperpyrexic damage. For instance, animal studies demonstrate that MDMA triggers cardiovascular responses akin to d-amphetamine, involving catecholaminergic mechanisms. Additionally, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in neurotoxicity, affecting dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing the adverse effects of MDMA use in medicine and pharmacology.
Abstract
Studies conducted in humans or in animals explored the presence, nature and potential causes of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) toxicity. ...
MDMA: A Review of Epidemiological Data
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
An estimated 6.4 million individuals have used MDMA, also known as Ecstasy, with exposure among high school seniors nearly quadrupling over the past decade. From 1990 to 2001, use among eighth, 10th, and 12th graders surged significantly, particularly in 2000. Emergency department visits related to MDMA doubled annually during the 1990s, predominantly affecting those aged 25 and younger. While MDMA-related deaths remain rare, they are rising, alongside increased seizures and arrests by law enforcement across the U.S.
Abstract
This article reviews recent surveys and reports that provide insight regarding prevalence, frequency, trends, perceptions, and seizures of methylen...
MDMA for treatment of PTSD and neurorehabilitation in military populations.
NeuroRehabilitation – January 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy shows remarkable promise for military personnel, with clinical trials revealing up to 88% reduction in PTSD symptoms. This innovative treatment combines psychedelic medicine with therapy to help veterans process trauma and rebuild trust. The therapy's unique approach enhances patient-therapist connections while reducing fear responses, making rehabilitation more effective. Beyond PTSD treatment, MDMA's pro-social properties could revolutionize broader military neurorehabilitation efforts.
Abstract
Neurorehabilitation in military populations is complicated by higher rates of PTSD and unique characteristics of military institutions. These facto...
Open MDMA: An Evidence-Based Synthesis, Theory, and Manual for MDMA Therapy Based on Predictive Processing, Complex Systems, and the Defense Cascade
OpenAlex – November 09, 2025
Summary
MDMA therapy can lead to rapid and profound healing for individuals with mental illness. This manual offers guidance based on evidence from 250+ studies, focusing on the neuroscience of trauma and healing. It emphasizes safety considerations, session preparation, and strategies to manage adverse effects, ensuring that psychotherapists can provide ethical support. The authors highlight the importance of compassionate practices and respect for autonomy while acknowledging potential risks, such as psychological destabilization. This comprehensive resource aims to enhance the effectiveness of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in clinical settings.
Abstract
This comprehensive open-science manual provides evidence-informed guidance for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, addressing the critical gap between gro...
Evaluating the efficacy and safety of MDMA for the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: a systematic review
UCC Student Medical Journal – October 17, 2025
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating PTSD, with significant symptom reductions observed in 67 participants compared to placebo. Improvements were dose-dependent, particularly in CAPS-IV/CAPS-5 scores. Long-term outcomes indicate that benefits can last at least 12 months post-treatment. While mild to moderate adverse effects like anxiety and fatigue were noted, they were transient. This innovative approach may offer hope for the approximately 5-7% of the population suffering from treatment-resistant traumatic stress, highlighting the potential of psychedelics in clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 5-7% of the population, with conventional treatments often proving inadequat...
Perspectives on the therapeutic potential of MDMA: A nation-wide exploratory survey among substance users
Frontiers in Psychiatry – April 14, 2023
Summary
Remarkably, over two-thirds of individuals facing substance and alcohol use challenges see therapeutic potential in MDMA. A nationwide survey explored perspectives on MDMA-assisted treatment, particularly for conditions like PTSD. It found strong support for medical research and a willingness among participants to consider MDMA as a viable treatment option. Importantly, belief in MDMA's effectiveness was consistent across various race and ethnicity groups, highlighting broad interest in this promising approach to care.
Abstract
BackgroundAlcohol and other substance use disorders are commonly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the presence of these c...
Sex Differences in the Effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) on Plasma Copeptin in Healthy Subjects
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism – June 30, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly raised plasma copeptin levels in women, with a 60-minute increase observed after administration in a study involving 16 healthy participants. Notably, this response was blocked by duloxetine, a medication that inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine release. While MDMA also slightly increased plasma AVP levels in women, it did not affect men. The findings suggest that the hormonal response to MDMA may contribute to hyponatremia, particularly among female users, highlighting differences in how genders process this substance.
Abstract
Abstract Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) misuse is associated with hyponatremia particularly in women. Hyponatremia i...
Ecstasy, molly, MDMA: What health practitioners need to know about this common recreational drug.
Disease-a-month : DM – March 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known as ecstasy or molly, affects both mind and body by releasing mood-enhancing chemicals. While it creates feelings of euphoria and social connection, this designer drug carries risks. Healthcare providers now focus on harm reduction strategies, as many street versions contain dangerous synthetic cathinones. Understanding both therapeutic potential and overdose risks helps medical teams better treat MDMA-related emergencies.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; commonly referred to as "ecstasy" or "molly") is a substituted amphetamine drug that is used recreationall...
Adolescent pre‐exposure to ethanol and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) increases conditioned rewarding effects of MDMA and drug‐induced reinstatement
Addiction Biology – October 13, 2011
Summary
Repeated exposure to ethanol (EtOH) and MDMA during adolescence significantly enhances the addictive properties of MDMA. In a mouse model, pre-exposure to these substances increased the rewarding effects of a low MDMA dose (1.25 mg/kg) and led to more persistent conditioned place preference (CPP). Notably, reinstatement of CPP occurred with lower priming doses (1.25 mg/kg for EtOH or MDMA alone) after extinction. Long-term changes in neurotransmitter levels, including dopamine and serotonin, were observed, indicating profound effects on brain chemistry from adolescent substance exposure.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many adolescents often take ethanol (EtOH) in combination with 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). In the present work, we used a ...
The potential use of N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA) assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of eating disorders comorbid with PTSD.
Medical hypotheses – January 01, 2021
Summary
Overcoming eating disorders is a significant challenge, particularly when trauma leads to co-occurring Posttraumatic stress disorder. A new perspective suggests that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy holds promise as a transformative treatment for this complex comorbidity. By uniquely reducing fear, enhancing trust, and fostering self-compassion, this therapy is hypothesized to effectively address both eating disorder symptoms and the deep-seated impact of trauma. Personal accounts illustrate the potential for significant benefit, offering a path to improved well-being.
Abstract
Despite advances in the field, eating disorders (EDs) remain very challenging disorders to treat, especially when comorbid with posttraumatic stres...
Exploring the therapeutic convergence of meditation, psychedelics, and MDMA
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – April 17, 2025
Summary
Remarkably, meditation, psychedelics, and MDMA share common pathways for improving mental well-being. A comprehensive literature review indicates these modalities enhance emotional regulation, empathy, and neuroplasticity by influencing similar brain networks. Combining meditation with psychedelic or MDMA-assisted therapy shows promise for stabilizing therapeutic insights, leading to sustained positive results and reduced distress. This convergence offers a powerful new approach for mental health.
Abstract
AbstractBackground and aimsPsychedelic and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy are at the forefront of new treatment models for mental illnesses such as PT...
A randomized, controlled pilot study of MDMA (±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of resistant, chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 31, 2012
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating treatment-resistant PTSD, with a randomized controlled trial involving 12 patients. Participants received either a low dose (25 mg) or full dose (125 mg) of MDMA across three sessions, complemented by weekly therapy. While no serious adverse effects were reported, self-reported improvements on the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale indicated significant benefits. Notably, CAPS scores improved further at the one-year follow-up, suggesting lasting effects. Additionally, three MDMA sessions proved more effective than two, highlighting its potential in psychiatric medicine.
Abstract
Psychiatrists and psychotherapists in the US (1970s to 1985) and Switzerland (1988–1993) used MDMA legally as a prescription drug, to enhance the e...
Pharmacogenomics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): A Narrative Review of the Literature.
Pharmaceutics – August 20, 2024
Summary
Genetic differences may explain why MDMA affects people differently, with some experiencing stronger therapeutic benefits than others. Research shows that variations in genes controlling MDMA metabolism and brain response influence individual reactions to the drug. Key findings reveal that specific genetic markers affect cognitive performance, cardiovascular response, and mood changes when MDMA is used. Understanding these genetic factors could help optimize therapeutic dosing and safety.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a synthetic amphetamine derivative with notable psychoactive properties and emerging therapeutic potent...
Safety and efficacy of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy in post-traumatic stress disorder: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry – April 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy shows promising results in treating post-traumatic stress disorder, with patients up to three times more likely to experience symptom relief compared to traditional therapy alone. This umbrella review analyzed 14 systematic reviews covering 353 participants, finding that controlled doses of psychedelics combined with therapy significantly improved PTSD symptoms and recovery rates, though some temporary side effects were noted.
Abstract
To critically evaluate published and unpublished systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the safety and efficacy of methylenedioxymethamphetamine-a...
The entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) as a treatment aid in psychotherapy and its safety concerns.
Archives of toxicology – August 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy shows remarkable promise in treating PTSD, with recent clinical trials demonstrating breakthrough results. While MDMA (commonly known as ecstasy) can have risks when misused, supervised therapeutic sessions have proven safe and effective. Australia now permits MDMA prescriptions for PTSD treatment, and studies explore its potential for conditions like schizophrenia and alcohol dependency. The drug works by releasing neurotransmitters that promote emotional openness and social bonding.
Abstract
The phenylethylamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy'), is the prototypical example of an entactogen. Its original placement in ...
Harm reduction behaviours and harm experiences of people who use 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Harm reduction journal – March 21, 2024
Summary
In New Zealand, 95.9% of people who used drug checking services reported learning valuable harm reduction strategies for MDMA use. A nationwide survey of 915 MDMA users in Aotearoa revealed that while most practice harm reduction behaviors, those who experienced negative effects were less likely to use safety measures. Drug checking services proved highly effective, though access remains limited in many areas. Only 14.4% reported MDMA-related harm, with most adverse effects coming from substances mistakenly sold as MDMA.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is drug of high prevalence in Aotearoa New Zealand and is the primary drug analysed by legal drug checking...
Recreational ecstasy use and the neurotoxic potential of MDMA: current status of the controversy and methodological issues
Drug and Alcohol Review – May 01, 2006
Summary
Despite ongoing debates, evidence regarding MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in recreational ecstasy users remains inconclusive. With sample sizes often lacking sufficient control groups, findings show mixed results on cognitive deficits and brain imaging changes. Over 50% of studies fail to account for concurrent cannabis use, complicating interpretations. Additionally, many participants may have pre-existing serotonergic issues that influence drug behavior. As the designs of these investigations improve, clarity around MDMA's long-term effects on cognition and serotonin systems in humans remains elusive.
Abstract
The controversy over possible MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity in human recreational ecstasy users is examined critically in light of recent...
Therapeutic Potential of MDMA- and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Adolescent Depression and Trauma.
Current psychiatry reports – February 01, 2025
Summary
Groundbreaking treatments using MDMA and psychedelics show remarkable promise in treating depression and trauma. While proven effective in adults, these therapies could be particularly transformative for adolescents. Clinical trials demonstrate that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy significantly reduces PTSD symptoms, while psychedelic treatments help overcome resistant depression. These approaches offer new hope for youth mental health.
Abstract
There is a mental health crisis affecting youth, and the utility of existing treatments is often limited by lack of effectiveness and tolerability....
A Review of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Assisted Psychotherapy
Frontiers in Psychiatry – March 20, 2019
Summary
MDMA, often called Ecstasy, is on track for FDA/EMA licensing by 2021 as a medicine, currently in final Phase 3 trials for PTSD. This marks a significant advance in Psychiatry and Psychology. A psychotherapist guides MDMA-assisted sessions, exploring its potential beyond PTSD for autism-related anxiety and alcohol use disorder. Such Psychedelics and Drug Studies, alongside Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, are redefining therapeutic approaches, moving beyond traditional views of hallucinogens and drug analysis concerns in Forensic Toxicology.
Abstract
This paper provides a brief review of the history, proposed pharmacological mechanisms, safety issues, and clinical applications of the medicine 3,...
Misrepresentation of MDMA in the United States, 1999-2023.
Drug and alcohol dependence – November 01, 2024
Summary
Over half of substances sold as MDMA or Ecstasy contain unexpected ingredients. Drug checking services reveal that while 75% of tested samples were believed to be pure MDMA, only 48% actually were. Quality improved significantly since 2009, with pure MDMA samples rising from 15% to 74% by 2023. Nearly 200 different adulterants were identified, highlighting the importance of drug checking services in promoting safer supply.
Abstract
The misrepresentation of illicit drugs in unregulated markets increases the risk of adverse health events. This study analyzed drug checking data t...
MDMA Self-Administration in Laboratory Animals: A Summary of the Literature and Proposal for Future Research
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2009
Summary
MDMA use has surged globally, evolving from a niche dance club phenomenon to widespread consumption, with some users developing drug dependence. In studies involving 65 laboratory animals, findings revealed that while most self-administered low doses of MDMA daily, certain subjects exhibited higher intake. Typically, MDMA was less effective as a reinforcer compared to other drugs of abuse. The decline in serotonin release from repeated exposure may enhance dopamine responses, potentially driving the self-administration behavior observed in these animals.
Abstract
The prevalence of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use has increased globally and the pattern of consumption has changed considerably. Prev...
MDMA Therapy for PTSD: Inching Closer to—or Farther From—Approval?
The Senior Care Pharmacist – July 31, 2024
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is poised to revolutionize mental healthcare. With 40-60% of PTSD patients unresponsive to standard treatments, this psychedelic therapy offers new hope. The FDA recognized MDMA-assisted psychotherapy as a breakthrough therapy in 2017, with potential approval as early as 2024. This development in Drug Studies and Psychiatry could provide a vital treatment for the almost 3.5% of US adults affected by PTSD, transforming Psychology's approach to severe trauma. Psychotherapists are already gaining expanded access, signaling a significant Biomedical Innovation.
Abstract
In recent years, scientists have initiated a renaissance in psychedelic research following decades of prohibition. Compounds such as ketamine, LSD,...
Effects of Stress and MDMA on Hippocampal Gene Expression
BioMed Research International – January 01, 2014
Summary
MDMA significantly influences gene expression related to stress and neuronal function. In a study with control and chronically stressed rats, MDMA treatment altered genes involved in protein folding and neuropeptide signaling. Notably, stressed rats showed changes that enhanced sensory processing and tissue damage responses. Moreover, MDMA reversed the downregulation of circadian rhythm-related genes caused by stress. These findings highlight the complex interplay between MDMA's effects on serotonin neurotoxicity and its potential therapeutic benefits for stress disorders like PTSD, suggesting lasting impacts on brain structure and function.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a substituted amphetamine and popular drug of abuse. Its mood-enhancing short-term effects may prompt i...
Trends in toxicological findings and drug seizures of MDMA in New Zealand from 2010 to 2022
Journal of Forensic Sciences – February 12, 2026
Summary
In New Zealand, 4.8% of individuals aged 15 and older reported using MDMA in 2023/2024. Between 2010 and 2022, toxicology data revealed that out of 131 Coronial cases positive for MDMA, the average concentration in blood was 0.88 mg/L, while 193 driving under the influence cases showed an average of 0.23 mg/L. Over 85% of these cases also tested positive for additional substances, primarily cannabis and alcohol. Additionally, 138 drug seizures had an average purity of 71%, with capsules being the most potent.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or "ecstasy," is a commonly used drug worldwide, including in New Zealand, where 4.8% of the population ag...
A meta-analytic analysis of the acute effects of MDMA on empathy and emotion recognition in humans
Scientific Reports – November 29, 2025
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances emotional empathy, improving individuals' ability to connect emotionally with others. In a meta-analysis involving multiple studies, MDMA administration led to a 25% increase in emotional empathy scores on the Multifaceted Empathy Test. However, it also resulted in a 15% decrease in accuracy when recognizing negative facial expressions—specifically sadness, fear, and anger—on the Facial Emotion Recognition Task. These findings highlight MDMA's complex effects on social cognition, crucial for optimizing therapeutic applications in clinical psychology.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine derivative known as an "entactogen," influencing emotional and social processing. Phase ...
Rare but relevant: MDMA and hyponatraemia
Addiction – December 08, 2025
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can lead to serious health risks, including hyponatremia, a dangerous electrolyte disorder. Among users, particularly women, the incidence of acute MDMA-induced hyponatremia is notably high, with increased odds of severe complications. This condition can alter mental states and may require intensive care. Understanding its clinical manifestations and pathophysiology is crucial for effective treatment. With MDMA's popularity in nightlife settings, awareness of these risks is vital for both users and healthcare providers.
Abstract
Conventionally used for its stimulant, empathogenic and entactogenic effects, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is one of the most ...
Bile acids and the gut microbiome are involved in the hyperthermia mediated by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
Scientific reports – June 24, 2024
Summary
Body temperature regulation during MDMA use is linked to an unexpected source: gut bacteria and bile acids. When MDMA enters the system, it alters bile acid levels produced by gut microbes. Researchers found that eliminating gut bacteria with antibiotics actually prevented dangerous overheating in rats given MDMA. This suggests that gut microbes and their bile acid production play a crucial role in how the body regulates temperature after MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Hyperthermia induced by phenethylamines, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), can lead to life-threatening complications and death. Ac...
Critical Role of Peripheral Vasoconstriction in Fatal Brain Hyperthermia Induced by MDMA (Ecstasy) under Conditions That Mimic Human Drug Use
Journal of Neuroscience – June 04, 2014
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, can trigger dangerously high brain temperatures in social and warm environments. In a study with male rats, moderate doses (9 mg/kg) resulted in significant hyperthermia when conditions mimicked crowded settings, with ambient temperatures at 29°C. While individual responses varied, vasoconstriction was identified as a key factor exacerbating heat retention. Under typical recreational scenarios, these nontoxic doses can escalate to life-threatening levels, highlighting serious health risks associated with MDMA use at parties.
Abstract
MDMA (Ecstasy) is an illicit drug used by young adults at hot, crowed "rave" parties, yet the data on potential health hazards of its abuse remain ...
Syllogistic Reasoning Performance in MDMA (Ecstasy) Users.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA users exhibited notable impairments in syllogistic reasoning, with 22 users scoring lower than 26 non-users on tasks of varying difficulty. Specifically, MDMA users struggled more in reasoning tasks, highlighting a significant link between their drug use and cognitive deficits. However, when accounting for differences in working memory, the impact of MDMA diminished. This suggests that challenges in executive functioning, influenced by MDMA, may hinder reasoning abilities, emphasizing the interplay between cognition and recreational drug use in young adults.
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated working memory and executive deficits in recreational users of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; Ecstasy)...
Pre-exposure to eutylone attenuates its own aversive effects but has no impact on cocaine or MDMA: A possible role of eutylone's hybrid pharmacology.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – July 01, 2025
Summary
Prior exposure to drugs can change how the body responds to them. New research reveals that the synthetic drug eutylone reduces its own negative effects when taken repeatedly, but surprisingly doesn't affect reactions to cocaine or MDMA. This unique finding suggests eutylone's dual action as both a reuptake inhibitor and substrate releaser creates distinct bodily sensations, despite sharing chemical similarities with other stimulants.
Abstract
Previous research has reported that pre-exposure to a variety of drugs of abuse can impact (reduce) the aversive effects of themselves and other ab...
A Clinical Plan for MDMA (Ecstasy) in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Partnering with the FDA
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly in patients unresponsive to traditional treatments. The FDA and the Spanish Ministry of Health have approved pilot studies, funded by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), targeting this population. These unique trials aim to evaluate MDMA's safety and efficacy over five years at a cost of approximately $5 million. Insights from Pfizer’s Zoloft approval process informed the clinical plan, highlighting a strategic approach in psychiatric treatment using psychedelics.
Abstract
The FDA and the Spanish Ministry of Health have concluded that the risk/benefit ratio is favorable under certain circumstances for clinical studies...
The Detection of Novel Stimulants in Oral Fluid from Users Reporting Ecstasy, Molly and MDMA Ingestion
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 16, 2018
Summary
A striking 29.6% of participants at electronic dance music festivals tested positive for novel stimulants, despite self-reporting use of Ecstasy, Molly, or MDMA. In a study involving 223 individuals, 91% used only one term to describe their substance intake. Specifically, 60.6% reported using Molly, while 27.1% indicated MDMA. Notably, only 54.3% were confirmed to have taken MDMA without any novel stimulants detected. These findings reveal significant discrepancies between self-reported drug use and actual toxicological results in recreational settings.
Abstract
"Ecstasy" and "Molly" are common drug slang terms used among club and rave cultures to denote preparations believed to contain 3,4-methylenedioxyme...
Effects of MDMA on body temperature in humans
Temperature – October 31, 2014
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, can cause a concerning rise in body temperature, with increases ranging from 0.2 to 0.8°C in healthy individuals. At higher doses, temperatures often exceed 38.0°C, even without physical exertion. This hyperthermia is linked to the release of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, affecting heat regulation. In cases of severe hyperthermia, effective management includes sedation with benzodiazepines and intravenous fluids, while critical situations require cooling measures and mechanical ventilation for patient safety.
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a severe complication associated with the recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy). In this review, th...
Distribution of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in Postmortem and Antemortem Specimens
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA and its metabolite MDA show distinct distribution patterns in various biological specimens. In a study involving 20 fatal cases, heart blood, urine, and bile were analyzed, revealing consistent MDA/MDMA ratios in hair (n=6) that exceed those in other samples. Additionally, the MDMA/MDA concentration ratio in hair aligns with findings from urine and blood, indicating similar incorporation rates to other drugs like cocaine and heroin. This comprehensive analysis aids forensic toxicology by enhancing drug detection capabilities across different specimen types.
Abstract
With increasing requests for the analysis of various specimens related to fatal and non-fatal abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy, MDMA...
Effects of (±) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
The Scientific World JOURNAL – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can cause lasting disruptions in sleep patterns due to its neurotoxic effects on serotonin neurons. In studies involving various animal species, including nonhuman primates, significant damage to these brain cells was observed, raising concerns for human users. Chronic alterations in sleep and circadian rhythms were noted in those exposed to MDMA, potentially leading to memory disturbances. With sample sizes often exceeding 100 participants, the implications of these findings underscore the need for further exploration into MDMA's long-term impact on sleep and neuroscience.
Abstract
Abuse of stimulant drugs invariably leads to a disruption in sleep-wake patterns by virtue of the arousing and sleep-preventing effects of these dr...
Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy reduces hypothalamic oxytocin expression and blood levels after oral MDMA administration in male rats.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – March 20, 2025
Summary
The vagus nerve, a key player in the gut-brain axis, significantly influences how MDMA affects hormone levels in the body. When researchers severed this nerve in rats, they found dramatically reduced oxytocin levels in both blood and brain regions, particularly in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus. This reveals how crucial the connection between digestive and nervous systems is for MDMA's well-known emotional and social effects.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely recognized entactogen frequently used recreationally. It is known for its interaction with the...
The Efficacy of MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Cureus – May 17, 2021
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," shows promising potential in treating PTSD, with a meta-analysis of 10 studies involving 168 patients revealing significant improvements in symptoms. The analysis utilized the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5, indicating that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy could be beneficial for treatment-resistant individuals. While adverse effects were noted, the therapeutic index suggests a favorable balance between benefits and risks. These findings highlight MDMA's pharmacological profile as a potential avenue for developing new treatments in clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Background: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), known recreationally as "Molly" or "Ecstasy", is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor. MDMA ...
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for victims of sexual abuse with severe post-traumatic stress disorder: an open label pilot study in Brazil.
Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) – January 01, 2021
Summary
Imagine a therapy that offers profound relief for severe trauma. In a pilot investigation in Brazil, individuals with PTSD stemming from sexual abuse experienced remarkable success with MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. This structured approach, combining therapy sessions with carefully administered MDMA, led to clinically significant improvement, drastically reducing PTSD symptoms and offering a promising new path for healing.
Abstract
To conduct Brazil's first clinical trial employing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disord...
MDMA enhances prefrontal plasticity and representational drift during fear extinction
OpenAlex – March 08, 2026
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances fear extinction by promoting structural and functional neuroplasticity in the brain. In a study involving mice, MDMA increased spine density in the medial prefrontal cortex by 30%, indicating heightened synaptic connections. Additionally, the infralimbic cortex showed improved correlation with reduced freezing behavior during extinction tasks. Over time, neural representations in MDMA-treated mice shifted more rapidly, particularly among neurons that suppressed activity in response to cues. These findings suggest MDMA's potential as a therapeutic agent for improving cognitive processes related to fear and anxiety.
Abstract
Abstract Fear extinction requires dynamic updating of cortical representations, yet the neural mechanisms underlying successful extinction remain p...
Combining Cognitive-Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for PTSD with 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): A Case Example.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2019
Summary
Imagine a therapy that not only reduces PTSD but also strengthens relationships. A new approach combined Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with MDMA-assisted sessions for couples. This innovative method aimed to significantly improve outcomes. A detailed case showed remarkable reductions in PTSD symptoms and enhanced relationship satisfaction for the couple, highlighting a powerful path to healing.
Abstract
Treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have evolved significantly in the past 35 years. From what was historically viewed as a pervasi...
A review of the acute subjective effects of MDMA/ecstasy
Addiction – March 24, 2006
Summary
Acute subjective effects of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, reveal a rich tapestry of experiences. Analyzing data from 24 studies with thousands of participants, emotional responses like euphoria and anxiety were frequently reported, alongside somatic effects such as nausea and muscle aches. Notably, sexual arousal was mentioned in five studies. Factors influencing these experiences included the time between ingestion and assessment, dosage, and gender. This comprehensive review aids clinicians and public health advocates in understanding both the appealing and adverse effects of MDMA use.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim Although several relatively recent reviews have summarized the neuropsychiatric effects associated with chronic ecstasy use, there is ...