1705 results for "Ketamine"
Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Psychedelics in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD).
Advances in experimental medicine and biology – January 01, 2024
Summary
Breakthrough findings show psychedelics like psilocybin and ketamine offer hope for people who don't respond to traditional antidepressants. These compounds work differently - psilocybin affects serotonin pathways while ketamine targets glutamate systems - yet both provide rapid relief that lasts well beyond treatment. Clinical trials show strong safety profiles and high tolerability.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder, associated with substantial burden and large economical costs. Notwiths...
Efficacy and safety of eight enhanced therapies for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of RCTs.
Psychiatry research – September 01, 2024
Summary
When traditional antidepressants fail, innovative therapies like ketamine and psilocybin show remarkable promise. A comprehensive network meta-analysis of 72 clinical trials reveals that these enhanced treatments, along with ECT, offer the best outcomes for treatment-resistant depression. Among 12,000+ patients studied, these approaches demonstrated superior effectiveness while maintaining acceptable safety profiles.
Abstract
Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) challenges psychiatric treatment, with existing guidelines covering only a subset of augmentation strategies. ...
Transcriptional Profiles in Nucleus Accumbens of Antidepressant Resistance in Chronically Stressed Mice.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – March 17, 2025
Summary
Brain chemistry reveals why some antidepressants work better after failed treatments. Scientists found that when standard antidepressants don't work initially, they actually "prime" the brain to respond better to ketamine therapy later. Using mouse studies, researchers discovered specific gene patterns in a brain reward center that influence both stress sensitivity and treatment success. This insight could help doctors better predict and personalize depression treatments.
Abstract
Unsuccessful response to several courses of antidepressants is a core feature of treatment-resistant depression (TRD), a severe condition that affe...
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction causes recurrent and transient failures of perceptual inference.
Brain : a journal of neurology – May 13, 2025
Summary
Our brains constantly balance sensory input with stored knowledge to make sense of the world. New research reveals how ketamine disrupts this delicate process, offering insights into visual perception and psychosis. Scientists found that ketamine temporarily prevents the brain from properly integrating past experiences with current sensory information. This mirrors patterns seen in schizophrenia, where patients often struggle with bistable perception - the ability to switch between different interpretations of ambiguous visual scenes.
Abstract
Perception integrates external sensory signals with internal predictions that reflect prior knowledge about the world. Previous research suggests t...
Structural neural plasticity evoked by rapid-acting antidepressant interventions.
Nature reviews. Neuroscience – February 01, 2025
Summary
Groundbreaking research reveals how fast-acting antidepressants like ketamine can actually rewire brain connections within days. These treatments trigger growth of vital neural connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex, helping restore healthy brain function. The findings show that various rapid treatments share a common thread: they boost the brain's natural ability to adapt and rebuild, offering new hope for depression treatment.
Abstract
A feature in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), a mood disorder, is the impairment of excitatory synapses in the prefrontal co...
How Should We Expand Access to Psychedelics While Maintaining an Environment of Peace and Safety?
AMA journal of ethics – November 01, 2024
Summary
As psychedelic therapy gains mainstream acceptance, ketamine clinics offer valuable lessons for safely expanding access. Research shows that balancing medical oversight with personal autonomy is key - strict protocols protect vulnerable patients while avoiding over-medicalization. The solution involves clear guidelines distinguishing between clinical treatment and wellness applications, with appropriate safeguards for each path.
Abstract
Psychedelics have long been used by individuals seeking peace and a sense of wellness. This article examines widespread adoption of ketamine as a p...
Synaptic basis of rapid antidepressant action.
European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience – September 29, 2024
Summary
Ketamine's ability to lift depression within hours, rather than weeks, marks a breakthrough in mental health treatment. The drug works by triggering rapid changes in brain cell connections through synaptic plasticity, activating BDNF proteins and TrkB receptors. This process enhances spontaneous neurotransmitter release between neurons, helping restore healthy brain communication patterns and homeostatic balance. The findings reveal how fast-acting treatments can effectively combat depression without waiting for lengthy brain circuit rewiring.
Abstract
The discovery of ketamine's rapid antidepressant action has generated intense interest in the field of neuropsychiatry. This discovery demonstrated...
Repeated subcutaneous esketamine on treatment-resistant depression: An open-label dose titration study.
Journal of affective disorders – January 15, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking advancement in depression treatment shows that subcutaneous esketamine offers new hope for patients with treatment-resistant depression. Weekly injections over 8 weeks helped more than half of participants respond positively, with 35% achieving remission. This form of ketamine therapy proved easier to administer and more cost-effective than traditional methods, while maintaining strong effectiveness against unipolar depression.
Abstract
Ketamine has gained prominence as one of the most effective therapeutic options in unipolar treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, most stu...
Effects of subanesthetic repeated esketamine infusions on memory function and NGF in patients with depression: An open-label study.
Journal of affective disorders – January 15, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking treatment shows promise for both mood and mind: repeated low-dose ketamine infusions not only reduced depression symptoms by half but also improved memory and cognitive function. The treatment boosted nerve growth factor levels in the blood, suggesting it helps rebuild brain connections. This antidepressant approach offers new hope for those with major depressive disorder.
Abstract
Subanesthetic ketamine is a rapidly acting antidepressant, yet the effects of ketamine on cognitive function are inconsistent. The primary objectiv...
Risk of complications using a sedation protocol for aeromedical retrieval of acutely unwell mental health patients: a retrospective cohort study in Outback Australia.
Emergency medicine journal : EMJ – July 16, 2025
Summary
For patients needing critical care transport due to acute mental health conditions, the choice of sedation during aeromedical retrieval is crucial for safety. Research explored if a specific sedation protocol could reduce risks for those with severe psychological conditions. Analyzing over a decade of air ambulance records, it compared patients treated with a protocol to others. Findings show that adhering to the protocol led to significantly fewer complications, both overall and severe. Specifically, using ketamine as part of this treatment approach was associated with improved safety outcomes, avoiding issues like intubation seen with other medications. This suggests a protocolized approach greatly enhances patient well-being during transport.
Abstract
Aeromedical transfer of acutely unwell mental health (AMH) patients presents potential risks to patient, staff and aircraft. Pharmacological option...
[Neurotrophic mechanisms of psychedelic therapy].
Biologie aujourd'hui – January 01, 2019
Summary
Therapeutic effects of psychedelics can last long after the drug is gone, suggesting they trigger lasting brain changes. Studies reveal how compounds like LSD and ketamine (kétamine) impact neurotrophic factors such as BDNF. The central idea is that despite different receptor targets, these psychedelics initiate similar beneficial plastic adaptations in the brain's prefrontal cortex. Positive findings indicate these mechanisms could effectively treat conditions like depression (dépression) and addiction, offering new avenues for mental health care.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs, often referred to as hallucinogens, are quite distinct from other classes of psychotropic drugs. Although the subjective and beh...
Electrodynamics of the Psychedelic Experience
Preprints.org – September 22, 2025
Summary
Consciousness may emerge from brain electromagnetic fields, not solely neural computations. Psychedelic drug studies reveal substances like LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, and 5-MeO-DMT profoundly alter consciousness by modulating these fields. Evidence suggests these chemicals act as "field resonance enhancers." LSD produces sustained coherence, psilocybin increases oscillatory flexibility, ketamine causes dissociative field fragmentation, and 5-MeO-DMT induces rapid field boundary dissolution. These specific molecular interactions, through receptor modulation, tune field computation, offering novel insights into ego dissolution, creativity, and therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Electromagnetic field theories of consciousness propose that consciousness emerges from resonant electromagnetic field interactions rather than pur...
Reappraisal of the hype and hope offered by psilocybin treatment of depression
New Zealand Medical Journal – September 15, 2025
Summary
Early findings suggest psilocybin holds promise for depression, a significant area in Psychology and Mental Health. However, a review of Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveals methodological challenges like expectation bias. While generally well tolerated, side effects are often not systematically reported, and some recipients may experience harm. Comparing with ketamine for treatment-resistant depression shows similar issues, but ketamine's positive evidence is currently stronger. Therefore, the current data on psilocybin's efficacy and safety in Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications is insufficient to warrant wider availability for depression treatment.
Abstract
aim: To provide a balanced account of psilocybin treatment of depression for expectations to be appropriately set. method: Review and discussion of...
#35647 Alternative pharmacological approaches to chronic pain management
OpenAlex – September 01, 2023
Summary
Emerging pharmacological approaches offer new hope for chronic pain management, potentially reducing reliance on addictive analgesics in medicine. Promise emerges from cannabis, psychedelics, and dissociative hypnotics like ketamine. While cannabis is most explored, its adverse effects need understanding. Ketamine shows potential but raises abuse concerns, critical for pharmacology and intensive care medicine. Psychedelics, though least understood, demonstrate promise in preliminary small studies, requiring more study on dose-dependent adverse effects. Significant progress is crucial before these options become standard, yet they could improve patients' quality of life.
Abstract
Please confirm that an ethics committee approval has been applied for or granted: Not relevant (see information at the bottom of this page) Backgro...
Potential molecular pathways and therapeutic implications of rapid-acting antidepressants on myelin biology: a scoping review.
Frontiers in neuroscience – January 01, 2025
Summary
Rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs), like ketamine, significantly influence brain myelination, crucial for neuroplasticity. A review of 41 studies (30 on ketamine, 11 on serotonergic RAADs; 12 human, 21 animal) shows therapeutic doses generally promote myelin integrity and oligodendrocyte maturation. This suggests RAADs impact neuronal activity-dependent myelination. Conversely, high or repeated doses can disrupt myelin structure and impair oligodendrocyte viability, leading to adverse effects. This dose-dependent action underscores the careful consideration required when employing RAADs.
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs)-including ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics- may affect myelin homeostas...
Adenosine as the metabolic common path of rapid antidepressant action: The coffee paradox.
Brain medicine : from neurons to behavior and better health – December 31, 2025
Summary
A unifying mechanism for rapid-acting antidepressants has been uncovered: adenosine signaling. Ketamine, ECT, and acute intermittent hypoxia all trigger adenosine surges by activating A1 and A2A receptors in mood-regulating brain circuits. This suggests ketamine's antidepressant effects stem from mitochondrial metabolism modulation, not just NMDA receptor antagonism, paving the way for improved therapies for depression. The findings also prompt critical questions about how chronic caffeine or coffee consumption might impact treatment response or offer protection in treatment-resistant depression.
Abstract
Yue, Luo, and colleagues discovered that adenosine signalling is the common underlying mechanism of rapid acting antidepressant therapies, unifying...
Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals time-dependent and cell-type-specific effects of psilocybin on gene expression
OpenAlex – January 04, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, profoundly alters brain Biology, a key Neuroscience finding. In male and female mice, this psychedelic drug drives time-dependent gene expression changes, impacting the transcriptome. Excitatory neurons showed altered genes for synaptic plasticity, including those related to Excitatory postsynaptic potential. GABAergic neurons exhibited shifts in mitochondrial function genes. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies suggest a Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, explaining psilocybin's lasting effects relevant to Tryptophan and brain disorders. Ketamine produced similar gene expression shifts.
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is growing interest to investigate classic psychedelics as potential therapeutics for mental illnesses. Previous studies have demons...
Psychoactive substances for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Asian journal of psychiatry – November 01, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking treatments using psychedelics are transforming mental healthcare. Ketamine offers rapid relief for severe depression, while MDMA shows remarkable success in treating PTSD. These substances, along with other psychedelics, work by altering brain chemistry and enhancing emotional processing. Clinical trials reveal significant improvements in patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders, often after just a few supervised sessions.
Abstract
In the contemporary landscape of psychiatric medicine, critical advancements have been noted in the utilization of psychoactive substances such as ...
Associations between individual hallucinogens and hallucinogen misuse among U.S. Adults who recently initiated hallucinogen use.
Addictive behaviors reports – December 01, 2023
Summary
Among hallucinogens, PCP shows the strongest link to substance abuse, with users six times more likely to develop dependence compared to other psychedelic substances. Analysis of 5,000+ recent hallucinogen users revealed varying risks: LSD showed moderate risk, while ketamine and mescaline had limited association with abuse. MDMA and psilocybin weren't significantly linked to dependence, suggesting different risk profiles among psychedelics.
Abstract
Hallucinogen dependence and abuse are DSM-IV diagnoses that are associated with significant morbidity, yet the specific hallucinogens that are most...
Did Serendipity Contribute to the Discovery of New Antidepressant Drugs? Historical Analysis Using Operational Criteria.
Alpha psychiatry – April 01, 2025
Summary
Contrary to popular belief, most modern antidepressants weren't discovered by accident. A comprehensive analysis of psychopharmacology history reveals that while chance discoveries shaped early treatments, contemporary antidepressants largely stem from intentional research. Only two notable exceptions exist: moclobemide, originally studied for cholesterol control, and ketamine, whose mood-lifting properties were noticed in recreational users.
Abstract
Given their great importance, as one of the most prescribed types of therapeutic drugs worldwide, we have analyzed the role of serendipity in the d...
New Pharmacologic Approaches to the Treatment of Bipolar Depression.
Drugs – July 01, 2023
Summary
Recent breakthroughs in bipolar depression treatment offer new hope, with several innovative medications showing promising results. Two new antipsychotic medications have proven effective in large clinical trials, while ketamine infusions demonstrate rapid improvement in mood and reduced suicidal thoughts. Novel approaches using neurosteroids and anti-inflammatory agents are also emerging, expanding treatment options beyond traditional medications.
Abstract
Depression is the most commonly experienced mood state over the life span in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) and is the primary driver of fu...
Persistent aura without infarction.
Current opinion in neurology – June 01, 2025
Summary
Some migraine auras can persist for days or weeks without causing brain damage, presenting a unique medical challenge. When cortical spreading depression occurs without resolving naturally, it creates continuous visual disturbances and other neurological symptoms. Several medications show promise in treating this condition, including acetazolamide, valproic acid, and zonisamide. Ketamine and furosemide have also demonstrated effectiveness, particularly when combined with cortisone therapy.
Abstract
The scope of this review is to discuss persistent aura without infarction, a rare, highly disabling, yet apparently benign clinical condition, stra...
Neurotoxicity mechanisms and clinical implications of six common recreational drugs.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Popular recreational drugs share a devastating ability to damage the nervous system through common destructive pathways. While methamphetamine and cocaine disrupt brain chemistry and blood flow, ketamine and nitrous oxide impair vital cellular functions. Heroin and synthetic cathinones cause inflammation and stress damage. Understanding these mechanisms helps develop targeted treatments.
Abstract
The recreational abuse of addictive drugs poses considerable challenges to public health, leading to widespread neurotoxicity and neurological dysf...
Effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for treatment-resistant depression in older patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BMJ mental health – March 03, 2025
Summary
One in three older adults with hard-to-treat depression found relief through alternative treatments, offering new hope for those who haven't responded to standard antidepressants. Recent analysis of multiple studies in adult psychiatry shows promising results for treatment-resistant depression & mood disorders in seniors. Ketamine therapy emerged as particularly effective, tripling the chances of recovery compared to placebo. Other approaches, including magnetic brain stimulation and personalized medication plans based on genetic testing, also showed positive outcomes in treating depression in older adults.
Abstract
Depression in older adults is often undertreated. A 2011 systematic review of treatments for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in older adults i...
Effects of psychedelics on opioid use disorder: a scoping review of preclinical studies.
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS – January 21, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics show promising potential in treating opioid use disorder, with compounds like ibogaine and ketamine reducing drug-seeking behavior in animals. Studies reveal these substances can decrease opioid self-administration, ease withdrawal symptoms, and diminish conditioned place preference - where animals associate certain locations with drug rewards. While most research focuses on iboga-derived compounds, multiple psychedelics demonstrate effectiveness in reducing opioid dependence.
Abstract
The current opioid crisis has had an unprecedented public health impact. Approved medications for opioid use disorder (OUD) exist, yet their limita...
Relative effectiveness of antidepressant treatments in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – May 01, 2025
Summary
When standard depression treatments fail, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) proves most effective, showing nearly 13 times higher success rates than placebo. This comprehensive analysis of 69 clinical trials covering 10,000+ patients revealed six treatments outperforming placebo: ECT, minocycline, targeted brain stimulation, magnetic stimulation, ketamine, and aripiprazole. These options offer hope for those struggling with hard-to-treat depression.
Abstract
This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) sought to compare different antidepressant treatments for treatment-resistant depression (TR...
Zebra_K, a kinematic analysis automated platform for assessing sensitivity, habituation and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in adult zebrafish.
The Science of the total environment – January 01, 2025
Summary
Scientists have discovered fascinating gender differences in how fish react to sudden sounds. Using a new kinematic analysis platform, researchers found female zebrafish show stronger acoustic startle responses but adapt more slowly than males. The platform measures how adult zebrafish respond to, and learn from, repeated sound stimuli. Testing with ketamine confirmed the system's effectiveness for studying sensorimotor gating and neuroplasticity.
Abstract
The acoustic startle response (ASR) is leaded by a sudden and intense acoustic stimulus. ASR has several forms of plasticity, including habituation...
Evaluation of SK-N-SH Cells as a Model for NMDA Receptor Induced Toxicity.
Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology – August 30, 2024
Summary
Rising glutamate levels in the brain can trigger nerve cell death, a process linked to conditions like Alzheimer's. Scientists found that SK-N-SH cells, when exposed to high glutamate concentrations, mirror neurotoxicity patterns seen in the brain. While the common anesthetic ketamine protected these cells by blocking NMDA receptors, more targeted treatments proved less effective.
Abstract
Over the years, the number of patients with neurodegenerative diseases is constantly rising illustrating the need for new neuroprotective drugs. A ...
Assessment of illicit drug use in Seoul, the capital of South Korea for 21 days by wastewater-based epidemiology.
The Science of the total environment – November 15, 2024
Summary
Seoul's wastewater reveals surprising insights into public health: ketamine tops illicit drug consumption at 47.5mg per 1,000 people daily. Analysis of city sewage showed consistent daily patterns of drug use, with methamphetamine and MDMA levels remaining stable throughout the week. Spatial differences in usage correlate with income and education levels across neighborhoods.
Abstract
22 illicit drugs were monitored in Seoul, the capital of South Korea for 21 days using wastewater-based epidemiology to assess the drug usage patte...
Participation of Ca2+-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II in the Antidepressant-Like Effects of Melatonin.
Molecular pharmacology – August 16, 2024
Summary
The sleep hormone melatonin may be a powerful ally in fighting depression through its effects on brain chemistry. New findings show that melatonin activates important proteins in the brain that help regulate mood, memory, and neural connections. People with depression often have lower melatonin levels, but supplementation can boost brain plasticity and enhance the effects of other antidepressants, particularly when combined with ketamine.
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an indoleamine secreted by the pineal gland during the dark phase of the photoperiod. Its main function...
Emergent Management of Status Epilepticus.
Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) – June 01, 2024
Summary
Every minute counts when treating severe, continuous seizures. Quick action with the right medication can prevent brain damage and save lives. Research shows benzodiazepines are most effective as first-line treatment, administered through multiple routes. For resistant cases, three equally effective second-line drugs exist. Newer evidence supports ketamine use in both early and advanced stages, offering hope for difficult-to-treat cases.
Abstract
Status epilepticus is a neurologic emergency that can be life- threatening. The key to effective management is recognition and prompt initiation of...
New psychoactive substances in Taiwan: The current situation and initiative for rational scheduling.
Journal of food and drug analysis – March 15, 2021
Summary
Globally, New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) now outnumber traditional controlled drugs, posing a significant public health challenge. To address this, a mechanism was developed to improve how substances are evaluated for control. Researchers analyzed drug misuse data in Taiwan from 2006-2019 and gathered expert assessments on drug-related harms. They found that while heroin, amphetamines, and ketamine presented high risks, the misuse of various NPS is increasing. A new system, based on 11 indicators across four harm dimensions (addiction, misuse, social, physical), proved effective in predicting harm. This robust framework offers a positive step towards more rational scheduling and better management of drug use problems.
Abstract
Use of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) has posed a global threat to public health and the security of the population. As of December 2019, the NP...
Distributed harmonic patterns of structure-function dependence orchestrate human consciousness
OpenAlex – August 10, 2020
Summary
Neuroscience reveals a profound insight into consciousness: how the human brain's connectome orchestrates our awareness. Using resting state fMRI, a unique "harmonic" signature emerges, indicating loss of wakefulness in conditions like anesthesia or brain injury. This signature, crucial for understanding neural dynamics and brain function, is mirrored in altered states from LSD or ketamine, showing a decoupling of functional brain connectivity. These functional brain connectivity studies offer new neural correlates of consciousness, advancing cognitive science and psychology by pinpointing mechanisms underlying conscious experience and even detecting covert consciousness.
Abstract
Abstract A central question in neuroscience is how consciousness arises from the dynamic interplay of brain structure and function. Departing from ...
Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a “Legal High” from the Internet
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 01, 2013
Summary
Profound psychological shifts, including identity dissolution often culminating in spiritual experiences, characterize Methoxetamine (MXE) use. This ketamine analogue, sold on the Internet as a "legal high," profoundly alters consciousness. Reports from 33 persons detail effects akin to classic psychedelics and dissociatives, encompassing emotional processes, altered sensory perception, and cognitive malfunction. While users reported positive experiences, fear and anxiety were also common, highlighting its potential for abuse. The observed changes in perception and behavior underscore the significant neurotransmitter receptor influence of such substances.
Abstract
Methoxetamine (MXE), a ketamine analogue, is one of the new "legal highs" sold on the Internet. The aim of this qualitative study was to provide an...
The effects of psychoactive drugs and neuroleptics on language in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients: a review
European Psychiatry – December 01, 2000
Summary
Conventional psychopharmacology treatments significantly reduce language disorders in individuals experiencing Schizophrenia and psychosis. A review of eighteen studies shows neuroleptics, central to Psychiatry and Clinical psychology, improve verbal flow and reduce positive thought disorder when combined with Amphetamine. However, drugs like Ketamine clearly impair language, while Secobarbital or Psilocybin (a hallucinogen) can increase or unfocus production in healthy subjects. Fenfluramine combined with neuroleptics can worsen language measures, highlighting complex drug interactions in Schizophrenia research and treatment.
Abstract
The aim of this survey is to present an overview of research into psychopharmacology as regards the effects of different psychoactive drugs and neu...
Rapid-Acting Antidepressants
Current Pharmaceutical Design – October 19, 2018
Summary
New pharmacological approaches are revolutionizing the Treatment of Major Depression, offering immediate symptom relief unlike conventional Medicine. Compounds like ketamine, scopolamine, and psychedelics (from Drug Studies) are showing large effect sizes, even for patients resistant to other therapies. This represents a significant advance in Intensive care medicine for mental health. Their unique Chemistry amplifies brain signaling, providing rapid antidepressant action, a stark contrast to the slower, weeks-long effects of conventional treatments often linked to tryptophan metabolism in brain disorders.
Abstract
Background: Conventional antidepressants are thought to produce their impact on clinical symptoms by increasing the central availability of biogeni...
Hallucinogens and dissociative drugs
Oxford University Press eBooks – August 01, 2016
Summary
Dependence is uncommon with most hallucinogens, though ketamine is an exception. This Addiction Medicine chapter details a wide array of psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD, alongside dissociative drugs such as PCP. For Mental Health and Psychiatry, it outlines their pharmacological effects and clinical syndromes, from acute intoxication to psychosis – a critical area for Psychology and Drug Studies. Flashbacks are a characteristic feature. Understanding these compounds is vital, especially for Schizophrenia research and treatment, given their profound impact on the mind.
Abstract
Abstract Chapter 15 of Addiction Medicine covers hallucinogens and dissociative drugs. Hallucinogens are a large and diverse group of substances, s...
Exploring the Impact of Recreational Drugs on Suicidal Behavior: A Narrative Review
Psychoactives – July 03, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, may offer a surprising protective effect against suicidal behavior, a key finding for clinical psychology and psychiatry. While many recreational drugs, including cannabis, methamphetamine, heroin, and nicotine, are linked to increased suicide risk and substance abuse, psilocybin and ketamine show potential for reducing it. This insight for medicine and drug studies challenges conventional views on recreational use. The complex interplay between addiction and mental health highlights the varied impact of psychedelics and other drugs, with MDMA's role still under investigation.
Abstract
Substance use/abuse and suicide are two closely related phenomena, mostly due to neurobiological, psychological, and social impairments. In the pre...
Psychedelics for treating psychiatric disorders: Are they safe?
Current Psychiatry – December 01, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics are rapidly gaining prominence in Medicine, with some compounds designated "breakthrough therapies" by the FDA, expediting their development. Growing evidence from Drug Studies highlights their potential for treating psychiatric disorders like depression, PTSD, and substance use disorders, often alongside psychotherapy. While ketamine already treats depression and other Psychedelics anticipate FDA approval, understanding their safety profile is crucial. These substances, including psilocybin and MDMA, are generally well-tolerated, though associated with various adverse effects, signaling a significant shift in Psychiatry.
Abstract
SAM FALCONERP sychedelics are a class of substances known to produce alterations in consciousness and perception.In the last 2 decades, psychedelic...
Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions
World Psychiatry – September 15, 2023
Summary
At least 30% of individuals with depression experience treatment-resistant depression (TRD), a significant challenge in Medicine and Psychiatry. Defined by inadequate response to two antidepressants, TRD has substantial economic implications. Effective clinical trial-supported treatments include intravenous ketamine and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Adjunctive options like Aripiprazole, Quetiapine, and the Olanzapine-fluoxetine combination are used. Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies confirm efficacy, and psychological intervention provides relief when added to antidepressants, improving Treatment of Major Depression outcomes.
Abstract
Treatment‐resistant depression (TRD) is common and associated with multiple serious public health implications. A consensus definition of TRD with ...
Novel perspectives for glutamatergic strategies, psychedelics and antipsychotic augmentation in Treatment Resistant Depression: A narrative review
Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology and Addiction – September 25, 2025
Summary
Approximately 30-50% of Major Depressive Disorder patients face treatment-resistant depression, lacking effective options. A review of 60 articles highlights a promising shift in drug studies. Glutamatergic agents like ketamine, examined in 43 studies, provide rapid relief. Psychedelics also show sustained antidepressant benefits. These advancements offer new hope for the treatment of Major Depression, moving beyond traditional monoaminergic approaches—like those involving Tryptophan in brain disorders—towards personalized care.
Abstract
Introduction: Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) affects approximately 30–50% of patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) who fail to respon...
Endocannabinoids, depression, and treatment resistance: Perspectives on effective therapeutic interventions
Psychiatry Research – August 18, 2025
Summary
A breakthrough reveals that diverse interventions for treatment-resistant depression, a significant economic burden, converge on the endocannabinoid system. Strategies in psychiatry and psychology, from rTMS and ketamine to psychedelics, elevate endocannabinoids like anandamide and 2-AG or modulate CB1 receptors. This unifying mechanism offers new medicine. Such findings, crucial for psychotherapists, highlight the importance of Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research and Psychedelics and Drug Studies in overcoming treatment resistance.
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent and heterogeneous disorder with significant personal and social consequences. The rise of treatment-resistant depression ...
The Resurgence of Hallucinogen Drugs in Clinical Research
Revista de investigaci�n Cl�nica – May 01, 2023
Summary
Hallucinogens, used by ancient cultures in religious and healing **context**, are experiencing a resurgence in **psychedelics and drug studies**. After initial research in the **1950s** faced over **two decades** of restrictions, a comprehensive review now highlights their therapeutic potential. Substances like **Psilocybin**, **Mescaline**, and **Ayahuasca** alter perception through **neurotransmitter receptor influence** on behavior, primarily via 5-HT2A receptors. The **pharmacology** of **dissociative** agents like ketamine also shows rapid, short-lasting antidepressant effects. This shift in **psychology** offers new avenues for treatment.
Abstract
Since the dawn of civilization, ancient cultures have utilized hallucinogens from plants and fungi in the context of religious and healing practice...
Antidepressants enter cells, organelles, and membranes.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
Many antidepressants achieve their therapeutic effects by acting *inside* cells, not just on external surfaces as commonly assumed. This "inside-out pharmacology" means drugs must cross membranes to reach internal compartments. Key chemical properties like charge and lipid solubility, quantified by metrics such as LogP and pKa, dictate this movement. For most antidepressants, including SSRIs and ketamine, these properties are measured, revealing unusually large volumes of distribution. This indicates significant drug accumulation within subcellular spaces, often trapped in acidic organelles. Understanding these internal actions is vital for pinpointing where drugs truly engage their targets.
Abstract
We begin by summarizing several examples of antidepressants whose therapeutic actions begin when they encounter their targets in the cytoplasm or i...
Clinical Experience and Optimisation of the Cheung Glutamatergic Regimen for Refractory Psychiatric Diseases
Preprints.org – November 28, 2025
Summary
Intravenous ketamine has revolutionized treatment for refractory mood and anxiety disorders, but its high cost limits access. The Cheung glutamatergic regimen offers a promising alternative using readily available medications. By combining dextromethorphan with a CYP2D6 inhibitor, along with piracetam and l-glutamine, patients have reported sudden recoveries from depression, PTSD, and chronic pain. In small case series, these approaches have shown dramatic improvements in over 70% of participants. However, careful management of pharmacokinetics is crucial to avoid potential toxicity from this combination.
Abstract
Intravenous ketamine has transformed the care of refractory mood and anxiety disorders, yet its cost and clinical complexity keep many patients on ...
Is poor dose selection undermining the translational validity of antidepressant research involving animal models?
OpenAlex – November 01, 2025
Summary
Animal models of major depressive disorder (MDD) often use antidepressant doses that are significantly higher than those effective in humans. In a review of 232 ketamine and 202 fluoxetine studies, the median dose was 10 mg/kg, surpassing clinically relevant levels by 1.6 to 6.5 times. This discrepancy raises concerns about translating animal study results to human treatments, as these elevated doses may activate unrelated mechanisms, complicating drug development for treatment-resistant depression. Addressing dose selection is crucial for improving therapeutic outcomes in MDD.
Abstract
Abstract Background Behavioural studies in animal models represent a critical component of psychiatric drug development. Positive results in animal...
Analysis of drugs of abuse and contaminants in individuals under drug surveillance programs: A study in hair samples.
Forensic science international – June 01, 2025
Summary
Hair analysis reveals concerning drug use patterns in Brazil: Advanced testing of 900+ samples uncovered widespread cocaine use and dangerous contaminants. Using LC-MS/MS technology, researchers found 30% of samples positive for drugs of abuse, with cocaine and psychoactive substances most common. Adulterants like phenacetin were frequently detected alongside cocaine, highlighting risks.
Abstract
In this study, over 900 hair samples from individuals using drugs of abuse in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil were analysed for classical d...
Systematic review of clinical effectiveness of interventions for treatment resistant late-life depression.
Ageing research reviews – May 01, 2025
Summary
When depression persists in older people despite standard treatments, new approaches offer hope. Recent analysis of clinical trials reveals promising options for resistant depression in late life. Adding the medication aripiprazole to existing treatments showed notable success in reducing symptoms. Other effective approaches included magnetic brain stimulation and specialized cognitive therapy. While various treatments demonstrated positive results, aripiprazole emerged as particularly reliable with manageable side effects.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant late-life depression (TRLLD) affects nearly half of older adults with major depression. This systematic review evaluates publis...
Effects of psychoplastogens on blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Molecular Psychiatry – November 29, 2024
Summary
A comprehensive meta-analysis of 29 studies reveals that psychedelics and related drugs, often explored in Drug Studies for conditions like Major Depression, do not elevate peripheral Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in humans. BDNF, a key neurotrophic factor, is a common biomarker for neuroplasticity in medicine and psychology. Despite its use, this analysis, spanning databases like PsycINFO, found a negligible effect size (0.024). This suggests peripheral BDNF may not reliably indicate rapid neuroplasticity changes, challenging assumptions in neuroscience and internal medicine about these compounds.
Abstract
Abstract Background Peripheral levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are often used as a biomarker for the rapid plasticity-promoting ...
Clinical Effects of Psychedelic Substances Reported to United States Poison Centers: 2012 to 2022.
Annals of emergency medicine – December 01, 2024
Summary
Over the past decade, calls to poison centers about psychedelic substances have surged, with mushroom-related cases more than doubling. Analysis of 54,605 cases revealed that half of all psychedelic exposures required medical intervention. Cardiovascular issues were particularly common with hallucinogenic amphetamines. While many cases needed hospital care, including sedation and breathing support, 40% involved multiple substances, complicating treatment.
Abstract
Psychedelic substances use is increasing in the United States (US). The approval of new psychedelic drugs and legalization of natural psychedelic s...
Cardiovascular Effects of Non-Selective Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and Intranasal Esketamine Combination in Depression - A Quasi-Experimental Design with Bayesian Analyses.
Pharmacopsychiatry – June 02, 2025
Summary
Combining two powerful antidepressant treatments shows promising safety results. A recent analysis of 193 treatment sessions revealed that intranasal esketamine can be safely combined with certain antidepressants, showing only minor, clinically insignificant changes in blood pressure and heart rate. This finding opens new possibilities for patients with treatment-resistant depression who need multiple medication options.
Abstract
Ketamine and esketamine (ESK) offer new treatment options for resistant depression. Unlike traditional antidepressants, they can be used in combina...
Drugs Used in "Chemsex"/Sexualized Drug Behaviour-Overview of the Related Clinical Psychopharmacological Issues.
Brain sciences – April 22, 2025
Summary
The dangerous mix of drugs and sex has created a concerning trend: chemsex participants often combine multiple substances to enhance intimate experiences, leading to severe health risks. This analysis reveals how different drugs serve specific roles in sexualized drug behaviour - from stimulants boosting performance to dissociatives reducing physical discomfort. The findings show that drug use in these contexts often leads to risky behaviors and potential substance misuse, with users facing both immediate dangers and long-term addiction risks.
Abstract
Background: "Chemsex" involves the intake of a range of drugs (e.g., synthetic cathinones, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid/gamma-butyrolactone (GHB/GBL),...
Airway Management in Patients With Acute Brain Injury or Ischemia.
The Journal of emergency medicine – January 06, 2025
Summary
When treating brain injuries, proper breathing support can mean the difference between recovery and decline. Medical experts now have clear protocols for managing airways in patients with traumatic or ischemic brain injury. Key findings show that careful endotracheal intubation, combined with precise blood pressure control and proper oxygenation, helps prevent secondary brain injury. This approach has significantly improved patient outcomes.
Abstract
Airway management and endotracheal intubation are essential skills of emergency medicine. Patients with acute brain injury or ischemia have complex...
Detection of hidden populations using illicit substances.
Journal of epidemiology and community health – April 23, 2025
Summary
Hidden drug users vastly outnumber known cases, with up to 174 times more undetected users of new psychoactive substances than registered ones. Analysis of autopsy and arrest records in Taiwan revealed unregistered users were typically younger, employed, and female. Most concerning: 79% of fatal polydrug SUBSTANCE ABUSE cases occurred among hidden users, highlighting a critical public health and EPIDEMIOLOGY challenge.
Abstract
The prevalence of hidden populations using illicit substances may lead to underestimation of the health and social impacts. This study aimed to pre...
The Resurgence of Hallucinogen Drugs in Clinical Research.
Revista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion – January 01, 2023
Summary
Groundbreaking clinical trials reveal that natural and synthetic hallucinogens, from magic mushrooms to LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), show remarkable potential in treating mental health conditions. These substances, including N,N-dimethyltryptamine and peyote, demonstrate powerful antidepressant effects by activating specific brain receptors. Studies show rapid mood improvement and reduced anxiety in patients, with benefits lasting weeks after a single dose.
Abstract
Since the dawn of civilization, ancient cultures have utilized hallucinogens from plants and fungi in the context of religious and healing practice...
Adverse drug effects as a deterrent against willingness to use in the future among nightclub/festival attendees.
Drug and alcohol review – September 01, 2023
Summary
Negative experiences with club drugs can significantly impact future use decisions, according to data from nearly 3,000 NYC nightclub and festival attendees. Those who experienced adverse effects from cocaine or ecstasy were roughly half as likely to express willingness to use again within a month. While similar patterns emerged for other substances, the deterrent effect was strongest for these two drugs. This suggests personal experiences of poisoning or other harmful effects may naturally discourage continued use.
Abstract
It is largely unknown whether adverse effects experienced from recreational drug use affect willingness to use again. This study determined whether...
Incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium in elderly surgical patients 2023.
Scientific reports – January 09, 2025
Summary
Nearly half of elderly patients experience confusion after surgery, a condition known as postoperative delirium. A comprehensive analysis of surgical cases revealed that patients over 75 face 11 times higher risk. Using the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale, medical teams found that certain medications and blood loss during surgery significantly increase risk. Early detection in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit helps prevent complications and reduces hospital stays.
Abstract
Postoperative delirium has the potential to impact individuals of all age groups, with a significant emphasis on the elderly population. Its presen...
Determination of Arylcyclohexylamines in Biological Specimens: Sensors and Sample Pre-Treatment Approaches.
Micromachines – July 30, 2024
Summary
New detection methods are revolutionizing how we identify dangerous recreational drugs in medical samples. Advanced sensors and refined sample pretreatment techniques now allow toxicology labs to detect trace amounts of arylcyclohexylamines - powerful dissociative compounds - in biological specimens. These improvements enable faster, more accurate testing in both emergency medical situations and forensic investigations.
Abstract
Arylcyclohexylamine (ACH) compounds represent a predominant faction within new psychoactive substances. Due to their powerful dissociative effects,...
Non-equilibrium brain dynamics as a signature of consciousness
arXiv Preprint Archive – December 19, 2020
Summary
Our brains operate far from equilibrium during consciousness, like a bustling city that never settles down. By analyzing brain activity in both primates and humans during sleep and anesthesia, researchers discovered that consciousness requires dynamic, energetic brain states. When consciousness fades, brain activity shifts closer to equilibrium - similar to how a busy marketplace quiets as it closes. These findings reveal that measuring how far brain activity strays from equilibrium could help identify conscious states.
Abstract
The cognitive functions of human and non-human primates rely on the dynamic interplay of distributed neural assemblies. As such, it seems unlikely ...
Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance
Psychopharmacology – January 15, 2022
Summary
MDMA experiences uniquely feature an emotionally intense profile alongside many cognitive process words, according to an analysis of 2947 online reports. This Psychology research in Psychedelics and Drug Studies examined language patterns from substances like Psilocybin, LSD, and the Hallucinogen Ayahuasca/DMT. While MDMA reports showed heightened emotional and cognition, informing Cognitive psychology, Ayahuasca/DMT reports were most akin to mystical experiences, displaying less emotional and cognitive process language but more analytical thinking. These distinct linguistic profiles offer insights for Clinical psychology treatments and understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale and objectives Differences among psychedelic substances regarding their subjective experiences are clinically and scientifically...