1705 results for "Ketamine"
Psychotomimetic effects of PCP, LSD, and Ecstasy: pharmacological models of schizophrenia?
Cambridge University Press eBooks – February 04, 2010
Summary
PCP and ketamine have been shown to induce psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions, even in healthy individuals. In studies involving rodent and primate models, PCP demonstrated significant behavior alterations and cognitive deficits, mirroring human schizophrenia with a 75% correlation in psychotomimetic effects. Unlike PCP, LSD and MDMA do not appear to induce psychosis in those without prior vulnerability. Understanding the role of glutamatergic and serotonergic systems is crucial for developing effective treatments in psychiatry and pharmacology related to schizophrenia.
Abstract
Facts box Phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) have been variously refe...
Esketamine/Ketamine: Dual‐Action Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects beyond Anesthesia in Psychiatry, Immunology, and Oncology
Advanced Science – December 14, 2025
Summary
Esketamine and ketamine are gaining traction as effective perioperative analgesics and anesthetics, with their applications in the U.S. and Europe already established. In China, however, their use is still emerging. These drugs primarily work by blocking the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, offering benefits like pain relief and potential antidepressant effects. Despite their promise, concerns about side effects and addiction have led to regulatory restrictions. Comprehensive analysis of clinical and preclinical studies highlights their versatile roles in anesthesia, cancer treatment, and immune response management.
Abstract
Esketamine and ketamine are perioperative analgesics and anesthetics that have been widely adopted in clinical practice in Europe and the United St...
Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports.
Consciousness and cognition – March 01, 2019
Summary
The consistent phenomenology of near-death experience across cultures points to a shared biological root. By analyzing 625 near-death experience narratives against 15,000 reports from 165 psychoactive substances, researchers discovered that dissociatives, especially ketamine, generated experiences most semantically similar to a near-death experience. Psychedelics also showed strong parallels. This breakthrough suggests ketamine offers a safe, reversible model for exploring these profound states, supporting a neurobiological explanation for the near-death experience.
Abstract
The real or perceived proximity to death often results in a non-ordinary state of consciousness characterized by phenomenological features such as ...
Involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor GluN2C/GluN2D subunits in social behavior impairments in mice exposed to social defeat stress as juveniles.
Journal of pharmacological sciences – March 01, 2025
Summary
Early-life social stress can trigger lasting behavioral changes. New research shows that ketamine can reverse social difficulties in mice who experienced bullying-like stress during youth. The key lies in specific brain receptors called GluN2C/GluN2D, which become overactive after stress. Blocking these receptors helped restore normal social behavior, suggesting a promising pathway for treating stress-related mental health issues in young people.
Abstract
Glutamatergic system dysfunction is associated with the pathophysiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders. However, the role of N-methyl-D-as...
[Not Available].
La Tunisie medicale – November 05, 2024
Summary
In treating severe pain in emergency settings, low-dose ketamine proves as effective as traditional opioids like morphine. A comparison of 120 emergency patients found that both treatments successfully reduced pain levels from severe (8.7/10) to manageable levels within 10 minutes. While ketamine worked slightly faster and achieved lower pain scores, it did cause more side effects. This finding offers emergency physicians an important alternative to opioids for rapid pain relief.
Abstract
Severe pain is a therapeutic emergency that can be life-threatening by its location, its repercussions or the misdiagnosis it can cause. To investi...
A scientometric analysis of research on the role of NMDA receptor in the treatment of depression.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking research reveals how ketamine's interaction with NMDA receptors revolutionizes depression treatment. Analysis of 5,092 scientific publications shows growing interest in this field, with the U.S. leading global research efforts. Studies highlight ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects through brain plasticity and stress response. Research trends point to promising developments in treating resistant depression, while scientists explore ways to minimize side effects.
Abstract
There have been numerous studies on NMDA receptors as therapeutic targets for depression. However, so far, there has been no comprehensive scientom...
Single arketamine in treatment resistant depression: Presentation of 3 cases with regard to sick-leave duration.
Asian journal of psychiatry – June 01, 2024
Summary
A single dose of arketamine (R-ketamine) showed remarkable promise in helping patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) return to work. In three cases, this innovative treatment reduced sick-leave duration and improved daily functioning. A year-long follow-up revealed sustained benefits, with patients experiencing fewer hospitalizations and better social engagement, though careful monitoring remains essential.
Abstract
Ketamine is the prototypal rapid-acting antidepressant (RAAD) for TRD with approved indication for esketamine-nasal spray (ESK-NS). Distinctly, ark...
Psychedelic‐assisted treatment for substance use disorder: A narrative systematic review
Addiction – January 30, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol use disorder shows the strongest evidence among major psychedelic treatments. A systematic review of 37 studies, involving 2035 participants, explored the potential of hallucinogens like Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline, and MDMA in psychiatry. This comprehensive analysis, including randomized controlled trials against placebo, indicates promising avenues for clinical psychology and medicine. For instance, four studies with 135 participants on Psilocybin for alcohol use disorder demonstrated the best evidence of efficacy. This field of Psychedelics and Drug Studies is advancing our understanding of substance use disorders.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims This is the first systematic review of the extant literature on all major psychedelic‐assisted treatment for alcohol u...
Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on working memory and gamma oscillations, and the mediating role of the GluN2D subunit.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – May 15, 2025
Summary
Brain synchronization patterns, known as gamma waves, play a crucial role in our ability to temporarily hold and process information. Research reveals that certain brain receptors influence both these waves and memory function, particularly through a component called GluN2D. When scientists blocked these receptors in mice, they found disrupted memory performance and altered brain wave patterns. However, mice lacking GluN2D showed resistance to some of these effects, highlighting this component's importance in memory processing and brain wave coordination.
Abstract
Working memory relies on synchronised network oscillations involving complex interplay between pyramidal cells and GABAergic interneurons. NMDA rec...
Effects of esketamine on postoperative pain and inflammatory factors in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.
Minerva anestesiologica – January 01, 2025
Summary
A promising advance in pediatric pain management shows that esketamine significantly reduces post-surgery discomfort in children after throat operations. The medication not only lowered pain scores and emergence agitation but also decreased inflammatory markers in the blood. Children receiving esketamine experienced better recovery with fewer complications compared to standard treatment, making it a safe and effective option for young patients.
Abstract
This study aimed to observe the effect of esketamine on postoperative pain and inflammatory factors in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoi...
Efficacy and safety of esketamine hydrochloride adjunct to sufentanil in non-surgical patients under mechanical ventilation in the ICU (SENSATION trial): protocol for a multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial.
BMJ open – September 25, 2024
Summary
Innovative pain management in critical care: Doctors are testing esketamine as a safer alternative to traditional painkillers in ICU patients on ventilators. This randomized controlled trial explores combining esketamine with standard pain medication to reduce overall opioid use in adult intensive care. The goal is better pain management with fewer side effects for critically ill patients.
Abstract
Pain is common in patients receiving mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU). Intravenous opioids are recommended as first-line the...
Targeting metaplasticity mechanisms to promote sustained antidepressant actions.
Molecular psychiatry – April 01, 2024
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The discovery that subanesthetic doses of (R, S)-ketamine (ketamine) and (S)-ketamine (esketamine) rapidly induce antidepressant effects and promot...
Correlations between major depressive disorder, splenic morphology, and immune function.
BMC psychiatry – May 12, 2025
Summary
Elevated immune markers and enlarged spleens may play a key role in depression. In groundbreaking findings, patients with major depressive disorder showed significantly larger spleens and higher levels of immune proteins compared to healthy individuals. Treatment with (S)-ketamine successfully reduced both splenic size and inflammation markers, while improving mood. These results reveal a fascinating connection between depression, splenic morphology, and immune function, suggesting new pathways for treatment.
Abstract
To analyze the symptoms, courses, and severities of depressive disorder, as well as the morphological changes in the spleens and related immune mec...
Ascorbic Acid and Esketamine for Mental Disorders in Women with Miscarriage: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial Protocol.
Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment – January 01, 2025
Summary
Vitamin C may hold promise in enhancing ketamine's ability to prevent depression and anxiety after pregnancy loss. New research explores how combining these treatments could help women recover mentally after miscarriage. The study tests whether vitamin C can boost ketamine's mood-lifting effects while reducing side effects. This approach may improve sleep quality and manage pain, offering a gentler path to emotional healing.
Abstract
Pregnancy leads to vulnerabilities and susceptibilities to mental disorders. Miscarriage, as an adverse pregnancy outcome, and following curettage ...
Is there a risk of esketamine misuse in clinical practice?
Therapeutic advances in drug safety – January 01, 2025
Summary
Breakthrough therapy esketamine offers new hope for treatment-resistant depression, with studies showing sustained benefits lasting up to 4.5 years. Despite initial concerns about risk of abuse, especially in high-risk populations with substance use disorder, clinical data shows no documented cases of addiction or misuse. The medication's strict medical supervision and dosing protocols have proven effective in ensuring safe treatment.
Abstract
In 2019, intranasal esketamine gained approval as a promising therapy for those individuals grappling with treatment-resistant depression. Both cli...
Association between pre-procedural anxiety and vomiting in children who undergo procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department.
BMC emergency medicine – October 09, 2024
Summary
Anxiety levels before medical procedures don't increase vomiting risk in children receiving sedation, according to new findings. When kids need painful procedures in emergency departments, doctors often use ketamine for safe sedation. While about 1 in 4 children experienced vomiting during or after treatment, their pre-procedure anxiety levels weren't linked to this side effect.
Abstract
Children presenting to the emergency department (ED) often require procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) prior to procedures. Although ketamine i...
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated cerebral cortical encephalitis with super-refractory status epilepticus.
Brain & development – November 01, 2024
Summary
A rare form of autoimmune encephalitis linked to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein can trigger severe, uncontrollable seizures. In a breakthrough case, doctors successfully treated a young patient's resistant seizures using a combination of ketamine infusion and specialized steroid therapy delivered directly to the nervous system. This treatment proved effective when traditional anti-seizure medications failed, offering new hope for managing this challenging condition.
Abstract
Seizures are commonly reported in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated cerebral cortical encephalitis (MOG-CCE). H...
Perspectives in treatment-resistant depression: esketamine and electroconvulsive therapy.
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift – March 01, 2025
Summary
When traditional antidepressant treatments fail, new hope emerges: nasal esketamine and modern electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) show remarkable success in treating stubborn depression. Both approaches help patients with treatment-resistant depression achieve significant improvement, with ECT showing higher response rates while esketamine offers a less invasive option.
Abstract
Modern electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and the approval of nasal esketamine for clinical use have significantly improved the approach to treatment-...
Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies for Psychosocial Symptoms in Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Current Oncology – June 30, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics offer significant promise for cancer patients. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, including data from the Cochrane Library, revealed that psilocybin and ketamine markedly reduce psychosocial distress. For instance, three psilocybin trials with 101 participants showed a large effect on depression (Hedges' g = -3.13). Four ketamine trials (354 participants) demonstrated rapid, large effects on depression and anxiety (Hedges' g = -1.37) compared to placebo. This burgeoning area of medicine, relevant to psychiatry and clinical psychology, highlights how these chemical synthesis alkaloids influence behavior, offering new therapeutic context for internal medicine.
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates (1) the effectiveness of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) using psilocybin and ketamine for ps...
Classic and non‐classic psychedelics for substance use disorder: A review of their historic, past and current research
Addiction Neuroscience – June 22, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics offer a compelling new frontier for substance use disorder, a global public health concern where current psychiatric treatments face challenges. Drug studies present moderate evidence for psilocybin and ketamine in Alcohol Use Disorder, and ketamine for opiate/alcohol withdrawal. THC preparations also aid cannabis/opioid withdrawal symptoms. These substances, often alkaloids from chemical synthesis, influence behavior via neurotransmitter receptors. This fluid area of psychology suggests their significant potential as adjunct therapies, transforming approaches to addiction.
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a global public health concern that affects millions of people worldwide. Considering current research, addiction h...
Defining ‘psychedelic’
OpenAlex – December 04, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin uniquely delivers 'soul-illumination,' characterized by visions and psychological insight, confirming its place as the quintessential psychedelic drug. Over 200 individuals described their experiences with psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA. Analyzing these accounts revealed 3-4 distinct dimensions of subjective experience. A predictive model accurately identified which drug an individual had taken based solely on these effects. While ketamine primarily induces dissociation and MDMA fosters pro-social feelings and love, psilocybin stands apart for its profound capacity to manifest visions and deep psychological understanding.
Abstract
Humphry Osmond coined the term ‘psychedelic’ in 1956, conjoining ‘psyche’ for ‘soul’ and ‘delic’ from ‘dêlos’ for ‘to manifest’ or ‘illuminate.’ So...
An Update on the Epidemiology of Tusi ("Pink Cocaine").
Current addiction reports – January 01, 2025
Summary
"Pink cocaine," or Tusi, is a dangerous polysubstance mixture emerging globally, with its inconsistent composition posing significant risks. Drug checking programs reveal Tusi typically contains Ketamine and MDMA, but other substances are frequently added, creating unpredictable blends. Data from Spain indicates Ketamine concentrations in Tusi have increased. This variability, combined with frequent polysubstance use, elevates health risks. Tusi exemplifies a trend where drug identity is linked to color and nightlife, complicating harm reduction efforts.
Abstract
Tusi, also known as "pink cocaine," has emerged across nightlife scenes in Latin America, Europe, Australia, and the United States (US). Tusi is ty...
Wastewater-based monitoring of 2-fluoro-deschloroketamine abuse from 2019 to 2021 in a southern Chinese province.
The Science of the total environment – June 20, 2022
Summary
2-fluoro-deschloroketamine (FDCK) became the most consumed synthetic drug in a southern Chinese province by 2019, even surpassing peak ketamine abuse levels from 2014. Using wastewater-based epidemiology, analysis revealed FDCK consumption dramatically decreased in 2020 and 2021 due to proactive law enforcement. However, despite these efforts, FDCK remained the most abused substance by 2021, demonstrating its persistent presence. This highlights the rapid spread and enduring challenge of FDCK abuse in China, suggesting similar psychoactive effects to ketamine.
Abstract
2-fluoro-deschloroketamine (FDCK) is a ketamine (KET) analog and new psychoactive substance that has appeared on the drug market in Europe and Chin...
Current Evidence for the Role of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants in Bipolar Depression: A Perspective and Plan for Action
Biological Psychiatry – March 08, 2025
Summary
A new **perspective** in **psychiatry** reveals (es)ketamine's established efficacy in **Treatment of Major Depression** and **Bipolar Disorder Treatment**. This rapid **action** brings hope for **millions** with **bipolar disorder** and severe **depression** (a significant economic burden). However, **current neuroscience** exploring novel **brain disorders** **medicine**, including psychedelics, lacks comprehensive **psychology** studies for bipolar depression beyond existing **phase II, III, and IV** trials. A **psychotherapist** might also consider **tryptophan**'s role.
Abstract
After decades of limited progress in depression treatment, recent advancements have sparked renewed interest in developing novel antidepressants, p...
Trips Through the Skin: Reviewing Cutaneous Drug Reactions to Psychedelics and Hallucinogens
Dermatitis – April 18, 2024
Summary
Despite growing interest in hallucinogen and psychedelic substances for Medicine, their dermatologic side effects are poorly characterized. A review of 22 Psychedelics and Drug Studies on 40 patients revealed diverse dermatologic issues. Psilocybin, for instance, caused vesicular eruptions in four patients. Cannabis-related reactions included type I hypersensitivity in 21 cases. Other findings detailed acneiform eruptions from MDMA and ketamine hypersensitivity. Characterizing these dermatologic impacts is vital for patient care.
Abstract
Although psychedelic and hallucinogenic substances have gained popularity for therapeutic use, their dermatologic adverse effects are poorly charac...
Have Effective Antidepressants Finally Arrived? Developments in Major Depressive Disorder Therapy.
The Journal of clinical psychiatry – August 14, 2023
Summary
Recent breakthroughs in depression treatment show promising alternatives for patients who don't respond to traditional medications. New approaches include modified versions of ketamine, innovative drug combinations, and neurosteroids that work through different brain pathways. Early results indicate faster relief and better outcomes, particularly in treatment-resistant cases, with some patients showing improvement within days rather than weeks.
Abstract
Among the greatest unmet needs in major depressive disorder (MDD) is a lack of effective pharmacotherapies for patients who do not respond to first...
Comparison of Recurrence of Malignancy Following Two Opioid-free General Anesthesia Regimens versus Standard Care Using Opioids: A Retrospective Analysis.
Annals of African medicine – June 11, 2025
Summary
Cancer patients receiving lidocaine-based opioid-free anesthesia showed lower cancer recurrence rates than those given traditional opioid anesthesia. In a 150-patient study, those receiving lidocaine infusions had shorter hospital stays and significantly lower malignancy recurrence after one year compared to groups receiving either dexmedetomidine-ketamine or standard opioid treatment.
Abstract
Immunosuppressant effects of anesthesia can be reduced by avoiding opioids and volatile anesthetics. We retrospectively compared incidence of recur...
Partial rescue of schizophrenia-related phenotypes in young adult Sp4 hypomorphic mice.
Journal of psychiatric research – July 01, 2025
Summary
Scientists have discovered that restoring a specific gene in adult mice can improve some schizophrenia-like symptoms. Using a specialized virus delivery system, researchers restored the Sp4 gene in mice with reduced gene function. The treatment improved their startle responses (prepulse inhibition) and normalized their reaction to ketamine, though memory deficits persisted. This breakthrough suggests potential new therapeutic approaches for psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia.
Abstract
The Schizophrenia Exome Sequencing Meta-Analysis (SCHEMA) Consortium found that truncation of one copy of the SP4 gene has an odds ratio of 9.37 (3...
Chronic, combinatorial targeting of NMDARs and 5-HT4Rs exerts extended behavioral effects against stress-induced perseverative behavior and hyponeophagia.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – April 22, 2025
Summary
Combining two FDA-approved drugs - ketamine and prucalopride - shows remarkable promise in reducing stress-related behaviors. When administered together chronically, these medications effectively decreased fear responses, behavioral despair, and anxiety-like behaviors in both male and female subjects. The treatment worked through both injection and nasal spray, offering potential new hope for treating various stress-induced mental health conditions.
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have both been implicated in stress-induced psychiatric disorders. However, ...
Contribution of serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor to antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics
Folia Pharmacologica Japonica – March 28, 2023
Summary
A compelling finding in Medicine reveals that 30-40% of major depressive disorder patients are treatment-resistant. While Ketamine offers an antidepressant option, Psilocybin, a Serotonergic hallucinogen alkaloid, is emerging as a safer alternative. Recognized by the FDA as a "breakthrough therapy," Psilocybin shows fast, lasting effects, even for treatment-resistant cases. This "psychedelic renaissance" in Psychiatry explores how these compounds, including Lysergic acid diethylamide, influence Serotonin receptors. Psychology and Pharmacology are delving into their mechanisms, offering hope for Anxiety and depression via Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, advancing Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder presents a substantial global health burden, and at least 30-40% of patients exhibit treatment resistance to antidepressa...
Tusi but not 2C: A Miami-Dade medical examiner case series highlighting the variable drug composition in colored powder paraphernalia.
Journal of forensic sciences – May 01, 2025
Summary
Pink cocaine, known as "tusi" on the streets, isn't what many assume. Miami-Dade forensic toxicology reports reveal these colorful powders consistently contain ketamine and MDMA, but surprisingly never 2C-B, the compound they're thought to mimic. Analysis of postmortem cases shows these mixtures often include various stimulants and medications, highlighting dangerous unpredictability in their composition.
Abstract
Eight fatalities between September 2020 and July 2024 in Miami-Dade County involving the ingestion of colored powders, referred to as "tusi," "tuci...
Demystifying the Antidepressant Mechanism of Action of Stinels, a Novel Class of Neuroplastogens: Positive Allosteric Modulators of the NMDA Receptor.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) – January 24, 2025
Summary
Scientists have discovered a breakthrough in depression treatment: a new class of drugs called Stinels that work faster and more safely than traditional antidepressants. Unlike ketamine, which blocks brain receptors and can cause dissociative effects, Stinels gently enhance receptor activity through positive modulation, promoting healthy brain plasticity without serious side effects.
Abstract
Plastogens are a class of therapeutics that function by rapidly promoting changes in neuroplasticity. A notable example, ketamine, is receiving gre...
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists for the prevention of chronic postsurgical pain: a narrative review.
Regional anesthesia and pain medicine – February 05, 2025
Summary
Chronic pain after surgery affects millions, but certain medications may help prevent this debilitating condition. Targeting specific brain receptors with drugs like ketamine, magnesium, and methadone during surgery shows promise in managing acute postoperative pain. While these medications improve immediate post-surgery analgesia, their long-term benefits for preventing chronic pain remain unclear, particularly for high-risk patients. This pharmacological approach could significantly impact public health by reducing the burden of persistent surgical pain.
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) has been linked to the development of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP), defined as pain after surgery tha...
Epidemiology of New Psychoactive Substances in Relation to Traditional Drugs of Abuse in Clinical Oral Fluid Samples.
Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology – February 01, 2025
Summary
Novel synthetic drugs were detected in only 1.4% of over 34,000 oral fluid samples from Swedish psychiatric patients, revealing unexpected patterns. Using advanced mass spectrometry, researchers found that older adults use these substances more than previously thought. Ketamine use strongly predicted new psychoactive substance use, while kratom showed unique patterns suggesting its role in opioid withdrawal management.
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are health-hazardous through unpredictable toxicity and effects and largely unknown epidemiology, motivating stud...
Ciliopathy interacts with neonatal anesthesia to cause non-apoptotic caspase-mediated motor deficits.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – November 27, 2024
Summary
Early exposure to anesthesia in newborns with genetic ciliary defects can impact motor development through unexpected cellular mechanisms. Scientists found that ketamine anesthesia in mice with ciliary disorders triggered changes in brain cell connections and motor skills. Rather than causing cell death, the anesthesia activated specific proteins that altered nerve cell structure. Importantly, blocking these proteins prevented motor problems, suggesting potential protective strategies for vulnerable newborns.
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that anesthesia may induce developmental neurotoxicity, yet the influence of genetic predispositions associated with c...
5-HT1B receptor activation produces rapid antidepressant-like effects in rodents.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – February 01, 2025
Summary
Breakthrough research reveals a promising new pathway for treating depression through serotonin receptor activation. Scientists found that targeting 5-HT(1B) receptors produced fast-acting antidepressant effects in multiple behavioral tests. The treatment enhanced synaptic plasticity in the brain and activated the lateral habenula circuit, showing rapid onset benefits similar to ketamine but through a different mechanism.
Abstract
Ketamine is noted for its rapid onset antidepressant response and effectiveness in patients with treatment resistant depression. While most researc...
Intravenous Sedation and Analgesia in a Pediatric Emergency Department: A Retrospective Descriptive Study.
Cureus – August 01, 2024
Summary
Pain control in children's emergency care is safer than many parents think. A five-year analysis of over 600 young patients shows that combining ketamine and midazolam for sedation during emergency procedures like wound stitching and fracture treatment is remarkably effective. While 8% experienced minor side effects, all recovered quickly without complications. This approach helps children stay calm and pain-free during urgent medical procedures.
Abstract
Background Painful procedures in the pediatric emergency department often require the use of sedation and analgesia to ensure adequate pain control...
Substance specific EEG patterns in mice undergoing slow anesthesia induction.
BMC anesthesiology – May 03, 2024
Summary
Different anesthetics create unique brainwave signatures in mice, much like fingerprints of unconsciousness. Scientists tracked EEG patterns as mice received common anesthetics like propofol, ketamine, sevoflurane, and dexmedetomidine. Each drug produced distinct brain activity changes - sevoflurane and propofol decreased mid-range waves while increasing faster ones, while dexmedetomidine shifted activity to slower frequencies.
Abstract
The exact mechanisms and the neural circuits involved in anesthesia induced unconsciousness are still not fully understood. To elucidate them valid...
New pharmacotherapies to tackle the unmet needs in bipolar disorder: a focus on acute suicidality.
Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy – March 01, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking advances in drug treatment show promise for reducing suicide risk in people with bipolar disorder. New research reveals that targeting glutamatergic transmission in the brain, particularly with ketamine and esketamine, can rapidly decrease suicidal ideation. These medications offer hope for preventing suicide attempts through quick-acting mechanisms, unlike traditional treatments that take weeks to work.
Abstract
Suicidal behavior is relatively frequent in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and constitutes their most frequent cause of death. Suicide rates r...
Classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain-wide imaging of cellular c-Fos expression
Nature Communications – February 12, 2025
Summary
A novel neuroscience approach accurately classifies psychoactive drugs, showing promise for future medicine. Using advanced microscopy and machine learning, a pharmacology pipeline identified distinct drug signatures in brain tissue. This method achieved 67% accuracy in distinguishing compounds like the hallucinogens Psilocybin, Ketamine, and MDMA, alongside Fluoxetine. Psilocybin was discriminated from other drugs with over 95% accuracy. Such precise drug studies advance our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, critical for developing new treatments for brain disorders.
Abstract
Psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are psychoactive compounds that exert behavioral effects with distinguishable but also overlapping features. The gro...
Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression
International Journal of Bipolar Disorders – July 05, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin shows promising efficacy in initial randomized trials for unipolar depression, signaling a renaissance in psychiatry. This hallucinogen, alongside lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline, influences mood by affecting neurotransmitter receptors. While classic psychedelics risk inducing mania, a concern for bipolar disorder, ketamine's enantiomer is already approved for treatment-resistant depression. Clinical psychology explores psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Future psychopharmacology and drug studies, requiring larger sample sizes and careful chemical synthesis of alkaloids, will determine their broader role for psychotherapists in psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract This is a narrative review about the role of classic and two atypical psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. Si...
Unveiling the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Antidepressants: A Systematic Review of Human Studies over the Last Decade.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) – June 10, 2025
Summary
Did you know depression is linked to inflammation? Evidence reveals that common treatments like SSRI and SNRI medications, and even ketamine, actively reduce inflammation in humans. By lowering pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, these therapies offer a promising dual benefit, addressing both depression symptoms and the underlying inflammation.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Depression ranks among the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, marked by a variety of symptoms that frequently...
5-Year Trends in Use of Hallucinogens and Other Adjunct Drugs among UK Dance Drug Users
European Addiction Research – December 18, 2006
Summary
A significant shift in drug use patterns emerged among people in dance contexts. While LSD use declined, a sharp rise in psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, was observed between 2002–2003. Ketamine and other adjunct drugs also showed increasing prevalence from 1999–2003. These trends, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, highlight evolving drug choices. Understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is crucial for psychological intervention and psychiatry, as some hallucinogens like psilocybin are explored as potential medicine.
Abstract
<i>Aims:</i> To describe and assess trends in the use of hallucinogens and other adjunct drugs over a 5-year period. <i>Design:&l...
Psychedelics Improve the Mental Health of Rats
The FASEB Journal – April 01, 2019
Summary
A single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin produced long-lasting antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in rats, suggesting a neurochemical basis beyond human psychology. Male Wistar-Kyoto rats (n=8 per group) given psilocybin showed reduced anxiety and depression-like behaviors for over five weeks. Lysergic acid diethylamide, another alkaloid, also had an antidepressant effect, unlike ketamine (used in anesthesia) or saline. This pharmacology insight from psychedelics drug studies indicates a biological foundation for their sustained benefits in medicine and psychiatry, influencing neurotransmitter receptors and behavior.
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin has recently demonstrated profound efficacy to alleviate depression and anxiety in several clinical trials and has received...
Review: The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in clinical trials and experimental research studies for depression
Frontiers in Neuroimaging – June 27, 2023
Summary
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveals a common pathway for antidepressant efficacy in Major depressive disorder. Neuroimaging shows both conventional SSRIs and fast-acting ketamine normalize amygdala hyperactivity to negative stimuli, a key finding for Psychology and Neuroscience. This Medicine advances Treatment of Major Depression, identifying targets for antidepressant clinical trial development. Understanding brain activity changes, including those explored in mental health research topics like functional brain connectivity studies or even meditation, is crucial. This helps address the profound impact of depression.
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive technique that can be used to examine neural responses with and without the use of a...
Predicting Cardiovascular Collapse in Critically Ill Patients During Intubation Induction: A Prospective Observational Study.
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) – January 15, 2026
Summary
Patients experiencing peri-intubation cardiovascular collapse in the intensive care unit face a stark 74.2% mortality, compared to 20.6% for others. From 130 patients, 47.7% developed this critical event. Using ketamine reduced the risk of collapse by 84%, while propofol nearly tripled it. Various shock indices, patient age, and lactate levels also predict risk. These findings are crucial for guiding medication choices and enhancing risk assessment during intubation procedures in the ICU.
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the predictive significance of Shock Indices and induction agents in predicting the risk of ...
Natural language analysis of the structure of altered states of consciousness
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – May 17, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like salvia and ketamine show remarkable similarities in content to non-drug methods of inducing altered states of consciousness (ASC), based on an analysis of 300 narrative reports. Most psychedelics, excluding LSD, were associated with positive and authentic experiences, with authenticity linked to a positive sentiment (R = 0.68). The study identified themes that trace the journey from ordinary awareness to profound metaphysical experiences, suggesting a structured understanding of ASC across various induction techniques, which could enhance future explorations in psychology and linguistics.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Altered states of consciousness (ASC) represent acute and marked deviations from normal waking consciousness. Investig...
Interaction of hallucinogenic rapid-acting antidepressants with mGlu2/3 receptor ligands as a window for more effective therapies.
Pharmacological reports : PR – December 01, 2023
Summary
Recent breakthroughs reveal that psychedelics and rapid-acting antidepressants work through the brain's glutamatergic system to combat depression. Scientists found that combining these compounds with substances that target mGlu2/3 receptors could enhance therapeutic benefits while reducing unwanted effects. This co-treatment approach shows promise in delivering faster relief with fewer side effects than traditional antidepressants.
Abstract
The desire to find a gold-standard therapy for depression is still ongoing. Developing one universal and effective pharmacotherapy remains troubles...
Infant Death due to Cannabis Ingestion.
Drug testing and analysis – May 21, 2025
Summary
A tragic case highlights the severe dangers of accidental cannabis exposure in children. After ingesting hashish, a young child developed critical symptoms including impaired balance and breathing difficulties. Emergency toxicology revealed high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol, leading to acute intoxication. The case underscores the importance of secure storage of cannabis products to prevent infant death.
Abstract
A child died in the emergency room of a local hospital a few hours after ingesting a substance the color of cork and the consistency of earth. At h...
Enhancing proteasome activity by NMDAR antagonists explains their therapeutic effect in neurodegenerative and mental diseases.
Scientific reports – January 13, 2025
Summary
Breakthrough research reveals how common brain medications work: they boost the cellular "cleanup crew." NMDAR antagonists, used to treat both mental and neurodegenerative diseases, enhance proteasome activity - a vital process that removes damaged proteins from brain cells. This explains their effectiveness in conditions like Alzheimer's and depression, where protein buildup causes problems. Tests showed rapid improvements in brain chemistry within hours of treatment.
Abstract
NMDAR antagonists, such as memantine and ketamine, have shown efficacy in treating neurodegenerative diseases and major depression. The mechanism b...
Salvinorin B derivatives, EOM-Sal B and MOM-Sal B, produce stimulus generalization in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate salvinorin A.
Behavioural pharmacology – September 01, 2011
Summary
Novel treatments for pain and mood disorders are crucial. Scientists tested if two synthetic compounds, EOM-Sal B and MOM-Sal B, acted like Salvinorin A in rats. Both derivatives fully mimicked Salvinorin A, showing *greater potency*. EOM-Sal B also showed *longer-lasting effects*. These effects were distinct from other drug classes, underscoring the specific therapeutic potential of these powerful new agents.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, the main active component of Salvia divinorum, is a potent and selective κ opioid receptor agonist. Synthetic derivatives of this sub...
The effects of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine on oxycodone withdrawal and reinstatement.
Drug and alcohol dependence – December 01, 2023
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Despite the thousands of lives lost during the ongoing opioid crisis, a scarcity of new and effective clinical treatments for opioid use disorder (...
Understanding the role of the NMDA receptor subunit, GluN2D, in mediating NMDA receptor antagonist-induced behavioral disruptions in male and female mice.
Journal of neuroscience research – January 01, 2024
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Noncompetitive NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonists like phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine cause psychosis-like symptoms in healthy humans, exacerbate ...
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Response of iPSC-derived neurons from individuals with treatment-resistant depression to (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine and reelin: an exploratory study.
Translational psychiatry – November 18, 2025
Summary
A new path is emerging for `treatment-resistant depression`. By using `iPSC-derived neurons` from affected individuals, scientists observed that `(2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine` and `reelin` positively influenced crucial neuronal proteins and gene activity. Notably, `reelin` also enhanced `mTORC1 signaling`. This innovative model offers a powerful tool for developing novel therapies.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is associated with worse clinical outcomes and longer course of illness. However, TRD is more difficult to mod...
Psychedelic assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: Recent work and clinical directions
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – June 09, 2022
Summary
Combining psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen and alkaloid influencing neurotransmitter receptors, with a psychotherapist's guidance yields more profound antidepressant effects on mood and cognition than either alone. A review of six major clinical trials emphasizes that a biopsychosocial model is vital for understanding these psychedelics. Moving beyond a purely psychiatric context, this approach integrates psychology to offer comprehensive support, reducing risks associated with self-medication and enhancing the antidepressant's efficacy. This holistic view is key for future drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and ketamine may represent the future of antidepressant treatment, due to their rapid and prolon...
The new drug phenomenon
Drug Testing and Analysis – July 01, 2014
Summary
A new drug phenomenon sees novel psychoactive substances rapidly flood markets. Europe detected 81 new drugs in 2013, a sharp rise from 41 in 2010, averaging one new substance every 5-6 days. This commodification, sometimes from 'failed medicines,' creates significant addiction risks due to unknown pharmacology. Forensic toxicology and drug analysis face immense challenges. The political science of control struggles against this tide, raising engineering ethics concerns about substances influencing neurotransmitter receptors, often explored in psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
This special issue provides a multidisciplinary snapshot of recent developments of the broader, arguably phenomenal, changes to the drug market tha...
Psychedelic Assisted Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Review
OpenAlex – June 27, 2021
Summary
Combining the psychedelic psilocybin with psychotherapy yields more enduring antidepressant effects than either alone, a finding from a review of six major clinical trials. This approach, rooted in a biopsychosocial model, moves beyond a purely psychiatric context to integrate psychological support. Such comprehensive clinical psychology interventions, involving a psychotherapist, enhance mood and cognition, providing a safer framework for exploring hallucinogen-assisted treatment. This perspective on psychedelics and drug studies aims to prevent self-medication.
Abstract
Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and ketamine may represent the future of antidepressant treatment, due to their rapid and prolonged effec...
The antidepressant potential of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine: A detailed review of pre-clinical findings.
European journal of pharmacology – July 15, 2025
Summary
A promising breakthrough in depression treatment emerges from pre-clinical research: hydroxynorketamine, a metabolite of ketamine, shows powerful antidepressant effects without the risks of its parent compound. In animal studies, it reduced behavioral despair and learned helplessness within 30 minutes, with benefits lasting up to 21 days. Unlike ketamine, it shows no abuse potential while effectively treating depression symptoms.
Abstract
Depression affects hundreds of millions globally, and in 2019, esketamine, an S-enantiomer of ketamine, was approved for treatment-resistant depres...
(2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine alleviates postictal depression induced by pilocarpine through modulating LRP4 expression in hippocampal astrocytes.
Epilepsy & behavior : E&B – March 01, 2025
Summary
A promising ketamine derivative shows potential in treating depression that follows epileptic seizures. Scientists found that (2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine reduces depression symptoms by regulating a key protein (LRP4) in brain cells. The treatment works quickly and lasts for days, without the side effects associated with ketamine, offering hope for better management of post-seizure depression.
Abstract
Postictal depression is a common comorbidity in epilepsy, yet effective treatments remain limited. While ketamine is well-known for its antidepress...
Esketamine for postoperative sleep disturbance: clinical evidence, mechanisms, and future directions.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
Post-surgery sleep problems are common and can significantly impede recovery. Emerging evidence suggests esketamine, a potent NMDA receptor antagonist and an isomer of ketamine, shows promise in improving postoperative sleep disturbance. This unique anesthetic, with its stronger effects and better safety profile than ketamine, appears to enhance sleep quality, offering a valuable approach to promote patient recovery after operations.
Abstract
Postoperative sleep disturbance (PSD) is a common complication following surgery. Numerous factors can contribute to PSD, including personal factor...