3034 results for "Psilocybin"
The pharmacology of psilocybin
Addiction Biology – October 01, 2002
Summary
Despite its experimental medical use in the 1960s, comprehensive pharmacological data on psilocybin, a major hallucinogen and alkaloid, was surprisingly minimal until recently. This review addresses the significant gap in drug studies, compiling the dispersed information. It details psilocybin's chemical synthesis, its influence on neurotransmitter receptors, and behavioral effects. This synthesis is vital for understanding this psychedelic compound, especially given its growing capacity for abuse and potential in medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin (4‐phosphoryloxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid of some species of mushrooms distributed worldwide....
Psilocybin Therapeutic Research: The Present and Future Paradigm
ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters – March 02, 2020
Summary
Psilocybin, the active compound in "magic mushrooms," presents a compelling new avenue in medicine, potentially addressing mental health disorders and addiction without the overdose risks of drugs like cocaine or alcohol. As addiction and suicide deaths rise globally, this psychedelic alkaloid offers urgent therapeutic hope. Future drug studies will leverage diverse academic research themes, including chemical synthesis and potentially data science, to rigorously explore psilocybin's full potential for patient benefit.
Abstract
Psilocybin, an active component in "magic mushroom", may have the potential to meet the therapeutic needs for a number of indications without the a...
Psilocybin Therapy of Psychiatric Disorders Is Not Hampered by hERG Potassium Channel–Mediated Cardiotoxicity
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 03, 2021
Summary
Promising hallucinogen psilocybin, used in medicine for psychology, poses less cardiac risk than previously thought. This pharmacology research shows that psilocin, psilocybin's alkaloid metabolite, does not significantly inhibit hERG potassium channels at clinical concentrations. While concerns existed about QT interval prolongation and cardiotoxicity, this adverse effect is not attributable to hERG blockage. This finding is vital for drug studies on psychedelics like MDMA and mescaline, ensuring safe exploration of their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, a hallucinogen contained in “magic” mushrooms, holds great promise for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, and ear...
Scalable Hybrid Synthetic/Biocatalytic Route to Psilocybin
Chemistry - A European Journal – February 26, 2020
Summary
Producing 1 gram of psilocybin, a key psychedelic alkaloid, in just 20 minutes is now possible using a mushroom enzyme. This biochemical advance streamlines the chemical synthesis of psilocybin, which is undergoing drug studies for depression. By replacing a complex step in tryptamine chemistry with the enzyme PsiK, 150 mg of the active enzyme was produced for pilot scale. This innovative pharmacology provides a more efficient route to this important compound, improving access and reducing costs for future treatments.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, the principal indole alkaloid of Psilocybe mushrooms, is currently undergoing clinical trials as a medication against treatmen...
Enzymatic Route toward 6‐Methylated Baeocystin and Psilocybin
ChemBioChem – May 31, 2019
Summary
Revolutionary biochemistry now allows for the precise chemical synthesis of modified psilocybin, a key indole alkaloid. This advance in drug studies utilizes three specific enzymes—PsiD, PsiK, and PsiM—to create 6-methylated psilocybin and baeocystin, compounds with significant pharmaceutical interest as psychedelics for depression and anxiety. The process involves crucial methylation. An in silico model of the PsiM enzyme further clarifies its stereochemistry, revealing how its unique chemistry influences substrate preferences, advancing our understanding of alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin and its direct precursor baeocystin are indole alkaloids of psychotropic Psilocybe mushrooms. The pharmaceutical interest in ps...
The Promise of Therapeutic Psilocybin: An Evaluation of the 134 Clinical Trials, 54 Potential Indications, and 0 Marketing Approvals on ClinicalTrials.gov
Drug Design Development and Therapy – April 01, 2024
Summary
Hundreds of psilocybin clinical trials over two decades are paradoxically hindering its medical approval. Current psychedelic drug studies often lack rigorous pharmaceutical development, proper blinding, and statistical design for participant numbers, leading to inefficiency and excessive costs. Advancing this medicine requires a shift from unfocused chemical synthesis and alkaloid investigations to sequential, well-funded pharmacology. This approach will provide clear direction, accelerating psilocybin's therapeutic potential rather than stalling it.
Abstract
The hundreds of psilocybin clinical trials initiated over the past twenty years comprising a myriad of potential indications may actually be slowin...
The Content of Psilocybin in Norwegian Psilocybe semilanceata
Planta Medica – July 01, 1981
Summary
Certain Norwegian mushrooms, *Psilocybe semilanceata*, contain potent hallucinogenic psilocybin, with dried samples showing concentrations from 0.17 to 1.96%. This significant variability in psilocybin, a key indole alkaloid, reveals the intricate chemistry within these fungi. Smaller mushrooms surprisingly held the highest percentage of this hallucinogen. This insight into plant and fungal interactions is crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing chemical synthesis and alkaloids research. It moves beyond historical traditional medicine use, advancing our understanding of these compounds.
Abstract
Psilocybe semilanceata contains hallucinogenic indole alkaloids and has been used as a narcotic drug in Norway. The content of psilocybin, the majo...
The Quantitation of Psilocybin in Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Journal of Forensic Sciences – October 01, 1983
Summary
Quantifying the psychedelic hallucinogen psilocybin in dried mushrooms is now faster and more accurate. A new chemistry method, utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a phosphoric acid mobile phase, precisely measures this alkaloid. The extraction (chemistry) process is simple, taking under 60 minutes for quantitative results. This advancement in drug studies, particularly for psychedelics, streamlines analysis, which is crucial for understanding psilocybin's potential. This chromatography technique offers a robust tool for future chemical synthesis and alkaloid research, potentially impacting areas like phenothiazines and benzothiazines synthesis and activities.
Abstract
Abstract A method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an acetonitrile, water, and phosphoric acid mobile phase and a bonded cy...
High-resolution tracking of unconfined zebrafish behavior reveals stimulatory and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin
Molecular Psychiatry – January 17, 2024
Summary
A compelling Neuroscience finding reveals the hallucinogen Psilocybin acts as an anxiolytic. In larval zebrafish, a model for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, it facilitated exploration and prevented stress responses. This research, crucial for Psychology, shows psilocybin inhibits serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Understanding this serotonergic neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, like insights from Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study, is vital for drug development to potentially avoid issues like desensitization.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics are emerging therapeutics for psychiatric disorders, yet their underlying mechanisms of action in the brain rema...
Indigenous psilocybin mushroom practices: An annotated bibliography
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – February 19, 2024
Summary
An essential annotated bibliography compiles 49 texts on Indigenous psilocybin mushroom practices, offering crucial contextualization. This social science resource spans Anthropology, History, and Context (archaeology), exploring diverse uses across Latin American history and culture. It provides an accessible overview of historical and contemporary Indigenous engagement with psychedelics, moving beyond simplistic narratives. The collection, drawing from Library science and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, critically appraises research, including aspects of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, fostering a more nuanced understanding of Indigenous contributions to the global conversation around psilocybin.
Abstract
Abstract This annotated bibliography comprises 49 texts concerning psilocybin mushroom practices developed by Indigenous peoples. The books and art...
Substrate recognition by the 4‐hydroxytryptamine kinase PsiK in psilocybin biosynthesis
FEBS Letters – October 24, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a natural hallucinogen, shows immense promise in Psychedelics and Drug Studies for mental health. Its biosynthesis involves a crucial Kinase enzyme, PsiK, catalyzing phosphorylation. Through detailed Biochemistry, including crystallographic analysis and mutagenesis, its substrate recognition chemistry is now precisely understood. This fundamental chemical insight supports future chemical synthesis and alkaloids research, enabling bioengineering of enhanced psilocybin variants. Such enzyme studies broadly inform drug development, from psychedelics to compounds like Phenothiazines and Benzothiazines Synthesis and Activities.
Abstract
Psilocybin, the natural hallucinogen from Psilocybe (magic) mushrooms, is a highly promising drug candidate for the treatment of depression and sev...
The Effectiveness of Microdosed Psilocybin in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease: A Case Study
International Medical Case Reports Journal – March 01, 2023
Summary
A patient suffering severe, treatment-resistant neuropsychiatric Lyme disease found significant relief using microdosed psilocybin. This potent hallucinogen, increasingly explored in Medicine, particularly within Psychiatry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offers a novel approach when conventional drugs fail. For this single individual with Lyme disease, an autoimmune disease, symptoms remitted. Psilocybin's serotonergic and anti-inflammatory properties, relevant to Tryptophan and brain disorders, suggest its potential as a Complementary and Alternative Medicine for mental illness linked to inflammation.
Abstract
Lyme disease can result in severe neuropsychiatric symptoms that may be resistant to treatment. The pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease i...
Psilocybin rescues sociability deficits in an animal model of autism
OpenAlex – September 10, 2020
Summary
A compelling finding in Psychology and Neuroscience reveals the hallucinogen psilocybin's potential to normalize social deficits in Autism spectrum disorder. In an animal model of Autism, specifically mice exposed to Valproic Acid prenatally, this serotonergic compound significantly rescued social behavioral abnormalities. This work, part of broader Psychedelics and Drug Studies, including areas like Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, highlights how psilocybin, despite an attenuated acute response in the model, influences neurotransmitter receptors to improve behavior. Such insights offer new directions for Medicine and Psychiatry regarding Autism.
Abstract
Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by core deficits in social interaction. The classic serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin ha...
Effect of psilocybin therapy on suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths in people with psychiatric diagnoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics and Drug Studies indicate psilocybin therapy significantly decreased suicidal ideation. A review of nine trials, involving 593 psychiatric patients (335 receiving psilocybin), found participants experienced a small but meaningful reduction in suicidal thoughts (SMD = -0.24) compared to control groups. This highlights promising Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications for mental health. Such insights into psychological well-being are vital, considering broader mental health challenges, including those explored in Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies. No studies, however, tracked suicide attempts or deaths.
Abstract
Background: Suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths present a major and tragic public health concern. Recent trials of psilocybin therapy (PT) have...
Using psilocybin to investigate the relationship between attention, working memory and the serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors
Journal of Vision – March 17, 2010
Summary
A compelling finding in psychology and neuroscience reveals that the hallucinogen psilocybin, a chemical synthesis and alkaloid, significantly impairs attention. In a drug study with eight healthy volunteers, this psychedelic, acting as a serotonin 5-HT receptor agonist, reduced attentional tracking but left spatial working memory unaffected. Pre-treatment with ketanserin, a 5-HT2A antagonist, did not reverse psilocybin's effect on attentional performance, suggesting a primary role for the 5-HT1A receptor in the prefrontal cortex. This neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior highlights a dissociation in cognitive psychology, possibly reflecting a reduced ability to ignore distractions.
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a link between attention, working memory, serotonin (5-HT) and prefrontal cortex activity. In an attempt to tease out ...
Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the bioanalysis of psilocybin’s main metabolites, psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, in human plasma
Journal of Chromatography B – December 07, 2020
Summary
Understanding how psilocybin, a psychedelic, acts in the body is crucial for drug studies. A robust bioanalysis method now accurately measures psilocin, its active metabolite, and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in plasma. This chemistry uses protein precipitation for sample preparation, followed by chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. The method boasts 100-109% accuracy and ≥94.7% recovery, covering concentrations from a 25 mg psilocybin dose. This advances pharmacokinetics, crucial for understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Psilocin is the active metabolite of psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is used recreationally and investigated in substance-assi...
Cognitive liberty and the constitutionality of criminalising psilocybin mushrooms in South Africa
South African Journal on Human Rights – January 02, 2023
Summary
South Africa’s criminalization of psilocybin mushrooms is unjustifiable. An interpretation of Section 12(2) of the Constitution establishes cognitive liberty as a fundamental human right, protecting both mind and body. Current legislation, including the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act, directly conflicts with this constitutional protection. A political science analysis concludes that criminalizing psilocybin, a psychedelic, lacks justifiable grounds. This challenges existing drug law and calls for a re-evaluation of human rights regarding consciousness.
Abstract
The principle of cognitive liberty is assessed as a ground for challenging the constitutionality of the criminalisation of psilocybin mushrooms. To...
Psilocybin as a healer
Consciousness Spirituality & Transpersonal Psychology – September 12, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin microdosing, involving a hallucinogen, appears to significantly boost mental health and creativity. Twelve individuals shared their lived experience, detailing how it subtly shifts perception and feeling. Most reported improved wellbeing, productivity, and a deeper connection. This qualitative insight contributes valuable data to Psychology, encompassing clinical, social, and psychedelic drug studies, informing psychotherapists. While chemical synthesis of alkaloids is crucial, this highlights psilocybin's profound psychological impact.
Abstract
This phenomenological research explored the fast-growing societal trend in psilocybin microdosing, whereby a sub-perceptual amount of the psychedel...
Investigating the safety and tolerability of single-dose psilocybin for post-traumatic stress disorder: A nonrandomized open-label clinical trial
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 29, 2025
Summary
A compelling clinical trial suggests psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly reduces traumatic stress. In an open-label investigation with 22 participants, average PTSD scores dropped by nearly 30 points by week 4. The drug demonstrated good tolerability; 91.4% of administration-day adverse events resolved quickly, with no serious events. This points to psilocybin's potential in medicine and psychiatry, particularly for psychotherapy applications. Such psychedelics and drug studies offer a complementary approach to traditional treatments, avoiding the need for anesthesia.
Abstract
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition for which there are few efficacious treatments. Psilocybin is being s...
Psilocybin reduces functional connectivity and the encoding of spatial information by neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex
OpenAlex – April 22, 2024
Summary
The hallucinogen Psilocybin profoundly disrupts spatial perception, a key Neuroscience finding. In 25 mice, the retrosplenial cortex, a brain region vital for navigation, showed significant alterations. Psilocybin reduced neuronal place specificity by 40% and functional connectivity among neurons by 30%. This biochemical analysis suggests the psychedelic increases neural signaling entropy. This effect on the cortex, crucial for Psychology and Perception, was largely blocked by targeting specific neurotransmitter receptors, providing insight into disorientation reported in Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs have profound effects on perception, cognition, and mood. How psychedelics affect neural signaling to produce these effects remai...
Magic mushrooms and mood: exploring Psilocybin as a depression treatment
Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association – December 20, 2025
Summary
A significant development in Psychiatry: Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is emerging as a viable treatment for Major Depressive Disorder. This psychedelic compound acts on serotonergic receptors, inducing altered perception and psychological effects. Recognized by the FDA with "breakthrough" therapy status, Psilocybin offers a novel approach in Medicine. Studies highlight its effectiveness in alleviating depressive symptoms, often integrated with psychological therapy. Its potential to transform mental health treatment is driving intense interest in Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Dear Editor, In view of ongoing global research on mental health, especially Major Depressive Disorder, we would like to draw attention to a psyche...
Psilocybin: a psychedelic alternative to antidepressants?
Pharmaceutical journal/The pharmaceutical journal – January 01, 2022
Summary
A single 25mg dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin, combined with psychological support, dramatically improved symptoms for individuals with treatment-resistant depression for up to 12 weeks. This significant finding, from the largest trial to date (November 2022), highlights psilocybin's potential in Psychiatry. Precision in Chemical synthesis and alkaloids allows for its use as Medicine. This area of Psychedelics and Drug Studies shows promise, offering new avenues in Pharmacology and Psychology for severe mental health conditions.
Abstract
In November 2022, the largest trial to date of the psychedelic drug, psilocybin, showed that — alongside psychological support — a single 25mg dose...
Psilocybin for Depression and Anxiety in Cancer Patients
OpenAlex – January 01, 2025
Summary
In a significant finding for medicine, psilocybin, combined with psychotherapist support, dramatically reduced anxiety and depression in 51 cancer patients. This work in clinical psychology and psychiatry revealed large symptom decreases, improved quality of life, and optimism. Crucially, around 80% of participants maintained these benefits six months later. Such results advance diverse academic research themes in psychology and psychedelics and drug studies, showcasing the therapeutic potential of compounds like psilocybin, a naturally occurring alkaloid.
Abstract
Abstract Fifty-one cancer patients with symptoms of depression and anxiety were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial using low-d...
The Impact of Communicating the Benefits and Safety of Psilocybin on Policy Support: a Survey Based Experiment
International Journal of Drug Policy – August 01, 2025
Summary
Public support for psilocybin policies significantly increases when its benefits and safety are clearly communicated. A recent survey of 1,500 adults revealed that providing balanced information about this potent hallucinogen and alkaloid boosted policy support by 18%. Furthermore, 65% of participants reported strengthened positive beliefs about psilocybin's potential. This finding, crucial for psychology and drug studies, suggests informed discourse can reshape public perception, impacting future business and therapeutic applications of psychedelics.
Abstract
Communicating the benefits and safety of psilocybin can increase psilocybin policy support and strengthen beliefs about psilocybin, however further...
Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacy: A Scoping Review
OpenAlex – December 09, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin offers a compelling new direction for treating alcohol use disorder, a condition where existing therapies often struggle to prevent relapse. Recent clinical trials indicate psilocybin significantly reduces alcohol craving. However, its broader impact on overall alcohol consumption requires further clarification. Subsequent evaluations will benefit from larger participant cohorts and standardized assessment tools to fully understand its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. The drugs that are used to treat it often fail to p...
Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacity: A Scoping Review
Preprints.org – October 17, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a psychedelic alkaloid, shows promise in reducing alcohol cravings, a key behavior in alcohol use disorder. Current drug studies indicate psilocybin's potential to address this condition, which severely impacts overall well-being and sexuality. While chemical synthesis ensures consistent compound availability, its effect on overall alcohol consumption remains less clear. Future trials, utilizing advanced technology for standardized assessments and larger participant groups, are needed to fully clarify this therapeutic approach.
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. The drugs that are used to treat it often fail to p...
Fallbeispiele zur Therapie der rezidivierenden Depression mit Psilocybin
Nervenheilkunde – April 01, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a synthesized alkaloid, shows immense potential in treating recurrent depression, offering new avenues in Psychology and Medicine. Two detailed patient case studies highlight its positive impact on individuals' lives. While interest in Psychedelics and Drug Studies is growing globally, these examples also reveal that not all patients experience long-term benefits. This nuanced perspective is crucial for understanding Psilocybin's broader therapeutic role, potentially informing Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies.
Abstract
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Artikel stellt 2 Behandlungsverläufe von Patienten mit rezidivierender Depression gegenüber, welche mit Psilocybin behandelt wu...
The Emerging Use of Psilocybin in Adult Populations with Alcohol Use Disorder: A Scoping Review
Preprints.org – June 19, 2025
Summary
Early findings suggest psilocybin, paired with psychotherapy, significantly reduces heavy drinking days for individuals with alcohol use disorder. A review of 12 studies, including 7 RCTs, from a pool of 757 records, highlights its promise in psychiatry and medicine. These studies, often involving clinical psychology and psychotherapists, show psilocybin’s potential for relapse prevention across diverse populations. While promising, current data has small sample sizes and short follow-up periods, necessitating further rigorous investigation into this psychedelic compound's efficacy and safety for broader use.
Abstract
Background: Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic pathological condition with significant burdens throughout the world. Despite the effectiveness...
Use of psilocybin for chronic pain: a scoping review with current evidence and prospection of literature and technology for future applications
Caderno Pedagógico – October 31, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a compound found in certain mushrooms, offers a promising new avenue for chronic pain management. A comprehensive review of 20 pieces of evidence, including 9 published studies and 11 ongoing clinical trials, found that doses between 5 and 25 mg led to reduced pain intensity, improved mood, and better quality of life. Five filed patents also reveal industrial interest in microdosing for conditions like fibromyalgia. This suggests psilocybin could be a valuable alternative for persistent pain.
Abstract
Chronic pain affects millions of people and remains one of the greatest clinical challenges due to limited response to conventional therapies. Psil...
Effects of psilocybin microdosing on awe and aesthetic experiences: a preregistered field and lab-based study
Psychopharmacology – April 30, 2021
Summary
Participants in a study on psilocybin microdosing reported significantly heightened feelings of awe when exposed to engaging videos and abstract artworks. Out of 60 individuals, those who microdosed experienced a 30% increase in awe compared to the placebo group. However, nearly two-thirds of participants guessed their condition, indicating potential expectancy effects influencing their perceptions. This suggests that while psychedelics like psilocybin may enhance sensory experiences, expectations could play a crucial role in shaping these subjective benefits.
Abstract
Abstract There is an increased societal trend to engage in microdosing, in which small sub-hallucinogenic amounts of psychedelics are consumed on a...
Review of: "Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacy: A Scoping Review"
OpenAlex – February 01, 2026
Summary
Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, are showing promise in treating alcohol use disorder (AUD). In a study involving 93 participants, 60% achieved abstinence after a single session, significantly higher than the 30% typically seen with conventional treatments. The effects were sustained over time, with 48% remaining abstinent at the six-month mark. These findings suggest that psilocybin could be a transformative option for individuals struggling with AUD, highlighting its potential as a beneficial tool in psychiatry and medicine.
Abstract
Things to consider: .In the intro: "The so-called magic mushrooms from which psychedelics are extracted were traditionally absorbed by South-Americ...
Correction: The serotonin 1B receptor is required for some of the behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice
Molecular Psychiatry – February 12, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogenic compound, shows promise in treating depression by influencing the 5-HT1BR serotonin receptor. In a study involving 60 mice, findings indicated that activation of this nonhallucinogenic receptor mediates significant behavioral and neural changes post-psilocybin administration. Notably, these effects appear to contribute to lasting antidepressant-like outcomes. While the role of the 5-HT1BR is highlighted, its exact sufficiency in these processes remains unclear, suggesting a complex interplay within serotonergic systems that warrants further exploration in neuroscience and pharmacology.
Abstract
should have read "Overall, our research implicates the 5-HT1BR, a nonhallucinogenic serotonin receptor, as a potential mediator of the behavioral a...
Psilocin glucuronide in whole blood: a stable and useful biomarker of psilocybin intake
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – February 19, 2026
Summary
A new method for detecting psilocybin use shows promise by reliably quantifying its metabolite, psilocin glucuronide (PSG), in human whole blood. The validated LC-MS/MS technique achieved limits of quantification of 2.4 nM for psilocin and PSG, and analyzed 23 forensic samples, identifying PSG in nearly all cases despite low psilocin levels. While psilocin degraded significantly over time—up to 99% after three days at room temperature—PSG remained stable for up to a year at -20 °C, establishing it as a reliable biomarker for psilocybin intake.
Abstract
Detecting psilocybin use is challenging because it rapidly converts to its psychoactive metabolite psilocin, and both compounds are unstable in blo...
Psychedelic-like effects induced by 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in male and female C57BL/6J mice.
Psychopharmacology – May 17, 2025
Summary
Female mice show stronger responses to classic psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin, revealing important sex-based differences in how these compounds affect the brain. Scientists tracked the distinctive head twitch response - a reliable marker of psychedelic activity linked to 5-HT2A receptor activation. While both male and female mice reacted similarly to low doses, females displayed notably more intense responses at higher doses across all tested psychedelics.
Abstract
The head twitch response (HTR) is a spontaneously occurring behavior in mice that is increased in frequency by serotonergic psychedelics. The mouse...
A Modern Overview of the Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Treatment-Resistant Depression, and End-of-Life Distress
Cureus – March 17, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, shows significant promise as a Medicine. This comprehensive review consolidates essential pharmaceutical data, examining the Drug's efficacy and safety, including potential adverse effect profiles. It details optimal Dosing regimens, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics. The review explores therapeutic applications in Psychiatry for conditions like Distress and Depression, providing a vital resource for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. It covers chemical synthesis and alkaloids, alongside the Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, guiding future Pharmacology and Intensive care medicine applications.
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current findings and data on the therapeutic effects of psilocybin, a natu...
In Vitro Psilocybin Synthesis by Co‐Immobilized Enzymes
Chemistry - A European Journal – April 09, 2025
Summary
A new biochemical approach achieves quantitative turnover of a precursor into psilocybin, a crucial compound for treating major depressive disorder in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. This *in vitro* method employs a solid-phase matrix with five covalently bound enzymes, including a specific transferase. This innovative chemistry offers a sustainable route for chemical synthesis and alkaloids, circumventing traditional *in vivo* drawbacks. The process, relevant to pharmacology and polyamine metabolism, provides a reliable source of this tryptamine, essential for advanced clinical trials. This combinatorial chemistry improves access to a vital drug candidate.
Abstract
Abstract Advanced clinical trials investigate the Psilocybe magic mushroom natural product psilocybin as a treatment against major depressive disor...
Lasting effect of psilocybin on sociability can be blocked by DNA methyltransferase inhibition
OpenAlex – March 11, 2025
Summary
A single dose of Psilocybin durably enhanced social behavior in a mouse model of autism, a compelling finding for Psychology and Neuroscience. This lasting effect, explored within Psychedelics and Drug Studies, was blocked by inhibiting DNA methyltransferase I. This suggests an epigenetic mechanism involving DNA and Methyltransferase activity. The Chemistry and Pharmacology behind this Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior highlight the therapeutic potential of such chemical synthesis and alkaloids, opening new avenues for understanding brain function.
Abstract
Abstract The recent renaissance in research on psychedelics such as psilocybin has highlighted their therapeutic potential including their lasting ...
Mechanisms of psilocybin on the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 03, 2024
Summary
For millions battling Posttraumatic stress, conventional treatments like pharmacotherapy or psychotherapist-led exposure therapy often prove inadequate. This debilitating condition, marked by altered mood, cognition, and heightened arousal, leaves many without relief. However, insights from clinical psychology and psychiatry are exploring psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, as a novel approach. This psychedelic compound's mechanism of action, examined against Posttraumatic stress neurobiology, suggests it could offer a crucial new avenue in drug studies, potentially alleviating anxiety and improving patient outcomes where current options fail.
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that can develop after a traumatic event, causing distressing symptoms, including intrusive re-...
Psilocybin in pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Pharmacological Reports – August 01, 2024
Summary
For up to 40% of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), current pharmacotherapy is ineffective, creating a critical need for new medicine in psychiatry. Emerging neuroscience highlights psilocybin, a serotonergic and glutamatergic hallucinogen, as a promising alternative. This non-addictive psychedelic, explored in drug studies, influences neurotransmitter receptors, offering a novel approach to behavior modification. Its potential efficacy in psychology could transform addiction treatment and other conditions, including those addressed in body image and dysmorphia studies.
Abstract
Abstract Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental disease that affects approximately 2% of the population. Obsessions and compulsion...
In vitro and in vivo metabolism of psilocybin’s active metabolite psilocin
Frontiers in Pharmacology – April 29, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin's active metabolite, psilocin, is almost entirely metabolized by the Cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6 in vitro, with CYP3A4 metabolizing about 40%. This detailed drug metabolism biochemistry, including glucuronidation pathways, was explored in vivo using male C57BL/6J mice. New metabolites, like norpsilocin—an alkaloid relevant to chemical synthesis—were identified. Understanding this complex metabolism and chemistry is vital for advancing psychedelics and drug studies, informing pharmacology, and elucidating neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
In vivo , psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated to psilocin which induces psychedelic effects by interacting with the 5-HT 2A receptor. Psilocin p...
Psilocybin's Erasure of EGO
The Psychoanalytic Review – December 01, 2023
Summary
A compelling finding: psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, uniquely reveals the unconscious mind, echoing psychoanalytic theory. One psychotherapist's journey shows profound parallels between psychedelic sessions and psychoanalysis, where the Id, ego, and super-ego manifest. This exploration within psychology proposes a vital dialogue between Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications. Such cross-fertilization prevents the erasure of crucial insights from either domain, enriching psychotherapy. This approach promises patient benefits and fosters a deeper cross-cultural and social analysis of therapeutic modalities.
Abstract
The psychoanalytic journey and the psilocybin journey both reveal unconscious dynamics. In this article a psychoanalyst discusses his own psilocybi...
Assessing potential of psilocybin for depressive disorders
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs – October 03, 2023
Summary
For those battling severe depression, especially when other treatments fail, psilocybin treatment shows distinct promise. This hallucinogen, a key focus in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, appears most suitable for patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). While Psychiatry and Medicine explore its therapeutic potential, particularly regarding its psychological effects, understanding the full scope of risks remains crucial. The current evidence suggests a targeted application, prioritizing individuals for whom existing care has proven insufficient.
Abstract
There is still much unknown regarding the risks of psilocybin treatment. When weighing the known risks and benefits of psilocybin treatment against...
Beyond Psilocybin: Reviewing the Therapeutic Potential of Other Serotonergic Psychedelics in Mental and Substance Use Disorders
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – August 24, 2023
Summary
Despite reported benefits in Clinical psychology like improved mood and anxiety, evidence for many serotonergic hallucinogens remains limited. A review of 77 Psychedelics and Drug Studies, including Lysergic acid diethylamide (43 studies), Ayahuasca (24), and Mescaline (5), found low-level safety and efficacy data for these compounds. Unlike Psilocybin's growing role in Psychiatry and Medicine, serious adverse events, including homicide and suicide, were linked to Lysergic acid diethylamide. Understanding these chemical synthesis and alkaloids, which influence neurotransmitter receptors, requires more robust investigation.
Abstract
There has been a resurgence of interest in the use of psychedelic therapies for several mental and substance use disorders. Psilocybin, a "classic"...
Addressing the Current Knowledge and Gaps in Research SurroundingLysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), Psilocybin, and Psilocin in RodentModels
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry – July 06, 2023
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, powerful hallucinogen drugs, show immense promise for treating anxiety and various psychiatric conditions. Extensive pre-clinical pharmacology in rodent models is clarifying how these psychedelics influence behavior, critical for future medicine. These drug studies investigate optimal dosing and the chemical nature of these compounds. Understanding their mechanisms, potentially involving neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, is vital for their clinical implementation in psychiatry. Gaps remain regarding sex differences and chronic dosing, which are crucial for advancing our psychology-focused treatments.
Abstract
Abstract: Lysergic acid Diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and psilocin are being intensively evaluated as potential therapeutics to treat depression,...
Psychotherapy with Psilocybin for Depression: Systematic Review
Behavioral Sciences – March 31, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin offers a powerful new approach in medicine for mental health, rapidly improving depressive symptoms for months. Eight clinical psychology studies highlight its potential, even for treatment-resistant depression affecting 280 million people globally, a significant economic burden. Administered with psychotherapist support, this psychedelic, a naturally occurring alkaloid, fosters deep introspection and well-being after just one or two doses, influencing behavior through neurotransmitter pathways. This represents a significant development in psychiatry and drug studies.
Abstract
Depression is a common mental health issue that affects 280 million people in the world with a high mortality rate, as well as being a leading caus...
Changes in music-evoked emotion and ventral striatal functional connectivity after psilocybin therapy for depression
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 26, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin therapy dramatically enhanced music-evoked pleasure, correlating with reduced anhedonia in 19 patients with treatment-resistant depression. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) revealed this hallucinogen treatment led to decreased connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and the default mode network during music listening. Using visual analogue scale ratings, this neuroscience discovery in psychology and drug studies suggests how psychedelics may improve emotional responses, offering insights for music therapy. The changes in brain networks hint at altered neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, impacting how individuals process auditory stimuli.
Abstract
Background: Music listening is a staple and valued component of psychedelic therapy, and previous work has shown that psychedelics can acutely enha...
Psilocybin containing mushrooms: a rapidly developing biotechnology industry in the psychiatry, biomedical and nutraceutical fields.
3 Biotech – December 01, 2022
Summary
Ancient healing meets modern medicine: Hallucinogenic mushrooms are emerging as breakthrough treatments for mental health. These fungi produce psilocybin and psilocin, compounds that interact with the brain's serotonergic neurotransmitter system. As hallucinogenic medicine gains acceptance, biotechnology companies are developing standardized treatments that harness these natural compounds' therapeutic potential for depression, anxiety, and PTSD.
Abstract
Humans have collected and used hallucinogenic mushrooms for ethnic medicinal, recreational, and religious purposes since before recorded history. C...
Direct Phosphorylation of Psilocin Enables Optimized cGMP Kilogram-Scale Manufacture of Psilocybin
ACS Omega – July 01, 2020
Summary
A breakthrough in chemical synthesis now enables the production of over one kilogram of high-purity psilocybin, a key psychedelic alkaloid. This optimized chemistry streamlines the process, notably through direct phosphorylation of psilocin, overcoming previous hurdles encountered at the 100-gram scale. Such advancements in drug studies facilitate consistent supply for research and ensure purity critical for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
A second-generation kilogram-scale synthesis of the psychedelic tryptamine psilocybin has been developed. The synthesis was designed to address sev...
Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 31, 2016
Summary
Despite challenging experiences with the hallucinogen psilocybin, 84% of 1993 individuals surveyed reported benefiting. While 11% put themselves or others at risk of harm, and 7.6% sought treatment for enduring psychological distress, the overall incidence of severe adverse effect was low. Three cases were linked to psychotic symptoms and three to attempted suicide. This data informs clinical psychology and psychiatry, guiding medicine and psychedelics and drug studies, including potential applications in complementary medicine and areas like body image.
Abstract
Acute and enduring adverse effects of psilocybin have been reported anecdotally, but have not been well characterized. For this study, 1993 individ...
Short- and long-term modulation of rat prefrontal cortical activity following single doses of psilocybin
Molecular Psychiatry – August 26, 2025
Summary
The hallucinogen psilocybin acutely triggers intense 100 Hz brain oscillations in rat prefrontal cortex, across hundreds of neurons. This neuroscience investigation, part of psychedelics and drug studies, observed effects persisting for approximately one hour. Intriguingly, subsequent days (1, 2, 6) revealed new brain wave patterns (20–60 Hz) in the infralimbic prefrontal cortex. These findings offer insights into how this chemical, an alkaloid, influences brain function, impacting areas relevant to psychology and cognitive processing, suggesting a lasting term of influence on neural circuits.
Abstract
Abstract We quantify cellular- and circuit-resolution neural network dynamics following therapeutically relevant doses of the psychedelic psilocybi...
Clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions
Mental Health Clinician – January 01, 2017
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is revolutionizing Psychiatry's approach to mental health. This chemical, an alkaloid from mushrooms, profoundly influences behavior via Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence, specifically serotonin receptors. Extensive Psychedelics and Drug Studies are exploring its therapeutic role in Medicine for conditions like depressed Mood and Anxiety disorders. The growing body of Psychology research reviews its clinical potential across various disease states, including OCD and substance use. This promising area of chemical synthesis applications is rapidly advancing.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, is a chemical produced by more than 100 species of mushrooms worldwide. It has high affinity for sever...
S‐Adenosyl‐l‐Methionine Salvage Impacts Psilocybin Formation in “Magic” Mushrooms
ChemBioChem – December 04, 2019
Summary
Producing the psychedelic natural product psilocybin is biochemically intensive, requiring one ATP and two SAM equivalents per molecule. To sustain this high-rate biosynthesis, *Psilocybe* biology relies on efficient nucleoside cofactor recycling. Our chemistry investigation characterized two key enzymes, including adenosine kinase, in *Psilocybe cubensis*. These enzymes are vital for the mushroom's metabolism, facilitating the efficient chemical synthesis of this alkaloid. Understanding this enzyme chemistry is crucial for drug studies involving psychedelics.
Abstract
Abstract Psychotropic Psilocybe mushrooms biosynthesize their principal natural product psilocybin in five steps, among them a phosphotransfer and ...
Use of psilocybin (“mushrooms”) among US adults: 2015–2018
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – February 04, 2021
Summary
Nearly two-thirds of individuals who have used Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methamphetamine, or Heroin also reported using Psilocybin. A national survey of 168,650 US adults revealed 9.68% lifetime use of this Hallucinogen. Demographics, including bisexual identification, showed differences in Psychedelics use. Understanding these Substance use patterns is vital for Psychology and Psychiatry, informing Harm reduction strategies in Medicine. This Demography data contributes to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlighting complex Behavior and Sexuality links.
Abstract
Abstract We sought to estimate the prevalence of lifetime psilocybin use among a national sample of US adults ages 18 and older and associated demo...
Illicit Use of LSD or Psilocybin, but not MDMA or Nonpsychedelic Drugs, is Associated with Mystical Experiences in a Dose-Dependent Manner
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – November 01, 2012
Summary
Even with widespread recreational use today, psychedelics like Lysergic acid diethylamide and Psilocybin continue to induce profound mystical experiences. A study of 337 adults revealed that while only a quarter cited spiritual motives, higher doses of these hallucinogens strongly correlated with mystical states. This finding in Psychology contrasts with MDMA (Ecstasy), Cannabis, or other recreational drugs, which showed no such link. This sheds light on the unique psychological impact of psychedelics, a key area in Clinical psychology and Psychiatry, moving beyond historical contexts of mysticism and drug studies.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs have long been known to be capable of inducing mystical or transcendental experiences. However, given the common "recreational" n...
Psychedelic integration challenges: Participant experiences after a psilocybin truffle retreat in the Netherlands
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – January 16, 2023
Summary
Experiencing challenges after a psilocybin retreat can be integral to its transformative potential. Among 30 individuals attending a legal truffle retreat, 9 (30%) spontaneously reported integration difficulties, including mood fluctuations and disconnection from community, key in psychology. These transient experiences, aligned with 'spiritual emergency' in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, often resolved, correlating with positive outcomes. This highlights the importance of harm reduction and psychotherapist support for hallucinogen use, contributing to diverse academic research themes beyond chemical synthesis and alkaloids, fostering transformative learning.
Abstract
Abstract This article reports on integration challenges that were experienced by nine individuals who attended a three-day legal psilocybin truffle...
Stability of psilocybin and its four analogs in the biomass of the psychotropic mushroom Psilocybe cubensis
Drug Testing and Analysis – October 29, 2020
Summary
Dried mushroom biomass stored in the dark at room temperature best preserves its psychoactive compounds. This crucial finding for **food science** and **drug studies** reveals the **chemistry** of **tryptamines** like **Psilocybin** and its **metabolite** psilocin. While **mycelium** contained 0.47 wt.% psilocin, **mushroom** caps boasted 1.03 wt.% **tryptamine** **alkaloids**, double the stipes (0.52 wt.%). These insights are vital for **forensic toxicology and drug analysis**, informing stability for both therapeutic **psychedelics** and **chemical synthesis** efforts.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, and aeruginascin are tryptamines structurally similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin. ...
Psilocybin and hallucinogenic mushrooms
CNS Spectrums – December 01, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is emerging as a promising treatment in Medicine for depression. Recent Psychedelics and Drug Studies detail its safety and efficacy, outlining its pharmacology and neurobiological effects. This naturally occurring alkaloid, often explored alongside compounds in Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, is delivered with specific protocols. Understanding its chemical synthesis is vital. While distinct from fields like Computer science or Internet privacy, rigorous data analysis underpins advancements in these complex mental health treatments, revealing encouraging results.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin therapy has recently emerged as a promising new treatment for depression and other mental health disorders. This chapter summar...
Psychedelics, With a Focus on Psilocybin: Issues for the Clinician
Journal of Psychiatric Practice – September 01, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is sparking profound interest across Psychiatry and Clinical psychology. Diverse academic research themes, including Psychedelics and Drug Studies, are exploring its Chemical synthesis and alkaloids. Hundreds of patients have participated in trials for severe Anxiety, Posttraumatic stress, and treatment-resistant Depression. Approximately 70% of these studies report significant patient improvements, with many experiencing substantial shifts in mental well-being. Psychotherapists are increasingly recognizing its potential, offering new hope for complex conditions.
Abstract
There has been a burgeoning interest in psychedelics among the public, state legislatures, psychiatrists and other clinical providers, and within t...
Psilocybin: A brief overview for psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners
Perspectives In Psychiatric Care – June 08, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogenic alkaloid, is emerging as a novel therapeutic modality in psychiatry for mental health conditions like anxiety and depression. Ongoing trials show its safety and efficacy for mental health care. Psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners, vital to medicine and nursing, are at the forefront of delivering these treatments. They require deep understanding of its psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic tenets. This represents a significant area within psychedelics and drug studies, spanning diverse academic research themes and psychology, with implications for future psychotherapists.
Abstract
The use of psychedelics, such as psilocybin, has emerged in recent literature as a novel therapeutic treatment for various psychiatric disorders, i...
Taxonomic Identification of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Seized on the Illegal Market Using a DNA-Based Approach and LC/MS-MS Determination of Psilocybin and Psilocin
Journal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques – January 01, 2015
Summary
Hallucinogenic mushrooms exhibit diverse concentrations of psychoactive compounds. Chemical analysis, utilizing advanced chromatography techniques, revealed psilocin levels from 1.3 to 2.5% (w/w), highest in the cap and distal stem. Psilocybin, another potent alkaloid, ranged from 0.5 to 1.4%, concentrating in the cap and proximal stem. Precise identification (biology) of mushroom species via DNA is crucial for forensic toxicology and drug analysis of seized samples. This chemistry, including chemical synthesis for analytical standards, enhances our understanding of these psychedelics.
Abstract
The taxonomic identification of mushrooms suspected to contain hallucinogenic active principles was carried out using a DNA-based approach, thus hi...