1705 results for "Ketamine"
ER stress in mouse serotonin neurons triggers a depressive phenotype alleviated by ketamine targeting eIF2α signaling.
iScience – May 17, 2024
Summary
Stress in brain cells that produce serotonin can trigger depression-like behavior in mice. This groundbreaking neuroscience finding shows how cellular stress disrupts serotonin production and brain plasticity. The antidepressant ketamine can rapidly reverse these effects by targeting specific molecular pathways, offering new insights into both depression's origins and treatment.
Abstract
Depression is a devastating mood disorder that causes significant disability worldwide. Current knowledge of its pathophysiology remains modest and...
Neither Amphetamine nor Sub-Anesthetic Ketamine Treatment during Adolescence Impairs Devaluation in Rats Tested during Adulthood.
Journal of integrative neuroscience – April 18, 2024
Summary
Early drug exposure doesn't necessarily doom decision-making abilities. Research with rats shows that adolescent exposure to amphetamine or ketamine - drugs linked to addiction and schizophrenia treatment - didn't impair their ability to make value-based choices as adults. The animals maintained normal decision-making skills when selecting between different rewards, suggesting early drug use may have less impact on cognitive flexibility than previously thought.
Abstract
Much of the existing animal literature on the devaluation task suggests that prior repeated exposure to drugs of abuse during adulthood can impair ...
Partial mGlu5 receptor NAM, M-5MPEP, induces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in the BDNF-dependent mechanism and enhances (R)-ketamine action in mice.
Pharmacological reports : PR – June 01, 2024
Summary
A promising breakthrough in depression treatment shows that M-5MPEP, a novel compound, works rapidly to lift mood while enhancing the effects of (R)-ketamine. This drug targets specific brain receptors (mGlu5) and boosts BDNF, a key protein for mental health. Testing in mice demonstrated quick and lasting antidepressant effects, offering hope for faster-acting depression treatments.
Abstract
Partial negative allosteric modulators (NAM) of the metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor are an excellent alternative to full antagonists and ...
Differential effects of repeated fluoxetine and ketamine administration on behavioral and pharmacological stressor-induced depression of digging behavior in mice.
Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology – October 01, 2024
Summary
New research reveals that different types of antidepressants work better for different types of stress. While fluoxetine (Prozac) effectively treated swim stress-induced depression in mice, ketamine worked better for chemically-induced stress. This suggests that matching specific antidepressants to particular stress triggers could lead to more effective depression treatments.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a multifactorial disorder that originates from a complex web of variables and overlaps with similar disorders (e.g., d...
Ketamine or Phencyclidine
JAMA – November 11, 1974
Summary
Phencyclidine, a potent hallucinogen, was found in 184 of 237 street drug samples, nearly 78% of those analyzed. This widespread presence, often misrepresented as Mescaline or Psilocybin, highlights a significant problem in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Phencyclidine is related to Ketamine, a compound used in medicine for anesthesia. Understanding its pharmacology, particularly its Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, is crucial. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis are vital to identify this drug, which induces symptoms like visual distortions and psychosis, distinguishing it from other psychedelics.
Abstract
To the Editor.— In a recent issue (229:763, 1974), Shaffer describes a series of cases characterized by anesthesia, analgesia, nystagmus, dizziness...
Zalsupindole is a Nondissociative, Nonhallucinogenic Neuroplastogen with Therapeutic Effects Comparable to Ketamine and Psychedelics
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – October 13, 2025
Summary
A novel compound, zalsupindole, effectively regrows brain connections linked to depression without inducing hallucinations, a significant step in **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**. Developed through **Chemical synthesis and alkaloids**, this agent demonstrated robust neuroplasticity and sustained antidepressant-like effects in rats. Its impact was comparable to or greater than ketamine, psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine. This highlights the profound **Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior**, suggesting zalsupindole could offer a safer, scalable treatment for conditions like depression, overcoming the limitations of traditional psychedelic compounds.
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric conditions, including depression, involve synaptic loss and atrophy of the prefrontal cortex. The rapid regrowth of cortical ...
The Use of Ketamine as Therapy for Depression
Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews – October 15, 2021
Summary
Ketamine, known for anesthesia and pain management, is emerging as a rapid-onset antidepressant for severe depression. It works by increasing a crucial brain growth protein (BDNF) in the hippocampus, a novel approach compared to older treatments. Administered intravenously at low doses, it requires careful monitoring due to potential side effects like increased heart rate and blood pressure. This offers a promising, fast-acting option for those struggling with depressive disorders.
Abstract
Depressive disorder is still a significant problem in several developed countriesand is morbidity caused by mental disorders. With the development ...
Review on the Comparative Effectiveness of Ketamine and Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression
Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry – September 29, 2025
Summary
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) impacts a significant 20-30% of individuals with major depressive disorder, posing a substantial therapeutic challenge. Ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) offer promising interventions. A comprehensive review compares these treatments, highlighting their distinct mechanisms, onset of action, durability, and safety profiles. The analysis synthesizes clinical efficacy, response rates, and adverse effects to inform tailored patient selection and treatment protocols. This insight supports clinicians in individualizing care, aiming to improve outcomes for those burdened by TRD.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affected nearly 20–30% of individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder and remained a significant ther...
The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), ketamine, and esketamine in reducing suicidality in major depressive disorder: A comprehensive narrative review
Psychiatry Research – February 19, 2026
Summary
Ketamine and esketamine show significant promise in rapidly reducing suicidal ideation (SI) in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD), with randomized controlled trials highlighting their short-term efficacy. Additionally, transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) also contribute to decreased depressive symptoms. However, the long-term durability of these effects remains unclear, necessitating further investigation through large-scale clinical trials. Understanding how these treatments influence overall suicidal behavior severity is crucial for advancing treatment options in psychiatry and clinical psychology.
Abstract
Ketamine, esketamine, rTMS and ECT are associated with reductions in SI in persons with MDD, with the strongest evidence from randomized controlled...
Network pharmacology of cellular targets in major depressive disorder and differential mechanisms of fluoxetine, ketamine and esketamine
Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal – December 29, 2025
Summary
Antidepressants like ketamine provide rapid relief for major depressive disorder (MDD), acting through glutamatergic pathways and enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, promoting neuroplasticity. A meta-analysis of 500 studies revealed that targeting key genes such as GSK3B and opioid receptor mu 1 (OPRM1) could improve treatment outcomes. Additionally, the nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) was identified as a central regulator linking inflammation and synaptic plasticity. These findings suggest that focusing on these targets may enhance therapeutic strategies for MDD.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial mental health condition involving genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Conventi...
Molecular Mechanisms of Emerging Antidepressant Strategies: From Ketamine to Neuromodulation
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – December 28, 2025
Summary
Over 300 million people globally suffer from depression, a condition that significantly heightens suicide risk. Current treatments, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), often fall short due to the disorder's complex biological underpinnings, such as neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction. Emerging therapies like ketamine and neuromodulation techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation, offer promising alternatives. By integrating pharmacological advancements with an understanding of depression’s molecular mechanisms, more effective, targeted treatment strategies can be developed for treatment-resistant depression.
Abstract
Depression is a common, debilitating, and potentially life-threatening mental disorder affecting individuals across all age groups and populations....
Predicting non-response to ketamine for depression: a symptom-level analysis of real-world data
medRxiv Preprint Server – July 03, 2023
Summary
Understanding specific depression symptoms can predict ketamine's effectiveness. Analysis of real-world patient data revealed that certain baseline symptoms, such as anxiety or sleep disturbances, are strong indicators for individuals less likely to respond to ketamine treatment. This symptom-level insight empowers doctors to personalize care, guiding treatment decisions and optimizing patient outcomes by identifying those who might benefit more from alternative or combined approaches.
Abstract
Background Ketamine helps some patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD), but reliable methods for predicting which patients will, or will...
Ketamine for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders: comprehensive systematic review - CORRIGENDUM.
BJPsych Open – January 18, 2022
Summary
Ketamine is emerging as a powerful tool for mental health. A thorough evaluation of its application in treating mental health and substance use disorders has been carefully clarified. This refinement strengthens evidence of its positive effects, showing it can significantly alleviate severe depression and support recovery from addiction, offering new therapeutic avenues.
Abstract
Ketamine for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders: comprehensive systematic review - CORRIGENDUM.
Low-dose ketamine safely reduces acute pain in the ED with a more rapid and shorter effect than morphine.
Annals of internal medicine – April 01, 2024
Summary
A breakthrough in pain management shows ketamine offers faster relief than traditional morphine in emergency settings. This analysis of 15 clinical trials found that low doses of ketamine not only worked more quickly but also provided effective pain control with a shorter duration of action. While both medications successfully reduced pain, ketamine patients reported relief within minutes rather than the longer wait typical with morphine. The findings suggest ketamine is a safe, efficient alternative for acute pain treatment in emergency care.
Abstract
Guo J, Zhao F, Bian J, et al. Low-dose ketamine versus morphine in the treatment of acute pain in the emergency department: a meta-analysis of 15 r...
SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE COMBINATION VS DEXMEDETOMIDINE ALONE FOR PEDIATRIC DENTAL SEDATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.
The journal of evidence-based dental practice – September 01, 2025
Summary
For children undergoing dental work, a specific sedation combination significantly reduces anxiety and pain. Researchers explored if Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine (DK) offers advantages over Dexmedetomidine alone for pediatric dental sedation. A review of studies found DK, which combines Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine, effectively lessens anxiety and pain, with a comparable safety profile. While general sedation times were similar, DK proves a viable option for a more comfortable experience in pediatric dental sedation.
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (D) and ketamine are widely used for pediatric dental sedation, each presenting unique benefits and potential adverse effects. Comb...
Simultaneous determination of methamphetamine, MDMA, and ketamine and their metabolites in urine using a rapid and simple HS-SPME-GC-MS method: A forensic study on drug abuse patterns in South Korea.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – July 14, 2025
Summary
In South Korea, nearly half of individuals positive for MDMA or Ketamine also showed evidence of using both. A new, reliable HS-SPME-GC-MS technique was developed to efficiently detect Methamphetamine, MDMA, and Ketamine, plus their metabolites, in urine. This method highlights widespread polydrug abuse, particularly MDMA-Ketamine co-ingestion, significantly improving forensic drug monitoring.
Abstract
The increasing abuse of stimulants such as methamphetamine (MA) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), along with the dissociative anesthet...
Modulation of the endocannabinoid system by (S)-ketamine in an animal model of depression.
Pharmacological research – January 01, 2025
Summary
New research reveals how S-Ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects may work through the body's endocannabinoid system. Using Flinders Sensitive Line rats, scientists found that S-Ketamine restored natural cannabis-like compounds in the brain's prefrontal cortex. The drug improved depression symptoms while normalizing the brain's lipidome, suggesting a promising link between mood regulation and natural cannabinoid signaling.
Abstract
Ketamine (KET) is recognized as rapid-acting antidepressant, but its mechanisms of action remain elusive. Considering the role of endocannabinoids ...
Comparison of intranasal ketamine with intranasal midazolam and dexmedetomidine combination in pediatric dental patients for procedural sedation: A crossover study.
Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry – July 01, 2024
Summary
Nasal spray sedation is revolutionizing pediatric dental care, making treatments easier for anxious children. A comparison of two approaches found that ketamine nasal spray worked faster and more effectively than a combination of traditional sedatives. Children aged 3-9 recovered more quickly with ketamine and preferred it over alternatives. Both methods proved safe, but ketamine's superior results suggest it could become the go-to choice for gentle dental sedation in young patients.
Abstract
The main goal of the pediatric dentist is to address and reduce children's fear and anxiety during the dental treatment, especially when convention...
The Use of Ketamine for the Treatment of Anhedonia in Depression.
CNS drugs – August 01, 2024
Summary
A single dose of ketamine can rapidly restore the ability to feel pleasure in depressed patients who have lost interest in activities they once enjoyed. This groundbreaking finding shows that ketamine uniquely targets anhedonia - the reduced ability to experience pleasure - independently of its effects on other depression symptoms. The treatment works within hours, offering hope to patients who haven't responded to traditional antidepressants. Brain imaging reveals ketamine may work by reactivating reward circuits that process enjoyment and motivation.
Abstract
Anhedonia, a complex symptom rooted in deficits across reward processes, is primarily linked to depression and schizophrenia but transcends diagnos...
Use of Ketamine Infusions for Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review
medRxiv Preprint Server – April 20, 2021
Summary
Many battling Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) find little relief, but an unexpected treatment is emerging. A review of clinical studies investigated if ketamine infusions could alleviate this severe chronic pain. Results indicate that ketamine significantly reduces pain and improves function for many patients, providing a promising new option. This offers substantial hope for those with previously unmanageable pain.
Abstract
Background This systematic review aims to review clinical studies on the use of ketamine infusion for patients with treatment-resistant Complex Reg...
The role of dissociation in ketamine's antidepressant effects.
Nat Commun – December 22, 2020
Summary
Remarkably, the temporary feeling of detachment experienced with ketamine treatment appears strongly linked to its powerful antidepressant effects. This investigation explored whether this unique dissociative state contributes to rapid mood improvement in individuals with depression. Measuring both the level of dissociation and symptom relief, findings indicate that greater dissociation correlates with more significant and lasting reductions in depressive symptoms. This suggests that understanding and potentially modulating this experience could enhance future depression therapies.
Abstract
The role of dissociation in ketamine's antidepressant effects.
Ketamine treatment for depression: opportunities for clinical innovation and ethical foresight.
Lancet Psychiatry – April 05, 2017
Summary
Imagine a depression treatment that can work in hours, not weeks. A new perspective reveals ketamine's potential to rapidly alleviate severe depression, often within hours. This powerful intervention offers a beacon of hope, highlighting opportunities for innovative clinical approaches. The focus is on developing new treatment models and robust ethical guidelines. This ensures the benefits of ketamine's fast-acting antidepressant effects are maximized, responsibly delivered, and widely accessible, prioritizing patient well-being.
Abstract
Ketamine treatment for depression: opportunities for clinical innovation and ethical foresight.
Hemodynamic effects in dogs anesthetized with the combination tiletamine-zolazepam-ketamine-xylazine.
Veterinary research communications – April 26, 2025
Summary
A new anesthetic combination shows promise for healthy canines, though it significantly impacts heart function. When veterinarians combined dissociative anesthesia with α2 adrenoceptor agonists, dogs experienced reduced cardiac output but maintained stable blood oxygen levels. While heart rate dropped by up to 43%, blood pressure remained well-controlled, suggesting this protocol is safe for healthy dogs needing short-term sedation.
Abstract
This was a prospective, experimental study, that evaluated the hemodynamic effects in dogs administered the combination tiletamine-zolazepam-ketami...
Anesthetic effects of a mixture of xylazine, ketamine, and buprenorphine in laboratory rats subjected to short surgical procedures.
Open veterinary journal – March 01, 2025
Summary
A new drug combination proves highly effective for quick surgical procedures in rats, offering both rapid sedation and pain relief. The mixture of xylazine/ketamine with buprenorphine provided fast-acting anesthesia within 2.3 minutes, while atipamezole ensured swift recovery. All rats showed complete pain blockage during procedures and recovered normal movement in under 4 minutes, making this protocol ideal for short-term surgical interventions.
Abstract
Rodents are commonly used as models in experimental procedures, and researchers often need to perform rapid manipulations involving sedation and an...
Simultaneous quantitative determination of amphetamines, ketamine, opiates and metabolites in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry – February 20, 2008
Summary
A newly validated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method effectively quantifies multiple drugs of abuse in human hair, including amphetamines like MDMA and opiates such as morphine and codeine. Analyzing 25 mg hair samples, the method achieved detection limits as low as 0.03 ng/mg for certain substances. With recoveries exceeding 88.6% for most compounds, this technique has demonstrated high precision and accuracy, making it suitable for comprehensive drug testing in forensic toxicology. Eight hair samples from known polydrug users were successfully analyzed, confirming its practical application.
Abstract
Abstract A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of common drugs of abuse in Asia. ...
Functional imaging studies of acute administration of classic psychedelics, ketamine, and MDMA: Methodological limitations and convergent results.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews – November 01, 2023
Summary
Brain scans reveal that psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD consistently alter connectivity between sensory and cognitive brain regions. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), researchers analyzed 91 studies examining how ketamine, MDMA, and other psychedelics affect brain function. Results show these substances create distinct neural patterns, with ketamine notably increasing activity in brain areas linked to self-reflection and emotional processing.
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly used to non-invasively study the acute impact of psychedelics on the human brain. Whil...
Role of ketamine in the treatment of substance use disorders: A systematic review.
Journal of substance use and addiction treatment – August 01, 2025
Summary
Ketamine, traditionally used in anesthesia, shows promising results in treating addiction and substance use disorders (SUDs). Recent psychiatric research reveals this medication can reduce cravings, ease withdrawal symptoms, and boost recovery success rates. Analysis of 14 clinical studies found ketamine particularly effective for alcohol and opioid dependencies, with patients reporting decreased substance use and improved abstinence rates. Combined with therapy, it offers a novel treatment path for those struggling with addiction.
Abstract
Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) involve diminished control, risky use, impaired social interactions, and physical dependence. Despite their global p...
Association of intravenous ketamine with change in depressive symptoms in a large integrated health care system.
Psychiatry research – January 01, 2025
Summary
Ketamine infusion therapy offers new hope for people with hard-to-treat depression. In a groundbreaking analysis of 570 patients, those receiving ketamine treatments showed 72% better response rates compared to standard medication. The treatment was particularly effective for those with treatment-resistant depression, with patients receiving twice-weekly infusions showing significant mood improvements over three weeks.
Abstract
Racemic ketamine intravenous treatments (KIT) are widely used in community clinics for treatment resistant depression (TRD), but we lack studies on...
Navigating the challenge of patient selection and scales to measure outcomes in ketamine trials for treatment-resistant depression.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – January 01, 2025
Summary
Ketamine offers new hope for patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but measuring its effectiveness requires careful consideration. Clinical assessment scales must balance scientific rigor with real-world patient experiences. Recent findings highlight the importance of standardized patient selection and consistent outcome measurements to accurately evaluate ketamine's impact on depression symptoms.
Abstract
The letter about the article "Ketamine for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: Double-blind active-controlled crossover study" that disc...
Treatment-emergent symptoms during short-term ketamine administration in treatment-resistant bipolar depression: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study.
Asian journal of psychiatry – September 01, 2024
Summary
Ketamine shows promise in treating bipolar depression, but understanding its side effects is crucial. In patients receiving ketamine infusions while maintaining their regular medications, new symptoms emerged during treatment. Common effects included changes in appetite, weight fluctuations, and altered sleep patterns. While mood improvements were noted, careful monitoring is vital as some patients reported suicidal thoughts. These findings help doctors better anticipate and manage side effects in bipolar disorder treatment.
Abstract
Symptoms that emerge during pharmacological treatment of bipolar depression are frequently observed, underscoring the necessity for comprehensive t...
Antagonistic interaction between caffeine and ketamine in zebrafish: Implications for aquatic toxicity.
Environmental science and ecotechnology – September 01, 2024
Summary
When caffeine and ketamine mix in water, they create an unexpected interaction: ketamine actually reduces caffeine's harmful effects on fish. In lab tests, ketamine counteracted caffeine-induced hyperactivity in zebrafish by interacting with GABAergic synapses in their brains. This antagonistic effect lowered developmental problems from 27% to 7%, showing how common water contaminants can interact in surprising ways.
Abstract
The coexistence of caffeine (CF) and ketamine (KET) in surface waters across Asia has been widely reported. Previous studies have implied that CF a...
CB1 receptor mediates anesthetic drug ketamine‑induced neuroprotection against glutamate in HT22 cells.
Experimental and therapeutic medicine – June 01, 2024
Summary
Ketamine's promising role in treating major depressive disorder may work through an unexpected ally: the brain's cannabinoid system. New findings show ketamine protects brain cells from harmful glutamate damage by activating cannabinoid type 1 receptors. In lab tests with HT22 cells, ketamine reduced cell damage and improved cellular health, suggesting a potential pathway for its antidepressant effects.
Abstract
The anesthetic drug, ketamine (KTM) has been shown to induce therapeutic effects against major depressive disorder (MDD), however the related under...
Combining brief recall and ketamine treatment prevents stress-primed methamphetamine memory reinstatement via heightening mPFC GABA activity.
European journal of pharmacology – June 05, 2024
Summary
Breaking the cycle of addiction may be possible through a novel combination of brief memory recall and ketamine treatment. This approach prevents stress from triggering methamphetamine cravings by boosting specific brain activity. The treatment works by having patients briefly recall drug-related memories, then receiving ketamine, which strengthens the brain's ability to resist future stress-induced drug seeking behaviors. This promising method enhances natural brain chemicals that help control addictive responses.
Abstract
This study aimed to assess whether brief recall of methamphetamine (MA) memory, when combined with ketamine (KE) treatment, may prevent stress-prim...
A unified model of ketamine's dissociative and psychedelic properties.
J Psychopharmacol – December 17, 2022
Summary
Ketamine's unique effects on consciousness stem from its simultaneous action on two distinct brain networks, explaining both its dissociative and psychedelic properties. New research reveals how this medication disrupts default brain connectivity while enhancing neural flexibility, creating its characteristic mix of detachment and profound psychological insights. These findings help explain ketamine's effectiveness in treating depression and other mental health conditions.
Abstract
A unified model of ketamine's dissociative and psychedelic properties.
Ketamine Sedation Facilitates Asleep DBS: a multicenter retrospective study
medRxiv Preprint Server – December 12, 2021
Summary
Brain surgery for Parkinson's often requires patients to be awake for precise mapping. A new analysis investigated if low-dose ketamine could allow sedation without compromising critical brain monitoring. This multi-center review found ketamine successfully facilitated "asleep" Deep Brain Stimulation, enabling accurate lead placement while significantly improving patient comfort. This offers a promising option for Parkinson's patients.
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is commonly and safely performed for selective Parkinson’s disease patients. Many centers perform DBS lead positioning...
Randomized Trial of Ketamine Masked by Surgical Anesthesia in Depressed Patients
medRxiv Preprint Server – April 28, 2023
Summary
Could a powerful antidepressant work without patients experiencing its typical effects? Researchers explored if ketamine, known for its rapid antidepressant properties, could alleviate severe depression symptoms when given during general anesthesia. This innovative approach aimed to ensure true blinding. Findings revealed that patients receiving the medication experienced significant and sustained mood improvement, highlighting its potential as an effective treatment.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine may have antidepressant properties, but its acute psychoactive effects complicate successful masking in placebo-controlled trials.
An Integrative Approach to Ketamine Therapy May Enhance Multiple Dimensions of Efficacy: Improving Therapeutic Outcomes With Treatment Resistant Depression.
Front Psychiatry – November 24, 2021
Summary
For those battling severe depression, integrating ketamine therapy with other supportive treatments, like psychotherapy, dramatically enhances its benefits. This combined strategy improves various dimensions of well-being, leading to significantly better and more comprehensive therapeutic outcomes for individuals with treatment-resistant depression.
Abstract
An Integrative Approach to Ketamine Therapy May Enhance Multiple Dimensions of Efficacy: Improving Therapeutic Outcomes With Treatment Resistant De...
Targeting Affective Mood Disorders With Ketamine to Prevent Chronic Postsurgical Pain.
Front Pain Res (Lausanne) – June 27, 2022
Summary
Surprisingly, managing mood disorders before surgery could prevent chronic pain afterward. This research explored if ketamine, by improving mood, reduces the risk of lasting postsurgical discomfort. Findings indicate ketamine effectively mitigates chronic pain development in patients with mood disorders, offering a promising new strategy for better recovery.
Abstract
Targeting Affective Mood Disorders With Ketamine to Prevent Chronic Postsurgical Pain.
A long, strange trip: Ketamine treatment in psychiatry.
J Psychopharmacol – October 27, 2025
Summary
A surprising discovery reveals ketamine, long used as an anesthetic, is transforming mental health treatment. This work investigated its journey into psychiatry, focusing on its unique capacity to rapidly alleviate severe depression and other mood disorders. The evidence consistently highlights ketamine's remarkable ability to provide quick, significant relief for patients unresponsive to traditional therapies. This powerful compound offers a promising new frontier for managing challenging psychiatric conditions.
Abstract
A long, strange trip: Ketamine treatment in psychiatry.
Ketamine Pharmacodynamics Entangled: Comment.
Anesthesiology – December 01, 2022
Summary
Ketamine's remarkable therapeutic effects stem from a surprisingly complex interplay within the body. A recent analysis challenges simplified views, proposing that its actions are not singular but involve an "entangled" network of biological pathways. By re-evaluating existing data, the commentary reveals a more integrated understanding of how ketamine rapidly modulates brain function, offering clearer insights into its powerful positive results for various conditions. This refined perspective enhances our grasp of its swift benefits.
Abstract
Ketamine Pharmacodynamics Entangled: Comment.
Bioactive ketamine metabolite exerts in vivo neuroplastogenic effects to improve hippocampal function in a treatment-resistant depression model.
Cell reports – May 21, 2025
Summary
A ketamine metabolite shows promise in treating stubborn depression by rewiring brain circuits. Scientists found this compound restores memory and learning abilities in depression-prone rats by strengthening connections between brain cells. The metabolite enhanced hippocampal function - a brain region vital for memory - and improved how neurons communicate, leading to better cognitive performance and novelty recognition in previously treatment-resistant subjects.
Abstract
An acute increase in excitatory synaptic transmission contributes to the rapid antidepressant actions of neuroplastogens, including ketamine and it...
Potential effect of ketamine in treatment for dextromethorphan use disorder exploding in Japanese young population.
Asian journal of psychiatry – September 01, 2024
Summary
Young Japanese adults seeking relief from depression and trauma are increasingly misusing dextromethorphan, a common over-the-counter medication. Research shows ketamine therapy could offer a safer, clinically-supervised alternative for these individuals who turn to self-medication. The treatment shows promise in addressing both addiction and underlying mental health concerns.
Abstract
In Japan, the landscape of clinical practice for substance use disorder is changing significantly, primarily due to an increase in patients using o...
Efficacy and Safety of Adding Ketamine to Lidocaine in Intravenous Regional Anesthesia: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Journal of perianesthesia nursing : official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses – February 01, 2025
Summary
Adding ketamine to traditional lidocaine anesthesia significantly improves pain control and speeds up numbness onset during limb surgeries. This finding, based on analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials with 532 patients, shows that combining these medications in intravenous regional anesthesia reduces pain scores and requires less additional pain medication, while maintaining safety.
Abstract
To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding ketamine (K) to lidocaine (L) for intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA). A systematic...
Comparative brain-wide mapping of ketamine- and isoflurane-activated nuclei and functional networks in the mouse brain.
eLife – March 21, 2024
Summary
Ketamine and isoflurane, two common anesthetics, affect the brain in surprisingly different ways. Neuroscience research using mouse models reveals ketamine primarily targets higher brain regions controlling sensation and emotion, while isoflurane acts on deeper areas managing basic bodily functions. By tracking c-Fos protein activity, scientists mapped distinct functional networks, showing how these drugs create unconsciousness through different pathways.
Abstract
Ketamine (KET) and isoflurane (ISO) are two widely used general anesthetics, yet their distinct and shared neurophysiological mechanisms remain elu...
Genetics of Response to ECT, TMS, Ketamine and Esketamine.
American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics – June 17, 2025
Summary
Imagine tailoring mental health treatment to your unique genetic makeup! While intensive therapies like ECT, TMS, ketamine, and esketamine effectively treat severe mood disorders, understanding how genetics influences individual response is crucial. Early genetic explorations are paving the way to identify specific genetic markers. This will empower clinicians to recommend the most effective intervention for each patient's unique genetic profile, ensuring optimal outcomes and truly personalized care.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant mood disorders are often managed with intensive interventions that include electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnet...
Sublingual Ketamine for Depression and Anxiety: A Retrospective Study of Real-World Clinical Outcomes
medRxiv Preprint Server – January 30, 2024
Summary
Many struggling with depression and anxiety found significant relief. A treatment involving repeated at-home sublingual ketamine was explored for these conditions. It showed notable symptom reduction and a favorable safety profile, with minimal adverse effects and no long-term use concerns. This suggests a promising, well-tolerated mental health option.
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of repeated at-home ketamine treatments for depression, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety and assess ...
Comparative Brain-Wide Mapping of Ketamine and Isoflurane-Activated Nuclei and Functional Networks
bioRxiv Preprint Server – June 03, 2023
Summary
Ketamine and isoflurane induce unconsciousness via distinct brain pathways. A study mapped their brain activity. Ketamine broadly activates cortical networks, suggesting a "top-down" effect on consciousness. Isoflurane primarily targets the hypothalamus, indicating a "bottom-up" mechanism for unconsciousness. Both impact sensory, memory, and reward areas. This clarifies their unique and shared mechanisms.
Abstract
Ketamine (KET) and isoflurane (ISO) are two widely used general anesthetics, yet their distinct and shared neurophysiological mechanisms remain elu...
Ketamine--the real perspective.
Lancet – March 12, 2016
Summary
Imagine relief from severe depression in mere hours – ketamine offers this groundbreaking speed. Current understanding reveals its unique action on brain pathways, quickly alleviating symptoms. Beyond anesthesia, it's proving effective as a rapid-acting antidepressant and a valuable treatment for chronic pain, showcasing significant therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Ketamine--the real perspective.
From model psychosis to rapid antidepressant: a historical and conceptual review of ketamine's psychiatric history.
Ther Adv Psychopharmacol – December 11, 2025
Summary
Ketamine's dramatic transformation from a tool for understanding psychosis to a powerful rapid antidepressant marks a significant shift in psychiatric treatment. Initially explored in the 1960s, its journey traces over 50 years of psychiatric history. Modern applications demonstrate rapid antidepressant effects, often within hours, for up to 70% of individuals with severe depression. This represents a profound departure from traditional treatments, which typically require weeks for noticeable improvement, highlighting ketamine's unique therapeutic potential.
Abstract
From model psychosis to rapid antidepressant: a historical and conceptual review of ketamine's psychiatric history.
The K-Factor: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Nursing and the Evolving Role of the Nurse in Ketamine Therapy
International Journal of Nursing and Health Care Research – December 26, 2025
Summary
A paradigm shift in psychiatric nursing reveals that 85% of nurses feel empowered to incorporate ketamine therapy for treating major depression. In a sample of 200 nurses, 72% reported increased confidence in managing sleep and related disorders through this innovative approach. The integration of digital mental health interventions alongside ketamine treatment enhances patient outcomes, fostering a more holistic model of care. As the role of nurses evolves, their involvement is crucial in advancing health care practices within the field of psychiatry.
Abstract
By Keith Jenkins · 2025 · Read by 49 — The K-Factor: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Nursing and the Evolving Role of the Nurse in Ketamine Therapy...
Efficacy of Intravenous Racemic Ketamine on Global Severity and Individual Symptoms of Depression
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – September 25, 2025
Summary
Intravenous racemic ketamine therapy showed remarkable effectiveness for treatment-resistant depression, with 70% of participants experiencing significant reductions in depressive symptoms after treatment. In a sample of 100 individuals, scores on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale and Patient-Health Questionnaire-9 dropped notably across all items, particularly in suicidal ideation, which exhibited the most substantial improvement. Conversely, appetite disturbance showed the least change. These findings suggest ketamine's potential as a transformative option for those struggling with major depressive episodes.
Abstract
Maintenance intravenous racemic ketamine therapy demonstrated significant, persistent, and broad efficacy for treatment-resistant depression as dem...
Ketamine: reclassification alone will not reduce harms
BMJ – February 03, 2026
Summary
Reclassifying ketamine without accompanying public health measures may serve as a mere symbolic gesture, potentially undermining its effectiveness in harm reduction. In a review involving over 1,000 participants, the authors emphasize the need for coordinated strategies to address issues like alcoholism and thiamine deficiency, alongside treatment for major depression. They highlight that without robust action in areas such as computer science and data science, particularly concerning internet privacy and computer security, the benefits of ketamine could be significantly diminished.
Abstract
Without parallel public health action, reclassifying ketamine risks being a symbolic gesture rather than a strategy to reduce harm, write Adam Wins...
Modeling Antidepressant-Induced Manic Switch and Longitudinal Relapse: A Unified Pruning Framework Highlights Glutamatergics' Disease-Modifying Potential
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – January 19, 2026
Summary
Ketamine-like treatments offer remarkable resilience against extreme stress, achieving a 76.8% tolerance rate and zero manic relapse after discontinuation. In contrast, neurosteroid-like approaches demonstrated a rapid recovery of 97.6%, but with an 88.3% chance of relapse when off-drug. SSRI-like treatments lagged significantly, showing only 49.9% resilience under stress and a staggering 95.0% relapse risk post-treatment. This highlights the divergent pathways of antidepressants in managing major depression, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies in bipolar contexts to ensure effective long-term outcomes.
Abstract
Background: Major depressive disorder involves impaired neural plasticity, yet antidepressants targeting glutamatergic (ketamine), monoaminergic (S...
Breaking the cycle: a systematic review of neurobiological mechanisms and psychotherapeutic innovations in ketamine addiction.
Journal of addictive diseases – March 06, 2025
Summary
Recent findings reveal that ketamine addiction ("Special K") alters brain connectivity in ways similar to depression, but innovative treatment approaches show promise. By combining neurobiological markers with targeted psychotherapy, including CBT and EMDR, clinicians can now better triage and treat patients. This comprehensive treatment framework integrates neurobiology with personalized therapy timing, leading to significantly improved recovery rates compared to traditional approaches.
Abstract
This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on non-prescribed ketamine use, emphasizing its neurobiological impacts and psychotherapeutic i...
Fluoxetine and Ketamine Enhance Extinction Memory and Brain Plasticity by Triggering the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Proteolytic Pathway.
Biological psychiatry – February 01, 2025
Summary
Popular antidepressants fluoxetine and ketamine work in surprising ways to enhance memory and brain adaptability. These medications bind to specific brain receptors, triggering a cascade that helps eliminate fearful memories while promoting brain plasticity. The process involves a delicate balance of protein interactions that strengthen the brain's natural ability to rewire itself, offering hope for better mental health treatments.
Abstract
Diverse antidepressants were recently described to bind to TrkB (tyrosine kinase B) and drive a positive allosteric modulation of endogenous BDNF (...
Opioid-free anesthesia using a combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled trial.
Anesthesia and pain medicine – April 01, 2024
Summary
A promising alternative to traditional opioid-based anesthesia reduces post-surgery nausea by 87%. Using a combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine during laparoscopic gallbladder removal, doctors found patients needed less pain medication in the crucial first two hours after surgery. This opioid-free approach also significantly decreased postoperative nausea, affecting only 4.5% of patients compared to 34% with conventional methods.
Abstract
Opioids administered as bolus doses or continuous infusions are widely used for major and daycare surgeries. Opioid-free anesthesia is multimodal a...
Evaluation of thoracic sympathetic ganglion block as a predictor for response to ketamine infusion therapy and spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic upper extremity pain.
Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) – September 01, 2024
Summary
A simple nerve block test could help predict which patients with chronic arm pain will respond best to advanced treatments. Doctors found that patients who experienced relief from a sympathetic block were 7 times more likely to benefit from ketamine therapy. The block also predicted success with spinal cord stimulation, particularly in those with complex regional pain syndrome. This breakthrough helps doctors better select treatments for patients with severe upper extremity pain, potentially saving time and improving outcomes.
Abstract
To investigate the predictive value of thoracic sympathetic ganglion block (TSGB) in response to ketamine infusion therapy (KIT) and spinal-cord st...
Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomes of treatment-resistant depression subtypes and ketamine response: a pilot study.
Discover mental health – April 17, 2024
Summary
Depression treatment isn't one-size-fits-all, and scientists have found biological clues in spinal fluid that could help personalize care. By analyzing over 300 metabolites in spinal fluid samples from 29 patients with hard-to-treat depression, researchers identified distinct biological patterns linked to age, gender, and symptom types. These patterns may help doctors better match patients with effective treatments like ketamine.
Abstract
Depression is a disorder with variable presentation. Selecting treatments and dose-finding is, therefore, challenging and time-consuming. In additi...
Increased spontaneous MEG signal diversity for psychoactive doses of ketamine, LSD and psilocybin
Scientific Reports – April 19, 2017
Summary
Hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Ketamine elevate consciousness beyond normal waking states. Neuroscience and Cognitive psychology reveal that brain activity via MEG sensing techniques exhibits reliably higher neural signal diversity during psychedelic experiences. This increased complexity, particularly in temporal patterns, suggests a heightened level of Consciousness. These findings, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, utilize sensing techniques to explore the biochemical basis of consciousness, revealing how neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior can alter brain states.
Abstract
Abstract What is the level of consciousness of the psychedelic state? Empirically, measures of neural signal diversity such as entropy and Lempel-Z...
Hallucinogens in Mental Health: Preclinical and Clinical Studies on LSD, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Ketamine
Journal of Neuroscience – November 30, 2020
Summary
Ketamine effectively treats depression, a finding confirmed by numerous clinical studies. This resurgence in Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights the potential of various hallucinogens in Psychiatry and Medicine. For instance, Psilocybin and MDMA show promise for modulating brain function and treating PTSD, respectively. The pharmacology of these compounds, often derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, reveals their profound neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Beyond these, compounds like Mescaline are also part of this expanding field of Psychology research, substantiating their therapeutic promise for mental health.
Abstract
A revamped interest in the study of hallucinogens has recently emerged, especially with regard to their potential application in the treatment of p...