3034 results for "Psilocybin"
Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus Psilocybe and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – January 09, 2024
Summary
The psychedelic alkaloid psilocybin, driving Psychedelics and Drug Studies, first evolved in the mushroom genus Psilocybe around 67 million years ago. Evolutionary biology indicates its biosynthetic gene cluster transferred horizontally 4 to 5 times to other fungi between 40 and 9 million years ago. Using 71 fungal metagenomes, Phylogenetics of 2,983 gene families reveals Psilocybe's deep Biology. Two distinct psilocybin gene cluster arrangements correspond to major clades, suggesting independent acquisitions of this alkaloid's chemical synthesis, impacting Fungal Biology and Applications.
Abstract
Psychoactive mushrooms in the genus Psilocybe have immense cultural value and have been used for centuries in Mesoamerica. Despite the recent surge...
Unveiling the Psychedelic Journey: An Appraisal of Psilocybin as a Profound Antidepressant Therapy.
Molecular biotechnology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, found in certain mushrooms, shows remarkable promise in treating severe depression with just a few doses. Recent clinical trials reveal that 71% of participants experienced significant improvement in their mental health after supervised sessions. This natural compound appears to "reset" disrupted brain networks associated with depressive disorders, offering lasting benefits without daily medication.
Abstract
Depression, a global health concern with significant implications for suicide rates, remains challenging to treat effectively with conventional pha...
Intravenous psilocybin attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of chronic pain
Current Biology – December 01, 2023
Summary
A single dose of the hallucinogen Psilocybin could offer prolonged pain relief. While this chemical synthesis and alkaloid is known for its impact on refractory depression and other forms of depression, its effect on chronic pain was unclear. In a rat model, a single intravenous administration of this psychedelic significantly attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity for an impressive 28 days. This finding opens new avenues in Biology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, suggesting how Psilocybin's Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior might extend to long-term pain management, advancing Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
There is a renewed interest in psychedelic drugs as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In particular, psilocy...
Manic episode following psilocybin use in a man with bipolar II disorder: a case report
Frontiers in Psychiatry – September 22, 2023
Summary
A 21-year-old with bipolar II disorder developed mania after ingesting psilocybin, a potent hallucinogenic alkaloid. While psychiatry explores psilocybin for clinical depression and substance abuse, this single case highlights significant risks for a vulnerable population. The incident underscores the complex influence of psychedelics on neurotransmitter receptors, particularly for individuals with bipolar disorder prone to manic episodes. Such findings are vital for medicine and clinical psychology, informing future drug studies and understanding substance abuse patterns.
Abstract
There has been an increase in research on the topic of psychedelic substances and their effects as treatment options in neuropsychiatric conditions...
Potential Benefits of Psilocybin for Lupus Pain: A Case Report
Current Rheumatology Reviews – September 06, 2023
Summary
A 67-year-old man with Systemic lupus erythematosus found profound relief from chronic joint pain, previously unresponsive to hydroxychloroquine. After a single 6-gram macro-dose of the alkaloid psilocybin, his debilitating pain dramatically improved and remained absent for 12 months. This remarkable analgesic effect, explored in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests psilocybin's neuroplastic potential to disrupt neuropathic pain pathways. This finding, from Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, offers a compelling avenue for Medicine in treating severe chronic pain, potentially even for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or fibromyalgia.
Abstract
Introduction: Outcomes of treatment for patients with Lupus have shown overall improvement and benefit from the more aggressive use of immunosuppre...
Pilot study of single-dose psilocybin for serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant body dysmorphic disorder.
Journal of psychiatric research – May 01, 2023
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin, a natural hallucinogen, showed remarkable promise in treating body dysmorphic disorder, with 58% of participants experiencing significant symptom improvement. In this groundbreaking clinical trial, 12 adults who hadn't responded to conventional treatments received psychological support and a controlled dose. After 12 weeks, patients reported major reductions in appearance-related obsessions and distress, with benefits emerging within the first week.
Abstract
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an often-severe condition in which individuals are preoccupied by misperceptions of their appearance as defective...
Microdosing psilocybin for chronic pain: a case series
Pain – September 05, 2022
Summary
Three individuals suffering from chronic pain found robust relief using low-dose psilocybin, a naturally occurring alkaloid. This case series highlights how these patients, for whom traditional medicine offered little solace, achieved significant pain reduction and decreased reliance on other drugs. The effects occurred without a psychedelic experience and with minimal side effects. For all three, combining psilocybin with exercise magnified relief, with one patient experiencing increased benefit from repeated dosing. This suggests long-term potential in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies for chronic pain management.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic serotonergic agonists such as psilocybin have recently been shown to produce sustained benefit in refractory depression, end o...
Psilocybin treatment extends cellular lifespan and improves survival of aged mice
npj Aging – July 08, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a natural hallucinogen, significantly extends cellular lifespan and promotes longevity in aged mice. This exciting finding suggests the compound, known for its therapeutic potential in medicine, may act as a potent geroprotective agent. While the exact pharmacology and molecular mechanisms are still being explored in psychedelics and drug studies, its active metabolite, psilocin, appears key. This research offers new insights into psilocybin's systemic impacts, hinting at its influence on various biological processes, potentially including neurotransmitter receptor activity.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, the naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by hallucinogenic mushrooms, has received attention due to considerable ...
Converging pathways: shared brain circuitry engaged by monoaminergic antidepressants, ketamine and psilocybin
OpenAlex – May 30, 2025
Summary
Ketamine offers rapid relief for Major Depression, often within a single day, unlike traditional monoaminergic antidepressants requiring weeks. Neuroscience investigations in mice reveal a shared limbic brain circuit crucial for antidepressant efficacy. While Ketamine and high-dose Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, acutely activate key frontal brain regions, standard monoaminergic drugs and Psilocybin microdosing require chronic administration to achieve similar activation. This insight from Psychedelics and Drug Studies informs Psychiatry and Medicine, explaining delayed effects and advancing our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior in treating Major Depression.
Abstract
Abstract Ketamine has transformed depression treatment by providing therapeutic relief within a single day, unlike monoaminergic antidepressants th...
Assessment of the acute effects of 2C-B vs psilocybin on subjective experience, mood and cognition
OpenAlex – February 16, 2023
Summary
A compelling finding reveals the hallucinogen 2C-B, derived from mescaline, offers a "lighter" psychedelic experience than psilocybin. In a study of 22 healthy participants, 2C-B produced psychedelic states, but psilocybin led to larger dysphoria, subjective impairment, and auditory alterations, impacting mood and cognition. Both compounds, compared to placebo, caused equivalent psychomotor slowing and spatial memory issues. This work in psychology and drug studies advances understanding of how these substances, influencing neurotransmitter receptors, affect behavior.
Abstract
Abstract 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) is a hallucinogenic phenethylamine derived from mescaline. Observational and preclinical data h...
High dose psilocybin is associated with positive subjective effects in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – June 27, 2018
Summary
High doses of psilocybin elicit lasting positive subjective effects, even without a complete mystical experience. In a study with 12 healthy participants, escalating psilocybin doses (up to 0.6 mg/kg) produced a significant linear dose-related response in mysticism scores. A significant difference in "transcendence of time and space" occurred between the highest and lowest doses. Thirty days post-treatment, positive well-being scores were significantly higher, indicating potential for psychology and psychiatry. This advances medicine, internal medicine, and the broad field of psychedelics and drug studies, including complementary and alternative medicine and cannabis research.
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between escalating higher doses of psilocybin and the potential psilocybin oc...
The therapeutic potential of psilocybin beyond psychedelia through shared mechanisms with ketamine.
Molecular psychiatry – July 07, 2025
Summary
Remarkably, rapid-acting compounds can relieve severe depressive disorder symptoms in mere hours. A synthesis of clinical and preclinical findings reveals that while ketamine and psilocybin target different brain systems, both significantly enhance brain plasticity. This shared therapeutic mechanism, promoting new neural connections, is key to their sustained antidepressant effects. Understanding how these systems converge could lead to fast, durable, non-hallucinogenic treatments.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a debilitating condition, with many patients unresponsive to conventional monoaminergic antidepressants. Rapid-acting ...
Examining the potential of psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT as therapeutics for traumatic brain injury.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – July 14, 2025
Summary
Remarkably, specific psychedelic compounds could offer a new path for healing traumatic brain injuries. Research suggests psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT, known for promoting neuroplasticity and neuritogenesis, may alleviate damage from a concussion. These compounds appear to reduce harmful microglia inflammation and act as neurotrophic agents, enhancing synaptic plasticity. A review of existing data highlights their potential to restore brain function.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant global health challenge, with limited effective treatments for its acute and chronic consequences. TB...
Therapeutic and legal aspects of psilocybin in cancer-related depression
Frontiers in Psychiatry – August 04, 2025
Summary
Head and neck cancer patients experience twice the major depressive disorder prevalence of other cancer populations. Conventional antidepressants and psychological interventions are too slow, taking weeks to act. Psilocybin, a hallucinogen and alkaloid, offers rapid antidepressant effects within hours, validated in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. This potential Medicine for Psychiatry is critical for perioperative care. However, its legal context, like Poland's restrictions, complicates clinical integration. Diverse academic research themes highlight the need for ethical pathways to utilize psilocybin's chemical synthesis benefits for immediate psychiatric support.
Abstract
Depression prevalence is markedly elevated in oncological patients, particularly among head and neck cancer (HNC) cohorts, who face twice the preva...
Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 11, 2014
Summary
An impressive 80% of participants achieved nicotine abstinence six months after receiving psilocybin as part of a smoking cessation program. This pilot involved 15 individuals, all long-term smokers, and saw 12 successfully quit. Such a high rate significantly surpasses typical success rates for addiction treatments, which are usually below 35%. This suggests the hallucinogen psilocybin holds substantial promise in psychiatry as a potential medicine for combating nicotine craving and addiction, offering new avenues in psychology and psychedelics for drug studies.
Abstract
Despite suggestive early findings on the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in the treatment of substance use disorders, rigorous follow-up has not b...
Brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression
OpenAlex – September 20, 2022
Summary
New neuroscience reveals how psilocybin helps overcome depression. By modeling brain activity, specific regions crucial for recovery were pinpointed in participants experiencing over 50% reduction in depressive symptoms following 10mg and 25mg psilocybin doses. These regions strongly correlate with serotonin receptor distribution, where psilocin, the active compound, acts. This Serotonergic mechanism provides causal evidence for how psychedelics impact mental health, linking serotonin pathways and functional brain connectivity to recovery from clinical depression. This advances Psychology and Drug Studies, addressing key Mental Health Research Topics.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin therapy for depression has started to show promise, yet the underlying causal mechanisms are not currently known. Here we lever...
Serotonergic psychedelics LSD & psilocybin increase the fractal dimension of cortical brain activity in spatial and temporal domains
NeuroImage – June 30, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic drugs like psilocybin significantly boost the brain's activity complexity, suggesting a shift towards a critical state of consciousness. Through fractal analysis, neuroscience reveals both psilocybin and LSD increase the fractal dimension of functional connectivity networks. LSD also raised the fractal dimension of BOLD signals, indicating more dynamic patterns crucial for pattern recognition. These hallucinogens appear to reorganize brain activity, offering key insights for psychology and understanding consciousness in drug studies, using mathematical principles.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin and LSD, represent unique tools for researchers investigating the neural origins of consciousness. Currently,...
The administration of psilocybin to healthy, hallucinogen-experienced volunteers in a mock-functional magnetic resonance imaging environment: a preliminary investigation of tolerability
Journal of Psychopharmacology – April 15, 2010
Summary
Intravenous psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is remarkably well-tolerated in a simulated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environment. This crucial finding in pharmacology and medicine enables advanced neuroscience. Up to 2 mg of psilocybin, an alkaloid from chemical synthesis, produced short-lived, typical effects that were psychologically and physiologically well-tolerated by healthy, hallucinogen-experienced volunteers. Demonstrating such tolerability supports future functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies exploring brain activity. These psychedelic drug studies, relevant to psychology, anesthesia, and complementary and alternative medicine, advance our understanding.
Abstract
This study sought to assess the tolerability of intravenously administered psilocybin in healthy, hallucinogen-experienced volunteers in a mock-mag...
Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – January 23, 2012
Summary
Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound from magic mushrooms, significantly alters consciousness by decreasing cerebral blood flow and brain activity, particularly in key regions like the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex (ACC and PCC). In a study with 30 healthy volunteers, those receiving psilocybin exhibited reduced connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and PCC. Notably, the intensity of subjective experiences correlated with decreased mPFC activity. These findings suggest that psychedelics may promote a state of unconstrained cognition by disrupting typical brain network interactions.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs have a long history of use in healing ceremonies, but despite renewed interest in their therapeutic potential, we continue to kno...
Pharmacological characterisation of psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT discriminative cues in the rat and their translational value for identifying novel psychedelics
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 27, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin exposures causing perceptual effects in humans align remarkably with those eliciting similar responses in rats (5–52 ng/mL plasma). This demonstrates the translational value for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Two cohorts of male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to understand the Neuroscience of these hallucinogens. Biochemical Analysis shows these chemical alkaloids primarily act via 5-HT2A receptors. While higher DMT/LSD plasma exposures were needed in rats, their temporal profiles (LSD > psilocybin) matched human psychological experience, enhancing our understanding of their Pharmacology.
Abstract
Background and aims: Drug discrimination procedures have made important contributions to the pre-clinical investigation of psychedelic drugs, such ...
Development and Evaluation of a Therapist Training Program for Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Clinical Research
Frontiers in Psychiatry – February 03, 2021
Summary
Sixty-five health care professionals have completed rigorous medical education, becoming psychotherapists for psilocybin therapy—a crucial mental health intervention. This program, a general partnership effort, provides high-quality psychological support for phase IIb psychedelic drug studies. Emphasizing experiential learning, the training fosters deep understanding of psilocybin's therapeutic potential, influencing behavior and advancing medicine. This scalable model ensures effective delivery of this alkaloid-based compound, vital for future health care.
Abstract
Introduction: Psychological support throughout psilocybin therapy is mandated by regulators as an essential part of ensuring participants' physical...
The effects of psilocybin and MDMA on between-network resting state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience – May 27, 2014
Summary
Psilocybin profoundly alters consciousness, making brain networks less differentiated. Using resting state fMRI in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, functional connectivity between brain regions generally increased under this hallucinogen, impacting neural dynamics. In contrast, MDMA had a notably less marked effect on these connections. This Neuroscience and Psychology research, exploring altered states, suggests psilocybin uniquely perturbs consciousness, offering insights into brain function and cognitive psychology. Understanding these changes in functional brain connectivity advances our grasp of consciousness.
Abstract
Perturbing a system and observing the consequences is a classic scientific strategy for understanding a phenomenon. Psychedelic drugs perturb consc...
Brain serotonin 2A receptor binding predicts subjective temporal and mystical effects of psilocybin in healthy humans
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 08, 2020
Summary
Individual brain chemistry profoundly shapes psychedelic experiences. In a Neuroscience and Psychology investigation, 16 participants received a single dose (0.2–0.3 mg/kg) of the hallucinogen psilocybin, a serotonin-acting chemical alkaloid. Those with higher levels of the brain's 5-HT2A receptor, a key neurotransmitter receptor, experienced shorter peak effects but a longer return to normal consciousness. This finding from Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights how individual receptor binding influences the temporal and mystical aspects of a psilocybin journey, profoundly impacting behavior.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic with psychoactive effects mediated by serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) activation. It produces ...
Psilocybin microdosing does not affect emotion-related symptoms and processing: A preregistered field and lab-based study
Journal of Psychopharmacology – December 17, 2021
Summary
Despite popular belief, a rigorous double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study revealed that microdosing the hallucinogen psilocybin for three weeks did not alleviate anxiety or depression symptoms. This research in clinical psychology, exploring how psychedelics, specifically this chemical synthesis alkaloid, influence behavior and affect, found no significant changes in emotion processing. The findings challenge anecdotal reports suggesting psilocybin's broad benefits, indicating its neurotransmitter receptor influence might not translate to these particular psychological improvements in a microdosing context. Psychiatry may need to re-evaluate common assumptions.
Abstract
Background: Microdoses of psychedelics (i.e. a sub-hallucinogenic dose taken every third day) can reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress...
Enzymatische Synthese von Psilocybin
Angewandte Chemie – August 01, 2017
Summary
The 60-year mystery of how psilocybin, the psychedelic compound in "magic mushrooms," is naturally produced has been resolved. Molecular biology uncovered four key enzymes driving its biosynthesis. Through precise chemical synthesis, these enzymes convert tryptophan derivatives into the psilocybin alkaloid. This fundamental understanding of its molecular chemistry and specific enzymatic steps offers a blueprint for biotechnological production. It opens new avenues for psychedelics and drug studies, particularly for developing treatments for brain disorders.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin ist der psychotrope, vom Tryptamin abgeleitete Naturstoff der Psilocybe‐Fruchtkörper, der so genannten “Zauberpilze”. Obwohl de...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Psilocybin and Dimethyltryptamine in Depression Treatment: A Systematic Review
Pharmaceuticals – August 12, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics show promise for severe depression, a clinical challenge. A systematic review, analyzing 10 papers from databases like MEDLINE and Cochrane Library, explores the potential of hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide in psychiatry. Focusing on pharmacology and neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, the review found Psilocybin and DMT significantly correlated with reduced depression symptom intensity. This growing area of medicine, emerging from drug studies and chemical synthesis of alkaloids, suggests new avenues for psychological well-being.
Abstract
Despite many different kinds of substances available for depression treatment, depression itself still appears to be a clinical challenge. Recently...
Monoamine Biosynthesis via a Noncanonical Calcium-Activatable Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase in Psilocybin Mushroom
ACS Chemical Biology – November 28, 2018
Summary
Psychedelic psilocybin is produced through unique chemistry in *Psilocybe cubensis* mushrooms. Generating the first de novo transcriptomes revealed a novel Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) enzyme. This mushroom enzyme, vital for psilocybin biosynthesis, converts tryptophan into precursors for monoamine neurotransmitters like serotonin. Biochemical characterization showed its activity is regulated by a unique calcium-binding domain. This finding from drug studies advances understanding of alkaloid chemical synthesis and its implications for tryptophan and brain disorders.
Abstract
Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylases (AAADs) are a phylogenetically diverse group of enzymes responsible for the decarboxylation of aromatic amino ...
What is the clinical evidence on psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders? A systematic review
Porto Biomedical Journal – January 01, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, holds significant promise for psychiatry, particularly in treating major depressive disorder. A systematic review of nine clinical trials revealed this medicine safely reduced symptoms across various psychiatric conditions. Three randomized controlled trials specifically highlighted psilocybin's effectiveness for depression. Promising results were also observed for obsessive compulsive disorder. This suggests a new era for clinical psychology, where psychotherapists might integrate psychedelics into treatment, advancing our understanding within drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Psilocybin is a predominant agonist of 5HT 1A and 5HT 2A/C receptors and was first isolated in 1958, shortly before it became ...
Psilocybin for Treating Psychiatric Disorders: A Psychonaut Legend or a Promising Therapeutic Perspective?
Journal of Xenobiotics – February 07, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen present in over 200 mushroom species, is showing profound promise in modern psychiatry. Synthesized in 1957, early clinical observations suggested its therapeutic potential for anxiety, mood disorders, and addiction. Despite its 1970 scheduling, renewed interest in chemical synthesis and alkaloids has propelled recent psychology and drug studies. Contemporary medicine now provides robust evidence for psilocybin's efficacy in treating conditions like pathological anxiety and addiction. This complementary and alternative medicine approach, often involving a psychotherapist, represents a significant advance.
Abstract
Psychedelics extracted from plants have been used in religious, spiritual, and mystic practices for millennia. In 1957, Dr. Hofmann identified and ...
Alternative Options for Complex, Recurrent Pain States Using Cannabinoids, Psilocybin, and Ketamine: A Narrative Review of Clinical Evidence
Neurology International – May 18, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, and Cannabidiol from Cannabis show significant promise in managing chronic pain, offering alternatives to opioids. Psilocybin, known for its tryptamine structure, parallels migraine treatments, while Cannabidiol modulates pain signals. However, current Medicine investigations, including Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, have involved small participant groups. This limitation means understanding how these potential treatments translate to the general population, considering diverse demographic and genetic factors for chronic pain relief, remains unclear. Further robust exploration is essential.
Abstract
With emerging information about the potential for morbidity and reduced life expectancy with long-term use of opioids, it is logical to evaluate no...
Psilocybin in Fruchtkörpern vonInocybe aeruginascens
Planta Medica – April 01, 1986
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, exhibits significant variability in its biological presence, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Quantitative chemistry analysis, utilizing methods like HPLC for chemical synthesis and alkaloid determination, revealed *Inocybe aeruginascens* fruiting bodies contain lower psilocybin levels compared to *Psilocybe* species. Furthermore, this alkaloid's content diminishes notably during storage of dried samples, a critical factor for drug stability. Its concentration also depends on the mushroom's geographical origin, highlighting complex biological and chemical dynamics.
Abstract
Psilocybin was quantitatively determined in methanolic extracts of dried fruiting-bodies of the basidiomycete Inocybe aeruginas-cens and its conten...
How does it feel to be on psilocybin? Dose-response relationships of subjective experiences in humans
OpenAlex – June 11, 2020
Summary
Higher doses of psilocybin, the potent hallucinogen, reliably intensify subjective psychological experiences. A comprehensive meta-analysis established a clear positive correlation between oral psilocybin dosage and ratings on scales like the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and Hallucinogen Rating Scale. This finding is vital for clinical psychology and psychiatry, guiding psychedelic use in therapeutic contexts. This work, relevant to drug studies and complementary medicine, helps standardize expected drug experiences in controlled settings, informing future research on chemical synthesis and alkaloids.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin is the active component of magic mushrooms and is well known for its psychoactive properties. Different questionnaires have bee...
A pilot study of the effect of group-administered psilocybin on psychological flexibility and outcomes
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – April 05, 2024
Summary
**Psilocybin**, a powerful **hallucinogen**, appears to boost mental **flexibility**, akin to robust adaptability in **engineering**. Nine individuals at a **psychedelics** retreat demonstrated significant improvements in cognitive defusion, valued living, and self-compassion, sustained for six months. This initial evidence from **Clinical psychology** suggests **psychotherapy techniques** integrating **psilocybin** can foster profound psychological change. Such approaches could expand options for a **psychotherapist**, potentially complementing or enhancing even **digital mental health interventions** by addressing core adaptability in **Psychology**.
Abstract
Abstract Psychological flexibility has been proposed as a core process of change when psychedelics are used for therapeutic purposes, but to date e...
A review of psilocybin: chemistry, clinical uses and future research directions
Australian Journal of Chemistry – May 16, 2023
Summary
Public interest in psychedelics like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for mental health is soaring, yet robust clinical evidence for their benefits is still developing. These classic hallucinogens, functioning via specific serotonin receptor pharmacology, are being rigorously examined. Psilocybin, a tryptophan-based alkaloid found naturally, is a key focus. Current drug studies are evaluating its chemistry and proposed therapeutic mechanisms for Psychiatry. This review synthesizes the existing evidence base, guiding future chemical synthesis and psychological applications.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics such as psilocybin, ketamine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are 5HT2A serotonin receptor agonists that produce individua...
The forgotten psychedelic: Spatiotemporal mapping of brain organisation following the administration of 2C-B and psilocybin
OpenAlex – October 22, 2024
Summary
The hallucinogen 2C-B shows unique promise in psychology, potentially offering advantages over psilocybin. In 22 healthy volunteers, administration of 20 mg 2C-B, 15 mg psilocybin, or placebo was explored via 7T fMRI. Both psychedelics increased brain complexity and between-network connectivity. Crucially, 2C-B exhibited less pronounced reductions in certain brain connections but elevated others, reflecting distinct neuropharmacological profiles. These insights are vital for neuroscience and cognitive psychology, guiding future drug studies and potential new pharmacotherapies.
Abstract
As psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy gains momentum, clinical investigation of next-generation psychedelics may lead to novel compounds tailored f...
Psilocybin induces sex- and context-specific recruitment of the stress axis
Current Biology – December 09, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin robustly activates the body's stress system via specific hypothalamic neurons, with more pronounced responses observed in female mice. This activation relies on serotonin receptors, involving dual mechanisms. Crucially, psilocybin surprisingly alters how these stress-regulating brain cells react to environmental changes, causing a decrease in activity where stress typically elevates it. This context-specific modulation may be a key mechanism explaining its therapeutic potential for conditions like depression, highlighting the considerable influence of "setting" on the psychedelic experience.
Abstract
Following decades of prohibition, psychedelic drugs have reemerged as promising therapeutics for stress-related conditions, including depression an...
Use of alternative therapy with Psilocybin in oncologic patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders - integrative review
Research Society and Development – August 19, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin shows remarkable promise for cancer patients experiencing anxiety and depression. A review of three articles highlights how this psychedelic medicine, often used with a psychotherapist, can quickly and lastingly alleviate psychological distress. Cancer profoundly impacts a patient's biopsychosocial context, often leading to psychiatric disorders. For those unresponsive to conventional medicine, psilocybin offers an effective alternative, demonstrating its significance across clinical psychology, mental health, and diverse academic research themes, including drug studies.
Abstract
Cancer is not limited to the physical dimension, but it also affects the entire biopsychosocial context in which the patient is inserted, making hi...
B - 61 Psilocybin as a First-Line Treatment of ADHD in Adult Populations
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology – September 12, 2024
Summary
Microdosing Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, shows compelling promise for adult ADHD symptom management. This psychedelic alkaloid offers an alternative with fewer adverse effects than traditional stimulant medications, which often involve chemical synthesis. Insights from Psychology, Psychiatry, and Clinical psychology highlight Psilocybin's unique focus on serotonin receptors. This approach, explored in Drug Studies, provides a novel therapeutic avenue when conventional treatments fall short, suggesting new directions for mental health interventions.
Abstract
Abstract Objectives The first line for symptom management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a class of medications that act on ...
Serotonin and psilocybin activate 5-HT1B receptors to suppress cortical signaling through the claustrum
Nature Communications – August 19, 2025
Summary
The classic hallucinogen psilocybin directly targets the brain's claustrum, a key structure in cortical network states. Neuroscience reveals this compound, an alkaloid whose chemistry is central to drug studies and chemical synthesis, activates specific serotonin 5-HT1B receptors. This neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior involves suppressing signaling from the anterior cingulate cortex to claustrum neurons. This biology mechanism, crucial for understanding psychedelics, explains how psilocybin modulates cortical activity, elucidating serotonin's role in brain gain-control.
Abstract
Through its widespread reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex, the claustrum is implicated in sleep and waking cortical network states. Ye...
Modified E. coli pump out psilocybin
C&EN Global Enterprise – October 07, 2019
Summary
A major advance in Chemistry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies: bacteria now efficiently produce psilocybin, the psychoactive compound from magic mushrooms. This breakthrough allows *E. coli* to act as tiny bioreactors, manufacturing large quantities crucial for Mental Health and Psychiatry. Psilocybin, discovered decades ago and with its enzymatic pathway detailed in 2017, is in clinical trials for depression. Optimizing this biological assembly, potentially leveraging Computer Science for process efficiency, overcomes synthetic hurdles for its complex molecular structure. This scalable method could meet future demand for this promising psychedelic.
Abstract
A team of researchers has turned Escherichia coli into tiny bioreactors that can manufacture large amounts of psilocybin, the ingredient in magic m...
PSYCHEDELICS IN PSYCHIATRY - OVERVIEW OF PSILOCYBIN RESEARCH
International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science – September 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is emerging as a groundbreaking treatment in Psychiatry. An overview of 26 diverse academic research themes, including Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveals its significant antidepressant effects for Major Depressive Disorders. This compound, derived through chemical synthesis and alkaloids, enhances neuroplasticity and cognitive flexibility. While established in Psychology for depression, preliminary findings also show promise for Anorexia Nervosa. Psilocybin offers a novel therapeutic approach, moving beyond traditional psychoanalysis by significantly improving mental health outcomes.
Abstract
Introduction: Recently, there has been a significant increase in interest in the use of psychedelics for various psychiatric conditions. Psilocybin...
PTSD Treatment: An Inquiry into the Promising Potential of Psilocybin
Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research – July 24, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, holds significant promise within clinical psychology and psychiatry for treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This serotonergic compound, explored in diverse academic research themes, appears to alleviate dysphoria and anxiety by positively influencing mood regulation. Derived through chemical synthesis and alkaloids, psilocybin enhances introspection and reduces amygdala reactivity, pivotal for fear extinction. As a psychedelic, it offers a novel adjunct to psychotherapist-led interventions, directly addressing symptoms and potentially improving patient outcomes.
Abstract
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health condition that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. ...
Psilocybin: Systematic review of its use in the treatment of depression
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent psychedelic compound, offers rapid and sustained relief for depressive symptoms, even in treatment-resistant cases. A systematic review of drug studies published between 2019 and 2024, focusing on this alkaloid, revealed significant improvements compared to standard treatments. Often derived through chemical synthesis, psilocybin provides symptomatic relief with fewer treatment sessions and a favorable safety profile. This suggests a promising new direction in psychedelics and drug studies for mental health.
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound, has shown potential in treating depression, especially in cases resistant to conventional treatmen...
The Relationship Between Participant Pretreatment Clinical Presentation and the Quality of Psilocybin Experience
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – December 09, 2025
Summary
The intensity of a psilocybin experience is overwhelmingly driven by the dose, not individual traits. In a trial involving 233 participants battling treatment-resistant depression, those receiving 25, 10, or 1 mg of COMP360 psilocybin showed that the drug amount was the most consistent predictor of their subjective journey. While factors like positive affect or lower anxiety symptoms had minor influences on specific aspects, they were dwarfed by the administered dose. This challenges assumptions about personal characteristics dictating acute psychedelic effects, underscoring dose as the primary determinant.
Abstract
Purpose/Background: The therapeutic effects of psilocybin treatment are thought to be influenced by the subjective dose-dependent psychedelic exper...
Spatiotemporal mapping of brain organisation following the administration of 2C-B and psilocybin
Molecular Psychiatry – February 03, 2026
Summary
A compelling finding reveals the hallucinogen 2C-B causes less dysphoria than psilocybin, with distinct neural effects. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 22 healthy volunteers, brain mapping showed both compounds altered functional connectivity across key brain regions like the temporal lobe. 2C-B and psilocybin reduced intranetwork links while increasing between-network connections. 2C-B uniquely elevated transmodal functional connectivity. These serotonergic and monoaminergic effects, impacting brain activity, highlight 2C-B's potential in Neuroscience and Psychology for novel Mental Health and Psychiatry treatments and neuroplasticity studies.
Abstract
As psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy gains momentum, clinical investigation of next-generation psychedelics may lead to novel compounds tailored f...
Age and cannabis co-use are associated with differences in experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin: a retrospective study
OpenAlex – December 10, 2025
Summary
Combining psilocybin with cannabis may enhance therapeutic benefits, improving perceived quality of life, anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse. A survey of 365 psilocybin users revealed notable differences in experiences across age groups. Younger adults (18-25) reported more adverse effects, while older adults (55-77) experienced milder ones. Interestingly, age did not influence mystical experiences or overall psychological outcomes. Younger users also co-used nicotine more frequently. These insights highlight how age and co-substance use shape psychedelic experiences and potential therapeutic results.
Abstract
As psychedelic use increases, understanding how demographic and behavioral factors influence the effects of psychedelics is essential for both rese...
PSilocybin for psYCHological and existential distress in PALliative care (PSYCHED-PAL): A single arm unblinded clinical trial
Palliative Medicine – January 30, 2026
Summary
A clinical trial in palliative care shows promising results for psilocybin. Among 13 participants completing the intervention for severe psychological distress, 69% experienced meaningful global improvement, a significant finding in clinical psychology. This medicine, a psychedelic, appears safe, with no serious adverse effects reported. Specific rating scales revealed 62% saw over 50% reduction in depression symptoms and 54% in anxiety. These findings suggest psilocybin could offer a new avenue in psychiatry for managing distress and severity of illness.
Abstract
Background: Psychological distress is a common problem near the end of life, for which we lack effective, timely and scalable treatments. No previo...
Effects of LSD and Psilocybin on Heart Rate in Patients Receiving Psychedelic Treatment for Depressive and Anxiety Disorders: A Retrospective Observational Study
Psychology International – December 19, 2025
Summary
LSD and psilocybin elicit distinct heart rate responses in patients undergoing psychedelic therapy. Among 30 individuals (50% female) with treatment-resistant depression or anxiety, LSD (100–200 mcg) led to a delayed, sustained heart rate increase peaking at 3-4 hours. In contrast, psilocybin (15–30 mg) showed an earlier decline. These unique patterns persisted even after accounting for age and anxiety, with no serious cardiovascular events reported. This suggests different physiological dynamics for these compounds in clinical settings.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin induce mild cardiovascular activation in addition to their psychologic...
Psilocybin: clinical potential, mechanistic insights, and biotechnological advances for scalable production.
World journal of microbiology & biotechnology – December 31, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin shows rapid, sustained antidepressant effects, offering significant promise for Major depressive disorder. Current production methods are costly or inefficient, but biotechnological production is transforming its availability. Through metabolic engineering, microbes like *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* and *Aspergillus nidulans* produce over 200 mg/L. Further engineering of *E. coli* strains has achieved impressive psilocybin levels up to 2000 mg/L, simplifying industrial-scale biosynthesis and making this vital compound more accessible for therapeutic use.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a tryptamine-derived alkaloid from Psilocybe mushrooms, has emerged as a high-value biopharmaceutical candidate due to its promising ap...
A comparative assessment of the antidepressant efficacy of ketamine, psilocybin, and fluoxetine in a chronic stress model
Scientific Reports – November 26, 2025
Summary
Ketamine and psilocybin demonstrate rapid antidepressant effects, significantly reversing social avoidance in male C57BL/6J mice within 24 hours after a single dose. In contrast, fluoxetine, a common SSRI, showed no significant impact until after 14 days of continuous treatment. This study utilized a chronic social defeat stress model with 60 mice to assess these treatments. The findings underscore the potential of fast-acting therapies like ketamine and psilocybin as viable alternatives for treating major depressive disorder, contrasting sharply with traditional medications that require prolonged administration.
Abstract
Depression is a debilitating mental disorder affecting millions worldwide, yet current pharmacological treatments, such as selective serotonin reup...
Psilocybin as a novel treatment for chronic pain
British Journal of Pharmacology – November 29, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, holds significant promise in medicine for chronic pain relief. Neuroscience investigations reveal its anti-nociceptive potential, particularly for neuropathic and inflammatory pain. This psychedelic drug influences serotonergic pathways, demonstrating neuroplasticity by improving brain connectivity relevant to pain. Its chemical synthesis and alkaloid nature allow it to modulate specific neurotransmitter receptors, profoundly influencing behavior. Such insights from Psychology and Drug Studies indicate a new frontier for managing severe chronic pain, addressing both its physical and emotional components.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic drugs are under active consideration for clinical use and have generated significant interest for their potential as anti‐noci...
Knowledge, attitudes, and concerns about psilocybin and MDMA as novel therapies among U.S. healthcare professionals.
Scientific reports – November 14, 2024
Summary
Healthcare providers show strong support for psychedelic therapy, with psilocybin and MDMA gaining acceptance as promising treatments. In a survey of 879 medical professionals, most believed in these hallucinogens' therapeutic potential, particularly for depression and PTSD. While attitudes were positive, knowledge gaps exist about clinical applications and safety protocols.
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with substances like psilocybin and MDMA has shown promise for conditions including depression and post-traumati...
Hypertensive Emergency Secondary to Combining Psilocybin Mushrooms, Extended Release Dextroamphetamine-Amphetamine, and Tranylcypromine
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 21, 2024
Summary
A 42-year-old man suffered a hypertensive emergency after combining 1g of *Psilocybe cubensis* mushrooms, a potent hallucinogen, with Tranylcypromine and Dextroamphetamine-Amphetamine medicine. This rare event, observed in drug studies, highlights critical pharmacology concerns. The interaction, possibly involving phenylethylamine—an alkaloid found in the mushrooms—and the prescribed amphetamines, dramatically influenced his neurotransmitter receptors. Despite symptoms of a heart attack, emergency cardiac catheterization revealed no damage. This case underscores the dangers of combining psilocybin with MAOIs and norepinephrine-releasing drugs.
Abstract
Data on medication interactions with psychedelics are limited. Here we present what may be the first published report of a hypertensive emergency f...
The effect of psilocybin on empathy and prosocial behavior: a proposed mechanism for enduring antidepressant effects.
Npj mental health research – February 20, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin's ability to boost empathy and social connection may explain its lasting effects on depression. The compound appears to create a positive cycle: increased empathy leads to more meaningful social interactions, which further enhances emotional well-being. This natural feedback loop could explain why a single dose can have benefits lasting months, working differently from traditional daily antidepressants.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic shown to have enduring antidepressant effects. Currently, the mechanism for its enduring effects is not we...
Single-Dose Synthetic Psilocybin With Psychotherapy for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Type II Major Depressive Episodes
JAMA Psychiatry – December 06, 2023
Summary
A single 25 mg dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin, alongside psychotherapy, delivered striking results for treatment-resistant depression in Bipolar II disorder. Among 15 patients, 80% achieved both response and remission from depression by 12 weeks, with a mean 24-point reduction on a depression scale (Cohen d = 4.08) at three weeks. This advance in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, exploring chemical synthesis and alkaloids affecting neurotransmitter receptors, offers a promising new direction for Psychology, Psychiatry, and Medicine.
Abstract
Importance Bipolar II disorder (BDII) is a debilitating condition frequently associated with difficult-to-treat depressive episodes. Psilocybin has...
The development of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression: an update
BJPsych Bulletin – June 26, 2023
Summary
A compelling finding reveals psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, holds promise for treatment-resistant depression. Recent clinical trials show a 25 mg dose, alongside psychotherapeutic support, significantly improved mood and anxiety symptoms compared to a placebo. This medicine, a naturally occurring alkaloid, influences neurotransmitter receptors, offering a novel approach in psychiatry. With phase 3 trials imminent, psychedelics and drug studies are rapidly advancing. Addressing the profound economic burden of depression, this psychological intervention could revolutionize patient care, requiring skilled psychotherapists.
Abstract
Summary Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic drug that has attracted increasing research interest over the past 10 years as a possible treatment for...
Increased low-frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression.
Journal of affective disorders – July 15, 2023
Summary
Music's emotional impact on the brain becomes stronger after psychedelic therapy, according to brain imaging research. Scientists found that people with depression showed enhanced brain responses to music after receiving psilocybin treatment. Using fMRI scans, researchers observed increased activity in areas linked to music processing and emotional response, suggesting that psychedelic therapy may help restore the brain's natural ability to find joy in musical experiences.
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy with psilocybin is an emerging therapy with great promise for depression, and modern psychedelic therapy (PT) me...
Psilocybin and Chronic Pain: A New Perspective for Future Pain Therapists?
Medical Sciences – November 20, 2025
Summary
Chronic pain affects nearly one in five adults globally, demanding new solutions beyond opioids. Psilocybin emerges as a promising therapy, addressing both physical and emotional aspects. Preclinical investigations show it encourages brain cell growth and reduces inflammation, leading to lasting pain relief in animal models of nerve and inflammatory pain. Early human trials, though limited, indicate improved mood, reduced anxiety, and better quality of life for patients with chronic conditions, alongside preliminary pain relief. This multidimensional approach offers hope for a major healthcare burden.
Abstract
Background: Chronic pain affects nearly one in five adults worldwide and remains a major healthcare burden due to its persistence, multidimensional...
More Realistic Forecasting of Future Life Events After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Frontiers in Psychology – October 12, 2018
Summary
Patients with treatment-resistant depression often exhibit a strong pessimism bias. Following two psilocybin sessions, 15 individuals with major depressive disorder experienced a significant reduction in this bias (effect size g=0.7) and greatly improved depressive symptoms (g=1.9). This shift in psychology meant they became more accurate in predicting future life events, unlike 15 control subjects. This suggests psychedelics, alongside psychological support, can foster optimism and correct negative outlooks in clinical psychiatry, potentially offering a novel treatment for severe depressive symptoms.
Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests that classical psychedelics can promote enduring changes in personality, attitudes and optimism, as well as improveme...
Metabolism of psilocybin and psilocin: clinical and forensic toxicological relevance
Drug Metabolism Reviews – January 02, 2017
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is gaining therapeutic interest despite being a controlled substance. Its pharmacology involves conversion from a pro-drug to active psilocin through a crucial chemical transformation. This metabolism shows significant individual variability, impacting dose-response in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Understanding these alkaloids is vital for precise clinical application. For Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, identifying metabolites like psilocin-O-glucuronide is key. The chemistry of these compounds underscores their complex physiological effects, highlighting the need for careful consideration in therapeutic settings.
Abstract
Psilocybin and psilocin are controlled substances in many countries. These are the two main hallucinogenic compounds of the "magic mushrooms" and b...