1286 results for "MDMA"
Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines
Neuropharmacology – August 13, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA, combined with psychosocial support, offer profound potential for safe, rapid, and durable clinical improvements. Both have earned FDA Breakthrough Therapy designations, with similar regulatory considerations occurring in multiple countries, signaling expanding access to these medicines. As the field of psychedelics and drug studies grows, critical policy considerations for public health and business ethics are paramount. Safeguarding consumer protection and ensuring equitable access require a diverse community of stakeholders from medicine, psychology, and engineering ethics to co-create best practices and public relations strategies.
Abstract
There is mounting evidence suggesting psychedelic and entactogen medicines (namely psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), in con...
Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in drug using university students
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – June 01, 2006
Summary
Alcohol frequently initiates polysubstance dependence, dictating drug consumption sequence. Interviews with 149 university students revealed alcohol was consumed first when co-administered with drugs like cannabis, psilocybin (a hallucinogen), MDMA, or amphetamine. Alcohol intake also increased with cocaine or methylphenidate, and tobacco use rose. This complex drug pharmacology in a forensic toxicology context informs psychiatry, psychology, and medicine, guiding substance abuse treatment and outcomes by understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) is a common phenomenon, yet little is known about how various substances are used with one another. I...
Experienced Drug Users Assess the Relative Harms and Benefits of Drugs: A Web-Based Survey
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2013
Summary
Experienced drug users consider alcohol and tobacco more harmful than many illicit substances. A survey of 93 individuals familiar with 11 different drugs revealed that MDMA (Ecstasy), psilocybin, LSD, and Cannabis were consistently ranked among the least harmful. These same psychedelics and the cannabis drug were also highly rated for their potential benefits, often cited for therapeutic applications in psychology and psychiatry, rather than just recreational use. This perspective offers valuable insight for drug studies, pharmacology, and forensic toxicology, suggesting a nuanced understanding of these substances as potential medicine.
Abstract
A web-based survey was used to consult the opinions of experienced drug users on matters related to drug harms. We identified a rare sample of 93 d...
Psychedelic Integration: Psychotherapy for non-ordinary states of consciousness
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – November 16, 2023
Summary
Psychedelic research is exploding, indicating substances like MDMA and psilocybin may soon be mainstream for conditions like PTSD and depression. This shift in Psychology and Drug Studies necessitates trained psychotherapists to support profound non-ordinary states of consciousness. Psychologist and psychotherapist Marc B. Aixalà, with a decade of experience, exemplifies this expertise. Involved in early psilocybin trials, his work focuses on safely integrating psychedelic experiences, even when therapists weren't present for the initial journey. This evolving field demands professionals adept at guiding individuals through significant shifts in consciousness.
Abstract
Recent years have seen a global explosion in the field of psychedelic research, popularizing of use of non-ordinary states of consciousness to aid ...
Acute recreational drug toxicity
Medicine – January 31, 2018
Summary
When addressing acute recreational drug toxicity, self-reports for Heroin (86.1%) and Cocaine (74.1%) largely matched toxicology results. A two-year analysis of 831 cases revealed 100% agreement for Methadone and 95.5% for cocaine between initial and confirmatory drug analysis. However, initial amphetamine tests were less consistent (81.8%). Advanced forensic toxicology identified Ecstasy (MDMA), methamphetamine, and other amphetamines even when initial screenings were negative, underscoring challenges in drug analysis for certain recreational drugs and hallucinogens.
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare self-reported and analytically confirmed substance use in cases of acute recreational drug toxicity.We performe...
Psychoactive Drugs in the Management of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Promising New Horizon
Cureus – May 23, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics are offering a powerful new frontier in Psychiatry, particularly for traumatic stress and anxiety. Compounds like MDMA and the hallucinogen Psilocybin emerge as innovative medicine, directly targeting fear pathways to alleviate severe PTSD symptoms. This psychopharmacology, often integrated with a psychotherapist's guidance, shows promise for treatment-resistant cases. Renewed Psychedelics and Drug Studies are propelling exploration beyond traditional approaches, hinting at broader applications for brain disorders, potentially including Treatment of Major Depression, and exploring Tryptophan pathways.
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that often presents after exposure to a traumatic, life-threatening event. Experiencin...
Psychotherapie mit adjuvanter Gabe von serotonergen psychoaktiven Substanzen – Möglichkeiten und Hindernisse
Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie – July 01, 2017
Summary
Psychedelics like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide are re-emerging as powerful tools in psychiatry. These serotonergic hallucinogens and MDMA show promise in psychotherapist-guided medicine. Drug studies indicate efficacy for anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, and addiction, influencing neurotransmitter receptors and behavior. Psychology and medicine are exploring their potential. Forensic toxicology and drug analysis will increasingly examine these compounds.
Abstract
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Der Einsatz von serotonergen Halluzinogenen (Psychedelika) wie Lysergsäure-Diethylamid (LSD) und Psilocybin und Entakto...
Race, Ethnic, and Sex Differences in Prevalence of and Trends in Hallucinogen Consumption Among Lifetime Users in the United States Between 2015 and 2019
Frontiers in Epidemiology – March 23, 2022
Summary
Asian females exhibit the highest past-year hallucinogen use (35.06%), over twice that of White males/females. An analysis of 41,060 lifetime users reveals significant demography in psychedelic patterns. Pacific Islander males, a distinct ethnic group, had peak mescaline use (28.27%). Black, Asian, and Multiracial individuals had greater odds (1.20–2.06) of recent hallucinogen use than White people. Females generally had lower odds, except for MDMA. These insights into psilocybin and other hallucinogen use are vital for understanding drug studies and potential medicine applications across diverse populations.
Abstract
Background The current study is one of the first to examine race, ethnic, and sex differences in the prevalence of and trends in hallucinogen use a...
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: A literature review and three case reports
Journal of Addictive Diseases – October 02, 2018
Summary
More than 50% of hallucinogen users may experience persistent perception disorder, a condition often underdiagnosed in Psychiatry and Psychology. This involves visual hallucination. Three cases illustrate types: a 23-year-old developed symptoms after Psilocybin and Cannabis, recurring with natural cannabinoids. Surprisingly, two others developed severe visual impairments after Ecstasy (MDMA), despite it not being a typical hallucinogen. Clinicians in Medicine and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, including Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, need awareness, relevant to Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
The paper describes diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation and types of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), as well as current ...
Reported effects of psychedelic use on those with low well-being given various emotional states and social contexts
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2020
Summary
Individuals with low psychological well-being (643 respondents) were more likely to report positive mood changes after using psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide or psilocybin, and MDMA. An online survey of 1967 individuals revealed these hallucinogens were often used in positive mood states (set), typically at home. Importantly for clinical psychology, increased neuroticism, a personality trait, correlated with greater positive mood shifts, alongside more negative experiences. This highlights potential for psychiatry in Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that the outcome of the psychedelic experience is dependent on set and setting. While scientific research into the...
Psychedelic medicines for mood disorders: current evidence and clinical considerations
Current Opinion in Psychiatry – November 15, 2021
Summary
MDMA shows compelling Phase III clinical trial evidence for treating PTSD, highlighting the promise of psychedelic medicine. Psilocybin, a serotonergic hallucinogen, combined with psychological support, effectively addresses depression and other mood disorders. These drug studies in clinical psychology and psychiatry explore how such compounds influence neurotransmitter receptors, offering new avenues for conditions like anxiety. While promising, current medicine often involves small sample sizes.
Abstract
Purpose of review Despite advances in treatment modalities for mood disorders over recent decades, further therapeutic options are still required. ...
Exploring the Impact of Recreational Drugs on Suicidal Behavior: A Narrative Review
Psychoactives – July 03, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, may offer a surprising protective effect against suicidal behavior, a key finding for clinical psychology and psychiatry. While many recreational drugs, including cannabis, methamphetamine, heroin, and nicotine, are linked to increased suicide risk and substance abuse, psilocybin and ketamine show potential for reducing it. This insight for medicine and drug studies challenges conventional views on recreational use. The complex interplay between addiction and mental health highlights the varied impact of psychedelics and other drugs, with MDMA's role still under investigation.
Abstract
Substance use/abuse and suicide are two closely related phenomena, mostly due to neurobiological, psychological, and social impairments. In the pre...
A regulatory framework review of Schedule I psychedelics in the United States
JACCP JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY – June 12, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA, powerful hallucinogens, are paradoxically designated "Breakthrough Therapy" by the Food and Drug Administration, even as federal Legislation from 1970 classifies them as Schedule I substances. This regulatory conflict significantly impacts Medicine, Psychiatry, and Psychology, limiting patient access despite promising applications. Understanding this complex intersection of Political science, Business, and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, from chemical synthesis to forensic toxicology analysis, is vital. Clinicians must navigate these policies to inform patient care and shape future drug legislation.
Abstract
Abstract Psychoactive substances such as psilocybin and 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐methamphetamine (MDMA) are currently being investigated for a variety of...
Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelics in Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders, Part 2
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry – February 23, 2021
Summary
High-dose psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly reduced Major Depressive Disorder and Anxiety in a randomized controlled trial of 51 cancer patients, sustained in 80% at six months. This compelling finding in Clinical Psychology highlights psychedelics' potential in Psychiatry. Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, and MDMA are gaining traction in Medicine, exploring their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior to improve mood. Drug Studies are advancing chemical synthesis and alkaloids for these therapies.
Abstract
P sychedelics have recently gained attention as compounds with therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.The US Food and Drug...
Licit use of illicit drugs for treating depression: the pill and the process
Journal of Clinical Investigation – June 16, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA, powerful hallucinogens, consistently show promise in Psychiatry for treating Anxiety and other disorders, but always alongside a psychotherapist. This highlights the crucial role of Context and psychological Intervention in medicine. Ketamine, another potent drug, also benefits from such support. Future clinical psychology trials must compare these psychedelics and other drugs alone versus with structured psychological support, understanding how Expectancy theory and Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior contribute to therapeutic outcomes. This approach is vital for advancing Drug Studies and the application of chemical synthesis in medicine.
Abstract
Psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine have emerged as potentially effective treatments for rapid amelioration of the symptoms of mood and related psychiat...
Implementing psychedelic-assisted therapy: History and characteristics of the Swiss limited medical use program
Neuroscience Applied – January 01, 2025
Summary
Switzerland's unique program allows 723 patients with incurable diseases access to psychedelic therapy. Around 100 physicians provided approximately 1660 treatments in 2024 using MDMA (245 patients), psilocybin (348 patients), or LSD (130 patients). This medical approach, blending Psychology and Drug Studies, offers hope where conventional Medicine falls short, demonstrating a diverse academic application of chemical alkaloids.
Abstract
This article describes the Swiss limited access program for psychedelic/3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy. The Swiss Federa...
Journey To The Centre Of The Mind: Psychedelic Treatment of Mental Health in Aotearoa
OpenAlex – January 16, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA are already vital for mental health in Aotearoa, where exploratory qualitative research reveals a robust underground community. Through thematic analysis of participant experiences, this psychology-focused work shows individuals successfully self-medicating with hallucinogens like psilocybin and LSD, achieving long-lasting benefits. Due to conventional psychiatry access issues, participants craft their own treatment. These natural compound pharmacology studies offer critical insights for psychedelics and drug studies, suggesting rescheduling for legal use, either for self-medication or as adjunct to psychotherapy, addressing prohibition's stigma.
Abstract
<p>Examining participants’ experiences self-medicating with LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA, this exploratory study sought to determine whether psy...
Weiterbildung in Psychedelika-assistierter Therapie – Erfahrungen aus der Schweiz
Die Psychotherapie – February 08, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like MDMA, LSD, and psilocybin show promise for treating affective disorders. For safe and effective Psychedelics-assisted Therapy (PAT), specialized therapist training is paramount. Existing programs globally, and in Switzerland since 2018, highlight the need for diverse qualifications. Switzerland's health authorities grant limited medical use permits for these compounds, which are products of chemical synthesis. This emerging field, relevant to Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, emphasizes structured education. The increasing demand and limited supply underscore the political science challenge of expanding quality training, ensuring patient access across various healthcare needs, potentially including those in gynecology.
Abstract
Zusammenfassung Erste Studienergebnisse zeigen ein Potenzial von Psychedelika und 3,4-Methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamin (MDMA) für die Behandlung vo...
Psychedelics and psychiatric disorders: A emerging role
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics like Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and Mescaline, along with MDMA, demonstrate significant, enduring therapeutic potential in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. These hallucinogens offer immediate anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects, proving effective for depression, cancer-related anxiety, PTSD, and addiction. In Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies show these compounds, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptors, are well-tolerated. Adverse effects are few and transient, including mild nausea or anxiety, with no serious persistent issues reported.
Abstract
Introduction Recently there has been renewal in interest of psychedelic research. Classic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ps...
THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PSYCHEDELICS FOR MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT EVIDENCE
PARIPEX INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH – May 15, 2023
Summary
Psychoactive substances like psilocybin, MDMA, and Ayahuasca show groundbreaking potential for mental health. These hallucinogens are transforming psychiatry and clinical psychology, offering new medicine for severe anxiety, depression, and PTSD resistant to traditional treatments. Research in Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights their effectiveness, suggesting how their chemical synthesis and alkaloid nature influence behavior through neurotransmitter receptors. Psychotherapists may soon integrate these compounds, revolutionizing mental health care.
Abstract
The purpose of this review article is to give a summary of the literature on the use of psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, and ...
Hallucinogenic Persisting Perception Disorder: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Frontiers in Neurology – May 06, 2022
Summary
Only 25% of individuals fully recover from Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD), a challenging condition for Psychology and Psychiatry. This re-emergence of perceptual symptoms, including visual hallucinations and visual snow, follows drug cessation. A review of 24 cases and 13 patients links HPPD to Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and MDMA use. Symptoms often mimic Visual Snow Syndrome, crucial for Medicine. Understanding HPPD's Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is vital for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, guiding diagnosis and treatment within Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Background Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is characterized by the re-emergence of perceptual symptoms experienced during acute ...
THE BENEFITS OF PSYCHEDELIC THERAPY FOR MENTAL HEALTH: EXPLORING PSYCHEDELICS
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – May 13, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic psychotherapy shows profound promise for mental health. A systematic review highlights how **Psilocybin** and other **hallucinogens** significantly benefit individuals battling depression, anxiety, and PTSD. This innovative approach in **Psychiatry** demonstrates that **Psilocybin** and DMT effectively reduce anxiety and depression levels, while MDMA powerfully decreases PTSD symptoms. For **psychotherapists** and **Health and Well-being Studies**, this signals a transformative era in **mental health** care, where these compounds, guided by principles of **Psychology** and **Clinical Psychology**, could offer new hope.
Abstract
This project is a systematic review that highlights how beneficial psychedelic psychotherapy can be to those suffering with mental illness. The thr...
Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelics: Mechanisms, Applications, and Challenges
Pharmaceutical science. – August 27, 2025
Summary
A compelling resurgence reveals psychedelics' profound potential for treating mental disorders and addictions, a critical area in Psychology and Drug Studies. Psilocybin, an alkaloid, demonstrates efficacy for treatment-resistant depression, cancer-associated anxiety, alcohol use disorder, and nicotine dependence. MDMA, combined with psychotherapy, offers promise for post-traumatic stress disorder. Ayahuasca also aids various substance use disorders. These substances exert their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, with implications for Chemical synthesis. Evidence strongly supports their therapeutic value and safety.
Abstract
The resurgence of research on the use of psychedelic substances for the treatment of mental disorders and addictions has generated significant inte...
Interview with Allen Kalpin and Reiko Ikemoto-Joseph: psychedelics and ISTDP
Journal of Contemporary ISTDP – March 14, 2025
Summary
A profound shift in mental healthcare is imminent. MDMA, a psychedelic drug, is expected to be prescribable for PTSD by late 2024, representing a major milestone in Drug Studies. This development, alongside large-scale psilocybin trials, promises new therapeutic frontiers in Psychology. Practitioners with a background in Psychoanalysis are exploring how these substances, including ketamine, can facilitate "breakthrough experiences" and unleash patients' inner healing intelligence. Two prominent therapists offer first-person perspectives on integrating these powerful tools into contemporary practice.
Abstract
Psychedelic science is growing at a rapid pace, and as evidence accrues, we will most likely see authorization of the use of substances such as psi...
Plant Medicine Healing! Discovering the Roots of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Mental Health
Advances in Research – January 30, 2023
Summary
Over 700 million individuals globally suffer from mental illness, highlighting the urgent need for new medicine. Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy offers astounding, fast results where traditional treatments often fall short. Supervised sessions by a clinical psychology psychotherapist or psychiatrist, integrating compounds like psilocybin, MDMA, and lysergic acid diethylamide, are transforming mental health care. This emerging field of psychiatry and psychology is exploring these powerful hallucinogens for conditions like anxiety, representing a new promise in drug studies.
Abstract
Roughly over 700 million individuals suffer from a mental illness globally. In the United States alone, over 45 million individuals are afflicted w...
Exploring the first use of psychedelic macrodoses in Latin American adults: Sociodemographic profiles, consumption factors, and subjective experiences
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – November 20, 2025
Summary
When Latin Americans first try psychedelic macrodoses, 86.3% continue using them, often citing lack of opportunity as the only reason for not repeating. A survey of 4,810 adults found psilocybin mushrooms (57.6%) and LSD (33.3%) were most common, primarily for recreational (70.5%) or spiritual (21.6%) purposes. Most consumed with friends (65.7%). Psilocybin was linked to introspection, MDMA to empathy. This offers crucial insight into non-clinical psychedelic use, guiding public health and harm reduction efforts.
Abstract
Abstract This study explores the first-time use of psychedelic macrodoses among Latin American adults, addressing a gap in the literature regarding...
Development of a large volume injection technique for a portable gas chromatograph with a ball surface acoustic wave sensor.
The Review of scientific instruments – February 01, 2026
Summary
A novel portable device can detect drug simulants in urine at incredibly low concentrations, achieving a detection limit of just 23 ng/ml – far below the 250 ng/ml cutoff for MDMA. This advance utilizes a large volume injection technique, enabling portable gas chromatographs to analyze liquid samples up to 50 μl, a significant increase from the usual 1 μl limit. The system confirmed linear responses across these larger volumes and shows promise for quantitative analysis using retention indices, expanding on-site chemical detection capabilities.
Abstract
Most portable gas chromatographs (GCs) were designed exclusively for gas samples. If they can handle liquid samples too, the range of application i...
An Update on the Epidemiology of Tusi ("Pink Cocaine").
Current addiction reports – January 01, 2025
Summary
"Pink cocaine," or Tusi, is a dangerous polysubstance mixture emerging globally, with its inconsistent composition posing significant risks. Drug checking programs reveal Tusi typically contains Ketamine and MDMA, but other substances are frequently added, creating unpredictable blends. Data from Spain indicates Ketamine concentrations in Tusi have increased. This variability, combined with frequent polysubstance use, elevates health risks. Tusi exemplifies a trend where drug identity is linked to color and nightlife, complicating harm reduction efforts.
Abstract
Tusi, also known as "pink cocaine," has emerged across nightlife scenes in Latin America, Europe, Australia, and the United States (US). Tusi is ty...
Qualitative Screening of Amphetamine- and Ketamine-Type Abuse Drugs in Urine Employing Dual Mode Extraction Column by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS-MS).
Journal of analytical toxicology – January 24, 2023
Summary
A new, rapid method can detect 11 different illicit and designer drugs in just 0.2 mL of urine, crucial for forensic investigations. This technique identifies drugs like ketamine and its analogues at ultralow levels, down to 1 ng/mL. Other substances, including methamphetamine and MDMA, are detectable at 3 ng/mL. Employing a novel dual mode extraction, the process ensures high accuracy with matrix effects ranging from -12% to 7%. This advancement significantly aids forensic toxicology and the detection of drugs used in criminal acts.
Abstract
This manuscript reported a fast and rapid qualitative screening method for abuse drugs in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (...
ELISA Detection of 30 New Amphetamine Designer Drugs in Whole Blood, Urine and Oral Fluid using Neogen®“Amphetamine” and “Methamphetamine/MDMA” Kits
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 11, 2016
Summary
Only 10% of 30 new amphetamine designer drugs tested positive using standard immunoassay kits, even at high concentrations of 10,000 ng/mL. These kits, designed for detecting substances like amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA, showed limited effectiveness for the majority of new designer drugs in urine, blood, and oral fluid samples. This highlights a significant gap in forensic toxicology, as the assays cannot reliably identify these emerging substances in real-world scenarios, raising concerns about substance abuse detection and public health.
Abstract
Amphetamine designer drugs are central nervous system stimulants that are widely disseminated in the illegal market. Generally, in forensic laborat...
Enantiomeric Profiling of Chiral Drugs in Wastewater and Receiving Waters
Environmental Science & Technology – December 29, 2011
Summary
High stereoselectivity was observed for chiral drugs like atenolol and MDMA during wastewater treatment. In a 9-month monitoring program across 7 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 6 receiving water sites, the fate of enantiomers was assessed. Results indicated that activated sludge technology exhibited greater stereoselectivity compared to trickling filters. Seasonal variations also played a role, with increased stereoselectivity noted in spring and summer. These findings highlight the complex interactions of pharmaceutical compounds in environmental chemistry and their potential impacts on ecosystems.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to discuss the enantiomer-specific fate of chiral drugs during wastewater treatment and in receiving waters. Several chira...
Comparison of the monoamine transporters from human and mouse in their sensitivities to psychostimulant drugs
BMC Pharmacology – March 03, 2006
Summary
Cocaine effectively blocks all three monoamine transporters—dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin—at similar concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 μM. Methylphenidate shows strong inhibition of dopamine and norepinephrine transporters at about 0.1 μM, but requires a staggering 100 μM to affect serotonin transport. Amphetamine and methamphetamine display their highest potency at norepinephrine transporters (0.07–0.1 μM), while MDMA is notably more effective at serotonin than dopamine. These findings clarify how different stimulants disrupt neurotransmitter systems, informing their pharmacological profiles.
Abstract
Abstract Background The plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporters terminate neurotransmissions by the reuptake of the released neurotransmitter...
Discriminative stimulus effects of the optical isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
Behavioural Pharmacology – October 01, 1992
Summary
Isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) demonstrated distinct stimulus control in rats, with 1.25 mg/kg doses leading to significant drug lever selection. Both (-) and (+) MDA maintained appropriate responding for over 90 minutes, and cross-substitution occurred with MDMA isomers. Notably, the hallucinogen LSD substituted for both MDA isomers, while amphetamine and cocaine showed no similar effects. The findings suggest that (-) MDA may exhibit stronger hallucinogenic properties than (+) MDA, with its effects leaning more towards serotonergic activity.
Abstract
The isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) functioned as discriminative stimuli in rats trained to discriminate either (-) MDA (1.25mg/kg) ...
On the Metabolism and the Toxicological Analysis of Methylenedioxyphenylalkylamine Designer Drugs by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – August 01, 1996
Summary
Designer drugs like methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are increasingly misused, necessitating effective detection methods. A new gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was developed for identifying these substances in urine. This method successfully detects metabolites at a concentration range of 5-50 ng/ml, utilizing enzymatic hydrolysis, isolation at pH 8-9, and acetylation. The study identified specific metabolites through mass spectrometry, providing crucial support for forensic toxicology in monitoring drug abuse and intoxication effectively.
Abstract
Designer drugs of the methylenedioxyphenylalkylamine type are increasingly abused. Studies on their metabolism in humans are necessary to develop a...
Amphetamine toxicities
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – January 08, 2010
Summary
Long-term use of methamphetamine and MDMA leads to significant declines in neurotransmitter activity, impacting both nerve terminals and cell bodies in various brain regions. In studies involving rodents and nonhuman primates, around 60% exhibited signs of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress linked to these drugs. Damage extends to endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, exacerbated by chronic stress and HIV infection. These factors collectively heighten vulnerability to neurotoxicity, indicating a complex interplay of mechanisms that threaten neuronal health in affected individuals.
Abstract
The drugs of abuse, methamphetamine and MDMA, produce long‐term decreases in markers of biogenic amine neurotransmission. These decreases have been...
Analysis of Underivatized Amphetamines and Related Phenethylamines with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2000
Summary
The innovative method using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS) can effectively differentiate and quantify various phenethylamines, including amphetamines and designer drugs like MDMA and MDA. In a sample analysis, detection limits ranged from 1 to 5 microg/L, with recovery rates between 58% and 96%. This approach allows for simultaneous isolation of diverse drug groups from serum, making it invaluable in forensic toxicology. A linear response was observed for concentrations between 5 to 500 microg/L.
Abstract
Amphetamine, methamphetamine, illicit designer phenethylamines (MDA, MDEA, MDMA, MBDB, and BDMPEA), and other phenethylamines (benzyl-1-phenylethyl...
Matrix Effect and Cross-Reactivity of Select Amphetamine-Type Substances, Designer Analogues, and Putrefactive Amines using the Bio-Quant Direct ELISA Presumptive Assays for Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 2007
Summary
The Bio-Quant Direct ELISA assays for amphetamine and methamphetamine can detect substances at concentrations as low as 3 ng/mL, with interday variability ranging from 6.3% to 15.5%. In tests, the amphetamine kit showed significant cross-reactivity, detecting MDA (282%), PMA (265%), and phentermine (61%). The methamphetamine kit identified MDMA (73%) and pseudoephedrine (19%). Both kits effectively screen blood, urine, and saliva down to 6 ng/mL, proving valuable in forensic toxicology and drug analysis for various amphetamine-type substances.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the Bio-Quant Direct ELISA assays for amphetamine and methamphetamine in the routine presumptive screening of...
Simultaneous quantitative determination of amphetamines, ketamine, opiates and metabolites in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry – February 20, 2008
Summary
A newly validated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method effectively quantifies multiple drugs of abuse in human hair, including amphetamines like MDMA and opiates such as morphine and codeine. Analyzing 25 mg hair samples, the method achieved detection limits as low as 0.03 ng/mg for certain substances. With recoveries exceeding 88.6% for most compounds, this technique has demonstrated high precision and accuracy, making it suitable for comprehensive drug testing in forensic toxicology. Eight hair samples from known polydrug users were successfully analyzed, confirming its practical application.
Abstract
Abstract A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of common drugs of abuse in Asia. ...
Determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine in urine by online solid‐phase extraction and ion‐pairing liquid chromatography with detection by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry – February 11, 2005
Summary
A novel method for detecting amphetamines in urine achieved impressive recoveries of 85–101% using online solid-phase extraction and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. With a detection limit of just 1–3 ng/mL, it demonstrated good linear ranges: 10–500 ng/mL for amphetamine and methamphetamine, and dual ranges for MDA, MDMA, and MDEA from 5–100 and 100–500 ng/mL. The method was validated against traditional GC/MS techniques, showing strong agreement with results from urine samples of drug users, enhancing forensic toxicology applications.
Abstract
Abstract A method using an online solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and ion‐pairing liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC...
Simultaneous determination of psychotropic phenylalkylamine derivatives in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry – May 01, 2007
Summary
A newly developed gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method effectively detects thirteen psychotropic compounds in human hair, achieving limits of quantification below 0.08 ng/mg. The study analyzed hair samples (20 mg), with recovery rates between 76.7% and 95.6%. Precision measures were impressive, with intra-day, inter-day, and inter-person variations at 12.7%, 14.8%, and 16.8%, respectively. This method provides a reliable approach for forensic toxicology, aiding in the understanding of how neurotransmitter receptor influence behavior related to substances like cathinone and MDMA.
Abstract
Abstract A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of thirteen psychotropic phenylal...
Enantioselectivity in the Methylation of the Catecholic Phase I Metabolites of Methylenedioxy Designer Drugs and Their Capability To Inhibit Catechol-O-methyltransferase-Catalyzed Dopamine 3-Methylation
Chemical Research in Toxicology – May 22, 2009
Summary
The S-enantiomers of designer drugs MDMA, MDEA, and MBDB show a significant preference for O-methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), with human liver microsomes demonstrating a tenfold higher affinity for substrates compared to soluble COMT. Inhibition studies revealed that all tested catechols acted as uncompetitive inhibitors of dopamine methylation. With sample sizes involving human liver cytosol and microsomes, the findings suggest enantioselective elimination of catecholamine metabolites could explain varying pharmacokinetic properties between enantiomers, impacting their effects on dopaminergic behavior.
Abstract
The designer drugs R,S-3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy), R,S-3,4-methylenedioxy-ethylamphetamine (MDEA, Eve), and R,S-N-methyl-be...
Contextualizing Violence Risk Associated With Hallucinogens
FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry – January 01, 2026
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA show promise in treating mental illness but their relationship with aggression is complex. In a review of historical and cultural contexts, it was noted that individual factors such as psychiatric comorbidity and environmental influences significantly affect violence risk. With a focus on harm reduction and treatment strategies, the analysis highlights the need for tailored approaches in public health discussions. Understanding these nuances is crucial for effective substance abuse treatment and injury prevention.
Abstract
Psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) have remerged as agents of psychiatric and cultural rele...
Psychedelics in the Treatment of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders: Coincidence or a New Point of View.
Molecular neurobiology – June 04, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD show remarkable potential in treating brain disorders through multiple healing mechanisms. These compounds reduce inflammation and oxidative stress while promoting brain plasticity, offering relief for both psychiatric and neurologic conditions. Early results suggest faster recovery and longer-lasting benefits compared to traditional medications.
Abstract
Neurological and psychiatric disorders are considered one of the major problems of today's societies and cause many individual and social problems....
Existing evidence for the use of psychedelics in patients with cancer and other serious illness: A narrative review.
Journal of psychosocial oncology – March 26, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted therapy shows remarkable promise in helping cancer patients and those with serious illness overcome depression and anxiety. Studies reveal that carefully administered psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD, combined with professional therapy, significantly reduced mood disorders and existential distress in oncology patients. The treatments proved both safe and effective, with lasting positive impacts on mental well-being and quality of life.
Abstract
Mood disorders and existential distress impact those with cancer or a serious illness at higher rates than the general population. There have been ...
Snapshot of 5-HT 2A receptor activation in the mouse brain via IP 1 detection.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – October 12, 2024
Summary
Scientists have discovered a new way to track how psychedelic drugs like LSD affect specific brain receptors. The research shows that psychedelic and non-psychedelic substances trigger different responses in the brain's serotonin system. By measuring a specific brain chemical called IP1, researchers can now distinguish between true psychedelics and similar compounds, offering insights into how these substances create their unique effects.
Abstract
The distinct subjective effects that define psychedelics such as LSD, psilocybin or DOI as drug class are causally linked to activation of the sero...
Substance use, harm reduction attitudes and behaviors among attendees of nature rave parties in Israel.
Harm reduction journal – August 09, 2023
Summary
Israeli nature rave parties reveal a fascinating intersection of music culture and public health. At these outdoor celebrations, attendees show strong support for harm reduction strategies while using various substances. A survey of 1,200+ partygoers found cannabis as the most common substance (62%), followed by psychedelics. While participants supported safety measures like drug testing, turning attitudes into actions proved challenging. The findings highlight opportunities to enhance safety at these events.
Abstract
Few studies have analyzed harm reduction behaviors and attitudes among rave party attendees. Since the late 1980s, there has been a large Israeli r...
A novel method for the determination of synthetic cathinones and related substances in postmortem blood samples using cork-based dispersive solid-phase microextraction prior to LC-MS/MS analysis.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry – May 14, 2025
Summary
Scientists have developed an eco-friendly method using cork as a natural biosorbent to detect dangerous synthetic cathinones in postmortem blood samples. This innovative technique combines cork-based extraction with advanced LC-MS/MS analysis, offering forensic labs a reliable way to identify new psychoactive substances with minimal sample amounts and high accuracy. The method successfully detected multiple substances in real cases.
Abstract
The detection of new psychoactive substances in postmortem blood is of primary importance for the investigation of related deaths. A method using c...
Tusi use among the New York City nightclub-attending population.
Addiction (Abingdon, England) – April 20, 2025
Summary
Pink cocaine, known as Tusi, is gaining popularity in NYC nightlife, with 2.7% of dance club attendees reporting use in the past year. Through saliva testing and self-report surveys, researchers found Hispanic partygoers were 5x more likely to use this drug mixture. Many users unknowingly consumed ketamine and other party drugs, highlighting risks in the nightlife scene.
Abstract
'Tusi', also known as 'tusibí' or 'pink cocaine', is a drug concoction which previously emerged in Latin America and Europe and has recently acquir...
Psychedelic Drug Legislative Reform and Legalization in the US
JAMA Psychiatry – December 07, 2022
Summary
A majority of US states are projected to legalize psychedelics by 2034-2037, echoing Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. Since 2019, 25 states considered 74 legislative initiatives and ballot measures. Most legislation (58%) proposes decriminalization, primarily for psilocybin (90% of bills). However, only 35% outline licensure or training for medical use. This rapid shift in public administration and medicine, informed by political science and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlights an urgent need for clear hallucinogen regulation and law reform.
Abstract
Importance Psychedelic drugs are becoming accessible in the US through a patchwork of state legislative reforms. This shift necessitates consensus ...
Preventing new substance use behaviors in youth: evaluation of a two-year comprehensive program.
Frontiers in psychology – January 01, 2024
Summary
A two-year prevention program targeting youth substance use showed promising results through innovative outreach methods. Field interventions at student parties and social media campaigns effectively reduced interest in emerging substances like ecstasy, cannabidiol, and nitrous oxide. Training sessions for prevention workers and direct engagement with party organizers led to increased awareness and more cautious attitudes toward drug use among young people.
Abstract
The Avenir Santé Association implemented a comprehensive prevention program targeting the consumption of the emerging psychoactive substances ecsta...
[Neurotrophic mechanisms of psychedelic therapy].
Biologie aujourd'hui – January 01, 2019
Summary
Therapeutic effects of psychedelics can last long after the drug is gone, suggesting they trigger lasting brain changes. Studies reveal how compounds like LSD and ketamine (kétamine) impact neurotrophic factors such as BDNF. The central idea is that despite different receptor targets, these psychedelics initiate similar beneficial plastic adaptations in the brain's prefrontal cortex. Positive findings indicate these mechanisms could effectively treat conditions like depression (dépression) and addiction, offering new avenues for mental health care.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs, often referred to as hallucinogens, are quite distinct from other classes of psychotropic drugs. Although the subjective and beh...
Sudden death associated with intravenous injection of toad extract.
Forensic science international – July 01, 2009
Summary
A fatal incident, initially linked to a common street drug, instead revealed a deadly cocktail of toad venom compounds and pharmaceuticals. Forensic analysis successfully identified bufotenine and other potent toxins from toad secretions in the victim's system and the injected material. This discovery underscores the extreme danger of unknown compositions in street drugs, highlighting the critical role of precise toxicological screening.
Abstract
A 24-year-old male died suddenly following the intravenous injection of what was believed to be the ring-derivate amphetamine 'ecstasy' (MDMA). Tox...
Altered states: psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression
The Lancet Psychiatry – May 17, 2016
Summary
A pilot in Psychiatry suggests Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, offers hope for Treatment-resistant depression. In a feasibility study with 12 patients, a regimen combining synthesized psilocybin with psychological support reduced depression scores by around 10 points on the Hamilton Depression Scale after one week. This Medicine, documented in medical literature and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, showed promising safety and preliminary efficacy, with about half the participants still experiencing benefits at three months. This offers hope for the 20% of patients with depression unresponsive to conventional treatments.
Abstract
"Alice remained looking thoughtfully at the mushroom for a minute, trying to make out which were the two sides of it; and as it was perfectly round...
Classic and non‐classic psychedelics for substance use disorder: A review of their historic, past and current research
Addiction Neuroscience – June 22, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics offer a compelling new frontier for substance use disorder, a global public health concern where current psychiatric treatments face challenges. Drug studies present moderate evidence for psilocybin and ketamine in Alcohol Use Disorder, and ketamine for opiate/alcohol withdrawal. THC preparations also aid cannabis/opioid withdrawal symptoms. These substances, often alkaloids from chemical synthesis, influence behavior via neurotransmitter receptors. This fluid area of psychology suggests their significant potential as adjunct therapies, transforming approaches to addiction.
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a global public health concern that affects millions of people worldwide. Considering current research, addiction h...
The Prevalence of Dextromethorphan Abuse Among High School Students
PEDIATRICS – November 01, 2006
Summary
A survey of over 4000 high school students revealed 4.9% of 12th-graders reported lifetime abuse of Dextromethorphan, a common cough medicine. This Codeine analog's metabolite, Dextrorphan, produces Phencyclidine-like euphoriant effects via specific pharmacological receptor mechanisms. This prevalence exceeds heroin (4.1%) and rivals methamphetamine (5.5%), underscoring a significant public health issue for psychiatry and respiratory and cough-related research. Among users, 69.2% also reported using LSD, compared to 6.7% of non-users.
Abstract
To the Editor.—Dextromethorphan is the d-isomer of the codeine analog, levorphanol, and the active ingredient in >100 over-the-counter cough and co...
A Systematic Review of Participant Diversity in Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy Trials
OpenAlex – August 25, 2024
Summary
A systematic review of 21 randomized trials (N=1034) reveals a stark lack of diversity in promising psychedelic-assisted therapies. Only 12.2% of participants were Black/African-American and 7.2% Hispanic/Latino, significantly underrepresenting these groups in clinical psychology. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies, involving chemical synthesis of alkaloids influencing neurotransmitter receptors, rarely reported gender identity or sexual orientation (9.5%). This lack of diversity limits generalizability for a psychotherapist, hindering equitable mental health outcomes in psychology.
Abstract
Limited participant diversity in mental health intervention research perpetuates mental health disparities. This issue has become a particularly sa...
Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder in a 16-Year-Old Adolescent
Psychopharmacology Bulletin – August 12, 2025
Summary
A rare hallucinogen-persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) was observed in a 16-year-old male, highlighting its infrequent presentation in adolescents. This case, relevant to Clinical psychology and Psychiatry, involved a patient with polysubstance use, including psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin. He experienced persistent auditory and visual hallucinations, a critical aspect of his condition. Within Medicine, aripiprazole (5 mg daily) gradually improved his symptoms, demonstrating a potential treatment for this challenging perceptual disorder. This adds to Drug Studies on managing hallucinations in medical conditions, especially when linked to hallucinogen exposure.
Abstract
Objective Hallucinogen-persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is a rare condition characterized by the re-experiencing of one or more perceptual sym...
Psychedelic renaissance: A renewed focus on the clinical utility of hallucinogens
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports – May 16, 2024
Summary
A "psychedelic renaissance" reveals hallucinogens like psilocybin offer rapid, sustained therapeutic effects for mental health. Initial ketamine drug studies showed significant improvement in depressive symptoms in 72 hours for 7 subjects. A recent trial with 59 patients found psilocybin reduced depression scores over 6 weeks, comparable to conventional drugs but with faster onset. This renewed focus in psychology, utilizing biochemical analysis of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, represents a new art of healing.
Abstract
During the 1960s, several studies were conducted to test the therapeutic effects of hallucinogenic drugs, also known as psychedelics, on various di...
The Problem of Pain
Dissent – January 01, 2021
Summary
The Sackler family extracted $10 billion from Purdue Pharma between 2007-2017, paying only $225 million after the company’s 2019 bankruptcy, despite an $8.3 billion penalty. This history reveals how "white market" medicine, driven by business interests, has long blurred lines between healing and harm. Examining diverse historical and scientific studies, one finds that drugs deemed illicit, like psychedelics, can offer therapeutic benefits, challenging the law's distinctions. Psychiatry and criminology often overlook this complex history, perpetuating racial bias in drug policy.
Abstract
The Problem of Pain Sophie Pinkham (bio) White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America by David Herzberg University...
Knowledge, perceptions, and use of psychedelics for mental health among autistic adults: An online survey
PLOS mental health. – December 26, 2025
Summary
Autistic adults show strong interest in psychedelics for mental health support. A computer-assisted web interviewing survey of 261 autistic participants found 77.8% willing to try psychedelics like psilocybin for conditions such as anxiety, often addressed in clinical psychology. Remarkably, 69.7% reported past use, with higher doses correlating with lasting mental health improvements. Descriptive statistics underscore the need for inclusive psychiatry and mental health services, acknowledging autistic individuals' distinct needs compared to neurotypical populations in psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA have shown promise in treating mental health conditions (e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress dis...