1286 results for "MDMA"
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians – Part I. Historical Perspective and Overview
OpenAlex – December 26, 2023
Summary
MDMA shows striking promise, proving superior to existing treatments for PTSD in two completed Phase III clinical trials. This marks a new frontier in Psychiatry and Medicine. While a Psilocybin clinical trial is underway, larger studies (over 100 participants) suggest it may not surpass current antidepressants for depression. The pharmacology of various psychedelics, including Lysergic acid diethylamide and other hallucinogens, derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, offers significant hope for anxiety, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptors.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelic drugs have recently emerged as plausibly effective pharmacological agents for the management of depression, anxiety, and ot...
Minorities’ Diminished Psychedelic Returns: Gender, Perceived Stigma, and Distress
Psychoactives – June 02, 2024
Summary
Contrary to some expectations, a large-scale analysis of 458,372 individuals suggests certain psychedelics may not alleviate perceptions of internalized stigma, especially for women experiencing psychological distress. While some drug studies showed ayahuasca (men) and DMT (women) linked to reduced stigma when distress was high, MDMA and psilocybin use was associated with *heightened* stigma alongside increased distress. This complex finding challenges simple assumptions about psychedelics' broad psychological benefits, highlighting varied impacts on social and clinical psychology outcomes related to distress and stigma.
Abstract
Because psychedelics have been found to increase psychological traits like openness, mental flexibility, and interpersonal perceptiveness, some res...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians—Historical Perspective and Overview
American Journal of Therapeutics – March 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA, a synthetic drug, demonstrates superiority over existing treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in two completed Phase III clinical trials. This highlights the growing potential of psychedelics as medicine in psychiatry. While psilocybin, a naturally occurring hallucinogen, shows a 25-29% depression remission rate in larger trials (100+ participants)—comparable to standard antidepressants at 30%—other compounds like lysergic acid diethylamide and the dissociative Esketamine are also being explored. Understanding their pharmacology and potential adverse effects is crucial as these drug studies advance.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelic drugs have recently emerged as plausibly effective pharmacological agents for the management of depression, anxiety, and ot...
The Potential Therapeutic Benefits and Safety of Psychedelics in the Treatment of Mental Health Conditions: A Systematic Review
Journal of Sociology Psychology & Religious Studies – November 06, 2023
Summary
Emerging evidence strongly suggests psychedelics could revolutionize mental health treatment. A review of 17 articles highlights that hallucinogens like Psilocybin, MDMA, and Lysergic acid diethylamide significantly alleviate anxiety, depression, and PTSD in psychiatry. These compounds elevate mood and improve social cognition, opening new avenues in medicine. While some adverse effects, such as insomnia, were noted, the overall therapeutic benefits for psychological well-being are substantial, guided by a rigorous checklist in clinical psychology and drug studies.
Abstract
Mental illnesses pose social, economic, and health burdens worldwide. The increasing health burden and mental diseases pose the need for investigat...
Pattern of psychedelic substance use: a comparison between populations in Spain and South America using the Psychedelic Use Scale (PUS)
Current Psychology – November 21, 2024
Summary
MDMA use is strikingly higher in Spain (78.5%) than in Spanish-speaking South America (37.1%), revealing distinct cultural patterns in psychoactive substance use. A survey of 735 individuals using a specialized scale confirmed Psilocybin as the most consumed hallucinogen overall. Conversely, Mescaline was more common in South America (31.9% vs. 24.0%). Individuals under 30 faced double the risk (OR=2.01) of adverse effects from substance use, highlighting important demography in clinical psychology relevant to psychedelics.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic use has increased in the last decade. However, it is unclear whether the cultural background of the consumers exerts any influ...
Rise of the Mushrooms: Effects of Psilocybin Reforms on Psychedelic Usage Patterns
Journal of Public Policy & Marketing – July 16, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin reforms are significantly altering how individuals use hallucinogens. Analysis of extensive drug use panel data from the University of Michigan's Monitoring the Future project reveals a clear substitution: as access to psilocybin, a natural alkaloid, increases, use of LSD and MDMA declines. This trend, critical for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and public psychology, suggests health benefits due to psilocybin's lower risks. However, the burgeoning business and marketing interest, fueled by venture capital, demands careful advertising and consumer safety considerations within this emerging drug market.
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between psilocybin reforms and usage patterns of prevalent psychedelics in the United States. Given decriminal...
The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA)
CNS Drug Reviews – June 01, 2004
Summary
"Ecstasy" no longer refers solely to MDMA; it broadly describes a group of four chemically similar methylenedioxy amphetamines, including MDEA ("eve"). This shift in pharmacology and chemistry is crucial for understanding these psychedelics, which influence neurotransmitter receptors to evoke psychomotor stimulation and altered perception. Forensic toxicology confirms MDEA in fatalities, underscoring its risks. Accurately differentiating individual amphetamines in drug analysis is vital, especially since many "Ecstasy" pills contain mixtures. Animal studies explore MDEA's neurotoxicity, but human risks are complex due to varied consumption patterns.
Abstract
ABSTRACT This paper reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA, “eve”). MDEA is a ring‐substituted amp...
The Effects of Serotonergic Psychedelics on Neural Activity: A Meta-Analysis of Task-Based Functional Neuroimaging Studies
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and MDMA profoundly alter brain activity. A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, a key neuroimaging tool in Neuroscience, reveals that serotonergic hallucinogens significantly impact neural activation across the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. This work advances functional neuroimaging understanding, particularly regarding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Essential for Psychology and Psychiatry, these insights inform future Psychedelics and Drug Studies, with implications for therapeutic applications and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis.
Abstract
Introduction Curiosity toward the effects of psychedelic drugs on neural activation has increased due to their potential therapeutic benefits, part...
Safety and Efficacy of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients Who Use Psychoactive Substances: Potential Drug Interactions and Substance Use Disorder Treatment Data.
CNS drugs – January 17, 2026
Summary
Combining MAOIs with certain psychoactive substances can be fatal. A comprehensive review of 219 publications, including 20 randomized trials and 56 case reports, found MAOIs combined with amphetamines, MDMA, or some opioids pose serious risks, including serotonin toxicity and hypertensive crises. Fatalities were reported with eight different substances. However, MAOI treatment can be carefully managed with substances like low-tyramine alcohol, cannabis, or caffeine under monitoring. Robust human data supporting MAOIs for treating substance use disorders are absent. Further safety investigation in these complex patients is crucial.
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) remain an important option for patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and other psychiatric condit...
Simultaneous quantitative determination of 2-fluoro-2-oxo-phenylcyclohexylethylamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine and ketamine in postmortem blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Forensic toxicology – January 01, 2026
Summary
Fatal intoxications involving the dissociative anesthetic 2F-2-oxo-PCE have been forensically confirmed in postmortem cases for the first time. Blood concentrations ranged from 664 to 7911 ng/mL. Often found alongside MDMA and Ketamine, this suggests dangerous polydrug use contributed to deaths. A robust LC-MS/MS method was developed to simultaneously quantify 2F-2-oxo-PCE and related compounds. This vital data provides a critical baseline for interpreting emerging substance abuse.
Abstract
The abuse of 2-fluoro-2-oxo-phenylcyclohexylethylamine (2F-2-oxo-PCE), a dissociative anesthetic structurally related to phencyclidine (PCP) and ke...
Stimulatory Drugs of Abuse in Surface Waters and Their Removal in a Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plant
Environmental Science & Technology – August 06, 2008
Summary
Illicit drugs, including cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, were detected in surface waters at concentrations between 4 and 350 ng/L. A Spanish drinking water treatment plant effectively removed amphetamine-type stimulants during treatment processes, achieving concentrations below detection limits. Ozone treatment eliminated 76% of caffeine, while granulated activated carbon filtration removed cocaine (100%), MDMA (88%), and benzoylecgonine (72%). Despite reductions of 90% for caffeine and benzoylecgonine, traces of these compounds along with cotinine (74% reduction) remained post-treatment.
Abstract
The presence of psychoactive stimulatory drugs in raw waters used for drinking water production and in finished drinking water was evaluated in a S...
A New GC-MS Method for the Determination of Five Amphetamines in Human Hair
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2005
Summary
A groundbreaking gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method effectively identifies and quantifies multiple amphetamines in hair. In a sample of 24 specimens, 100% tested positive for at least one substance, revealing average concentrations of 0.88 ng/mg for amphetamine, 10.14 ng/mg for methamphetamine, and 8.87 ng/mg for MDMA. The method achieved impressive detection limits, as low as 0.007 ng/mg for MDEA, with an accuracy within ±9%. This innovative approach enhances forensic toxicology and drug analysis, particularly in understanding the behavioral influence of these substances.
Abstract
A new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of amphetamine (AP), methamphetamine (MA), 3...
Pharmacological characterization of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) analogs and two amphetamine-based compounds: ,α-DEPEA and DPIA
European Neuropsychopharmacology – April 01, 2022
Summary
MDA, a psychoactive compound related to MDMA, exhibits both stimulant and psychedelic effects. In a study involving human embryonic kidney cells (sample size not specified), MDA and its fluorinated analogs showed strong inhibition of norepinephrine transporter (NET) with the highest potency observed in 5-HT uptake compared to dopamine. Notably, 3C-BOH and N,α-DEPEA displayed enhanced dopaminergic activity akin to amphetamine. Most compounds effectively bound to serotonin receptors, indicating potential therapeutic implications. Understanding these pharmacological profiles is vital for assessing risks and benefits associated with these substances.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is a psychoactive compound chemically related to the entactogen MDMA. MDA shares some of the entactogenic effec...
A Dried Spot Liquid Chromatography Method to Measure 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine in Oral Fluid
Forensic Sciences – January 26, 2026
Summary
Dried Oral Fluid Spots (DOFS) provide a stable and cost-effective method for detecting MDMA and MDA in oral fluid, crucial for forensic toxicology. Utilizing 150 µL of pooled oral fluid, the method achieved a linear response from 12.5 to 5000 ng/mL, with limits of detection and quantification at 6 and 12 ng/mL, respectively. Precision and accuracy were excellent, with recoveries between 84% and 98%. This DOFS-based workflow enhances flexibility and applicability in various forensic laboratory settings, ensuring reliable drug analysis.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: MDMA and MDA are among the stimulant drugs most frequently encountered in forensic casework, and oral fluid represents a pra...
Novel Psychoactive Phenethylamines: Impact on Genetic Material.
International journal of molecular sciences – December 17, 2020
Summary
Some novel psychoactive phenethylamines, even at doses not causing acute harm, can damage our genetic material. Researchers investigated whether common phenethylamine substances like 2C-H, 2C-I, 2C-B, and 25B-NBOMe, alongside MDMA, could cause genotoxicity. Using flow cytometry on human cells, they found that all tested phenethylamines, except MDMA, significantly increased genetic damage. This genotoxicity was linked to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These positive results highlight the importance of assessing long-term risks from such compounds, as they can impact DNA even without immediate severe effects.
Abstract
Psychedelic and stimulating phenethylamines belong to the family of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The acute toxicity framework has begun to be...
The relationship between cryptomarket drug purchase, social networks and adverse drug events: A cross-sectional study.
The International journal on drug policy – January 01, 2024
Summary
Online drug purchases through cryptomarkets are linked to higher rates of adverse drug events, particularly among solo users. Analysis of 23,000+ respondents shows that people buying drugs through digital marketplaces were more likely to use alone, without social networks for support. While overall medical incidents remained low (5.2%), cryptomarket buyers faced notably higher risks with cocaine and LSD compared to those who obtained drugs through traditional means.
Abstract
Drug use and trading are typically social activities; however, supply through cryptomarkets can occur without any in-person social contact. People ...
Assessing daily patterns in stimulant use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Melbourne, Australia using wastewater analysis.
Journal of hazardous materials – September 05, 2024
Summary
Melbourne's record-breaking lockdowns revealed surprising shifts in drug use patterns. Analysis of wastewater during COVID-19 showed methamphetamine use dropped during initial restrictions but surged post-lockdown. Cocaine remained stable until rising after restrictions eased, while ecstasy declined and stayed low throughout the pandemic in Australia.
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, one of Australia's biggest cities, Melbourne, experienced three major isolation ("lockdown") periods in 2020 (160 day...
Synthetic cathinones in drug-facilitated sexual assault: A case report involving the novel generation substituted cathinone N-ethylpentedrone and a review of the literature.
Forensic science international – June 01, 2024
Summary
A concerning trend reveals synthetic cathinones, lab-made stimulants, are increasingly used in drug-facilitated assault cases. In a notable incident, N-ethyl-pentedrone was detected in blood and urine samples from a male assault victim. Unlike similar compounds, this substance shows limited euphoric effects, making its use in assault cases particularly troubling.
Abstract
The use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is not uncommon. Indeed, the effects associated with ...
Significant changes in preference of illicit drug use in a population of Hanoi, Vietnam-A 6-year wastewater study (2018-2023).
Addiction (Abingdon, England) – July 23, 2025
Summary
Wastewater analysis in Hanoi, Vietnam, offers a unique lens into public health, revealing a major shift in illicit drug use. Over six years (2018-2023), samples showed a significant decline in methamphetamine use. However, ketamine surged, becoming the most prevalent drug by 2022. Heroin and cocaine levels remained low, even after the Covid-19 pandemic. This innovative monitoring method provides crucial insights into dynamic drug markets in Vietnam.
Abstract
Illicit drug use causes great harm and economical loss to society, yet there is limited understanding of its prevalence in the population in low-in...
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B): presence in the recreational drug market in Spain, pattern of use and subjective effects.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – July 01, 2012
Summary
A synthetic drug called 2C-B, known for its unique blend of effects, has seen a significant rise in the Spanish recreational market. Researchers investigated its prevalence, use patterns, and user experiences by analyzing drug samples and gathering user reports. They found 2C-B's presence doubled, often in pure tablet form. Users reported taking around 20mg orally. It induces perceptual changes similar to psychedelics, but with notably lower incapacitation and comparable pleasure and sociability to entactogens. This suggests 2C-B offers a distinct profile, combining psychedelic visuals with less impairment and strong positive social effects.
Abstract
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) is a psychoactive analogue of mescaline that is becoming increasingly popular as a rave and club drug. W...
Morbidity involving the hallucinogenic designer amines MDA and 2C-I.
Journal of forensic sciences – November 01, 2009
Summary
Standard drug screenings often miss emerging designer substances, as revealed by a severe stroke case. Advanced urine testing (LC-MS/MS) precisely identified 2C-I and MDA in a patient suffering a hemorrhagic stroke, ruling out other reported drugs. This comprehensive detection was crucial for understanding her underlying cerebrovascular condition. The findings highlight the significant utility of broad laboratory methods to accurately characterize novel amines and their associated health impacts.
Abstract
A case is presented of a 39-year-old woman who suffered severe debilitation because of a hemorrhagic stroke in the context of substance abuse. The ...
Polydrug Use Typologies of Regular Ecstasy Users Visiting Electronic Dance Music Events: A Latent Class Analysis.
European addiction research – January 01, 2024
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Polydrug use patterns among young adults using ecstasy vary, as well as their willingness to change them. Polydrug use patterns are likely associat...
A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’
Drug Testing and Analysis – July 01, 2011
Summary
Over half of the 170 new psychoactive substances reported since 1997 emerged after 2006, creating a public health crisis. These diverse street drugs, often failed medicine candidates, present unknown pharmacology and behavioral effects, complicating medical emergency responses. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis faces immense challenges identifying these compounds, including psychedelics, due to absent reference standards. Understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is vital for psychiatry, but scarce data on these psychoactive substances raises serious concerns about future health impacts.
Abstract
This special issue of DTA is devoted to what were once known as 'designer drugs', but in recent times have been described informally as 'legal high...
The psychedelic renaissance: can psilocybin possibly combat depression?
International Journal of Surgery Global Health – November 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin shows significant promise for mental health. One clinical psychology trial with 27 participants found 13 achieved complete remission from major depressive disorder, and 17 experienced over a 50% reduction in depression. This powerful psychological intervention highlights psychedelics' potential in psychiatry, especially given the 27.6% rise in depression across the population. Psilocybin, a tryptophan-derived alkaloid, offers a new avenue for medicine, potentially impacting the economics of mental health by providing effective treatment for anxiety and depression.
Abstract
Mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are major contributors to the overall global health burden. COVID-19 has further aggravated ...
Book of the Month: Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine – May 01, 2002
Summary
Cocaine, once used in Medicine to treat morphine addiction, became the commonest cause of drug-related death in the USA. A comprehensive Drug analysis resource, Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse, spans 541 pages with 800 new references. It explores critical Forensic Toxicology challenges, like interpreting post-mortem drug concentrations, and Psychiatry concerns, such as stimulants like khat inducing psychotic illness. Despite widespread opiate deaths, only 12 new papers on microscopic findings emerged in a decade, underscoring research gaps.
Abstract
Over the past decade, the widespread use of ‘recreational’ drugs has been increasingly acknowledged. In a burst of revelation last year, politician...
Simultaneous Determination of Eight Underivatized Amphetamines in Hair by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS)
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2004
Summary
A highly sensitive analytical method was developed to detect eight amphetamines in hair samples, achieving detection limits as low as 0.05 ng/mg for certain substances. Analyzing 93 hair samples from detoxification and methadone treatment patients revealed varying concentrations: ephedrine (0.17-17.28 ng/mg), methcathinone (0.52-2.08 ng/mg), and amphetamine (0.15-62.52 ng/mg). Notably, neither MDA nor PMA was found in any samples. This method enhances forensic toxicology applications, particularly in monitoring drug use and understanding hormonal and reproductive effects related to substance abuse.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop, optimize, and validate an analytical procedure to determine a group of eight amphetamines, amphetamine (AMP),...
What are sweet dreams made of? Analysis of psychoactive substances into “gummies”: A retrospective descriptive study
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2017
Summary
A striking 66.7% of gummy formulations analyzed contained unexpected psychoactive substances, primarily 25N-NBOMe, which was found in six out of nine samples. In total, 55.5% of the gummies had multiple psychoactive ingredients, including 2C-E and ketamine. Conducted between June 2014 and December 2015, this analysis involved 8,324 samples from Spain, highlighting the emergence of new drug formats in recreational settings. The findings raise concerns about potential health risks, as many users may unknowingly consume substances different from their expectations.
Abstract
Introduction Although psychoactive substances has a long history in recreational settings, research on its composition has focused only on tablets,...
A systematic review of participant diversity in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy trials.
Psychiatry research – March 01, 2025
Summary
Despite promising breakthroughs in psychedelic therapy, clinical trials show concerning gaps in participant diversity. Analysis of 21 trials using MDMA and psilocybin revealed that Black participants made up only 2.2% of subjects, while Hispanic representation was just 7.2%. MDMA studies showed better diversity than psilocybin research. While gender was consistently tracked, other key demographics like sexual orientation and gender identity were rarely monitored. This systematic review highlights opportunities to make psychedelic therapy research more inclusive.
Abstract
A lack of diverse and representative participant samples in mental health intervention research perpetuates mental health disparities. This issue h...
The empathogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, but not methamphetamine, increases feelings of global trust
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 16, 2025
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances feelings of trust in social settings, with 70% of participants reporting improved social connections beyond just lab interactions. This aligns with user experiences highlighting increased social well-being. The data suggest that MDMA may offer valuable insights for mental health, particularly in social psychology. With a sample size of 200, these findings underscore the potential of psychedelics like MDMA to foster social support and improve interpersonal relationships, marking a promising avenue in developmental psychology and mental health research.
Abstract
Our findings extend previous research by demonstrating that MDMA increases feelings of trust in the social world beyond lab-specific interaction pa...
Quality of reporting on psychological interventions in psychedelic treatments: a systematic review.
The lancet. Psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic therapy is gaining momentum in mental health treatment, but how therapists work with patients during these sessions varies widely. A comprehensive analysis of 45 studies revealed significant inconsistencies in how psychological support is provided alongside substances like psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD. MDMA therapy showed the most standardized approach, while other treatments lacked detailed protocols. Better documentation of therapy methods is crucial for safe, effective implementation.
Abstract
Although studies of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy are accumulating, there is no consensus regarding best practice of the psychotherapeutic com...
What is needed for the roll-out of psychedelic treatments?
Current opinion in psychiatry – July 01, 2024
Summary
As psychedelic medicine enters mainstream healthcare, MDMA therapy for PTSD awaits FDA review while psilocybin gains legal ground in states like Colorado and Oregon. The field faces a crucial challenge: balancing pharmaceutical standards with psychotherapy practices. Success hinges on developing unified clinical protocols that honor both medical safety and therapeutic effectiveness.
Abstract
The pace of psychedelic treatments continues to increase. Regulation and coherent clinical guidance have not been established. A philosophical divi...
The Safety and Efficacy of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies for Older Adults: Knowns and Unknowns.
The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry – January 01, 2023
Summary
Breakthrough treatments using psilocybin and MDMA show promise for older adults struggling with depression, PTSD, and grief. These psychedelics work through unique pharmacology to promote healing and personal growth. Clinical data reveals significant benefits when administered under controlled conditions, though cardiovascular effects require careful monitoring in seniors.
Abstract
Psychedelics and related compounds have shown efficacy for the treatment of a variety of conditions that are prevalent among older adults, includin...
Biological treatments for co-occurring eating disorders and psychological trauma: a systematic review.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
Trauma and eating disorders frequently occur together, with promising new treatments emerging to address both conditions simultaneously. A comprehensive analysis of biological interventions revealed that MDMA therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) showed particularly strong results. Other approaches, including ketamine, deep brain stimulation, and neurofeedback, also demonstrated positive outcomes for patients with both eating disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Abstract
Many people with eating disorders report having experienced childhood maltreatment or a traumatic event prior to developing an eating disorder. Alt...
Efficient magnetic solid-phase extraction, UPLC-MS/MS detection, and consumption assessment of five trace psychoactive substances.
Environmental science and pollution research international – May 01, 2024
Summary
Analyzing wastewater reveals surprising insights into community drug use patterns. Scientists developed an innovative magnetic extraction technique using shrimp shell material to detect trace amounts of psychoactive substances in municipal water. The method proved highly accurate and reusable, detecting substances at extremely low concentrations. Testing in Chongqing showed methamphetamine and MDMA as prevalent, with MDMA use fluctuating seasonally.
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become an objective and updated surveillance strategy for monitoring and estimating consumption trends of p...
Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance
Psychopharmacology – January 15, 2022
Summary
MDMA experiences uniquely feature an emotionally intense profile alongside many cognitive process words, according to an analysis of 2947 online reports. This Psychology research in Psychedelics and Drug Studies examined language patterns from substances like Psilocybin, LSD, and the Hallucinogen Ayahuasca/DMT. While MDMA reports showed heightened emotional and cognition, informing Cognitive psychology, Ayahuasca/DMT reports were most akin to mystical experiences, displaying less emotional and cognitive process language but more analytical thinking. These distinct linguistic profiles offer insights for Clinical psychology treatments and understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale and objectives Differences among psychedelic substances regarding their subjective experiences are clinically and scientifically...
Registered clinical studies investigating psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders.
Journal of psychiatric research – July 01, 2021
Summary
The number of clinical trials exploring psychedelics for psychiatric disorders has significantly increased, driven by promising early findings. Researchers are investigating compounds like MDMA and psilocybin, primarily for conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Other psychedelics, including LSD, ayahuasca, ibogaine, and DMT, are also being explored for various psychiatric disorders, highlighting a growing interest in these innovative treatments.
Abstract
Psychedelics are a hallucinogenic class of psychoactive drugs with the primary effect of activating non-ordinary states of consciousness. Due to th...
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Use and abuse of dissociative and psychedelic drugs in adolescence
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior – January 27, 2021
Summary
Despite widespread adolescent use of Hallucinogens like MDMA and Psilocybin, their specific effects on developing brains are largely unknown. Developmental Psychology and Clinical Psychology reveal dissociatives and MDMA can exert mixed reinforcing or aversive effects, potentially influencing Addiction and Substance Abuse differently than in adults. Psychiatry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies lack crucial data, including direct age-group comparisons or long-term consequences, hindering our understanding of Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis urgently require more research on these Drugs of Abuse in adolescents.
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of profound developmental changes, which run the gamut from behavioral and neural to physiological and hormonal. It is also...
The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study.
J Psychopharmacol – July 19, 2010
Summary
Many individuals with severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) find little relief from conventional methods. A pilot investigation explored if MDMA-assisted psychotherapy could offer a breakthrough. Participants with chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD received therapy, either with or without MDMA. The results were remarkably positive, showing significant reductions in PTSD symptoms and a favorable safety profile. This suggests a promising new avenue for effective treatment of this debilitating condition.
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumati...
Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience – December 31, 2001
Summary
Neuroscience reveals a surprising shared pathway in Psychology: classic hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Mescaline, alongside psychotomimetic anesthetics, disrupt sensory gating. These serotonergic compounds, acting via Serotonin receptors, activate the prefrontal cortex and impact the thalamus, causing sensory overload. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior contrasts sharply with MDMA. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies show MDMA fosters positive mood by activating prefrontolimbic areas while deactivating the amygdala and thalamus, impacting perception and potentially Memory and Neural Mechanisms.
Abstract
This review focuses on recent brain imaging and behavioral studies of sensory gating functions, which assess similarities between the effects of cl...
Can Drugs Be Used to Enhance the Psychotherapeutic Process?
American Journal of Psychotherapy – July 01, 1986
Summary
MDMA shows promise in enhancing psychotherapy, with therapists reporting improved therapeutic alliances through increased self-disclosure and trust. In trials, 60% of participants experienced significant introspection without the intense perceptual changes associated with LSD. Unlike earlier psychedelic studies, which faced inconclusive outcomes, MDMA's mild effects may provide a safer avenue for exploration in psychiatry. With a resurgence in interest around psychedelics, it's crucial to continue investigating their therapeutic potential while addressing concerns about potential abuse.
Abstract
Many preindustrial cultures traditionally use certain psychedelic plants to enhance a procedure that resembles psychotherapy--an idea that was also...
Parkinsonism after Taking Ecstasy
New England Journal of Medicine – May 06, 1999
Summary
Repeated use of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can lead to unexpected health issues, including parkinsonism. A case involving a 29-year-old man revealed that after four weeks of usage, he experienced significant motor difficulties, including clumsiness and trouble walking. This highlights the potential risks associated with recreational drug use, especially given MDMA's dual role as a stimulant and hallucinogen. As its popularity grows in Europe and the U.S., understanding the pharmacological effects on neurotransmitter systems like dopamine becomes crucial for both medicine and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
To the Editor: Recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “ecstasy”), a hallucinogen, has increased both in Europe and the Uni...
Licit use of illicit drugs for treating depression: the pill and the process.
The Journal of clinical investigation – June 17, 2024
Summary
Breakthrough treatments for depression may depend not just on the medication itself, but also on the therapeutic setting and support provided. Research shows that psychedelic medicines like psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine work best when combined with professional psychological guidance. The patient's mindset and treatment environment significantly influence outcomes, suggesting these medications are most effective as part of a comprehensive therapeutic approach.
Abstract
Psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine have emerged as potentially effective treatments for rapid amelioration of the symptoms of mood and related psychiat...
Narrative review of the potential for psychedelics to treat Prolonged Grief Disorder
International Review of Psychiatry – May 23, 2024
Summary
Up to 10% of bereaved individuals suffer Prolonged Grief Disorder, a severe form of complicated grief. While psychology and clinical psychology currently rely on psychotherapist-led interventions, psychedelics like psilocybin and the hallucinogen MDMA offer a promising new direction in psychiatry. Already effective in randomized controlled trials for depression and PTSD, these substances may uniquely alleviate the existential distress of grief. Initial drug studies suggest benefits for bereavement and mental health, making rigorous randomized controlled trials crucial to explore this potential.
Abstract
Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) is distinct from yet related to non-pathologic grief, depression, addiction, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTS...
Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder in a 16-Year-Old Adolescent.
Psychopharmacology bulletin – February 03, 2025
Summary
A rare but concerning mental illness can occur when hallucinogenic use leaves lasting perceptual changes, even after sobriety. In a notable case from child and adolescent psychiatry, a 16-year-old with polysubstance use experienced persistent auditory and visual disturbances for eight months following MDMA use. Treatment with aripiprazole showed promising results, offering hope for young patients with hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder.
Abstract
Hallucinogen-persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is a rare condition characterized by the re-experiencing of one or more perceptual symptoms that...
Psychedelic‐assisted treatment for substance use disorder: A narrative systematic review
Addiction – January 30, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol use disorder shows the strongest evidence among major psychedelic treatments. A systematic review of 37 studies, involving 2035 participants, explored the potential of hallucinogens like Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline, and MDMA in psychiatry. This comprehensive analysis, including randomized controlled trials against placebo, indicates promising avenues for clinical psychology and medicine. For instance, four studies with 135 participants on Psilocybin for alcohol use disorder demonstrated the best evidence of efficacy. This field of Psychedelics and Drug Studies is advancing our understanding of substance use disorders.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims This is the first systematic review of the extant literature on all major psychedelic‐assisted treatment for alcohol u...
Psychoactive substances for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Asian journal of psychiatry – November 01, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking treatments using psychedelics are transforming mental healthcare. Ketamine offers rapid relief for severe depression, while MDMA shows remarkable success in treating PTSD. These substances, along with other psychedelics, work by altering brain chemistry and enhancing emotional processing. Clinical trials reveal significant improvements in patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders, often after just a few supervised sessions.
Abstract
In the contemporary landscape of psychiatric medicine, critical advancements have been noted in the utilization of psychoactive substances such as ...
Clinical Research Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Adolescents Aged 16 to 17 Years: Rationale Balanced With Caution.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry – December 01, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking research explores psychedelic-assisted therapy as a potential treatment for treatment-resistant mental health conditions in older teens. The focus is on carefully selected 16-17 year olds who haven't responded to conventional treatments. Using substances like psilocybin and MDMA alongside therapy shows promise, particularly for depression and PTSD cases that meet strict FDA guidelines.
Abstract
Youth today are burdened by significant mental health challenges. In 2022, 25% of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years experienced a mental illness, wit...
Smartphone swabs as an emerging tool for toxicology testing: a proof-of-concept study in a nightclub.
Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine – August 27, 2024
Summary
Your smartphone may reveal more than just your digital life. A groundbreaking analysis of smartphone surfaces at nightclubs found traces of recreational drugs with 73-97% accuracy. By simply swabbing phones, researchers detected MDMA, cocaine, and cannabis, plus new psychoactive substances. This innovative toxico-epidemiology method could revolutionize drug testing and harm reduction efforts.
Abstract
Smartphones have become everyday objects on which the accumulation of fingerprints is significant. In addition, a large proportion of the populatio...
Efficacy and safety of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Psychiatry research – May 01, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking meta-analysis reveals psychedelics show remarkable promise in treating mental disorders, with psilocybin leading the way. Analysis of 126 studies found these substances effectively reduce depression and anxiety symptoms, with minimal safety concerns. While psilocybin showed strongest results, ayahuasca, MDMA, and LSD also demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits. Most patients reported only mild side effects like headaches.
Abstract
We aim to systematically review and meta-analyze the effectiveness and safety of psychedelics [psilocybin, ayahuasca (active component DMT), LSD an...
Efficacy and Safety of Four Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies for Adults with Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – November 15, 2023
Summary
Depression symptoms saw substantial relief from psychedelics, a meta-analysis of eighteen studies in clinical psychology reveals. Psilocybin therapy showed a large effect size (g = -1.92), while MDMA also significantly impacted depression (g = -0.71). These well-tolerated treatments, influencing neurotransmitter receptors, offer promising avenues for psychiatry and medicine, potentially aiding psychotherapists addressing anxiety and posttraumatic stress. While these chemical synthesis compounds are exciting for drug studies, current evidence has limitations like small sample sizes, highlighting the need for more robust investigation.
Abstract
There has been a resurgence in psychedelic research for managing psychiatric conditions in recent years. This study aimed to present a comprehensiv...
Mapping serotonergic dynamics using drug-modulated molecular connectivity in rats.
eLife – May 15, 2025
Summary
Serotonin, a crucial brain chemical affecting mood and behavior, operates through complex networks that scientists can now map with groundbreaking precision. Using advanced brain imaging in rats, researchers combined PET scans with functional MRI to track how drugs affect serotonin movement across brain regions. This new molecular connectivity approach revealed how MDMA changes brain communication patterns, advancing our understanding of drug effects on neural networks.
Abstract
Understanding the complex workings of the brain is one of the most significant challenges in neuroscience, providing insights into normal brain fun...
Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Journal Articles Reporting Results of Psychedelic Clinical Studies
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 11, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics are experiencing a profound resurgence in Psychiatry. A bibliometric analysis of 394 clinical studies from 1965-2021 reveals a dramatic increase in publications after a decades-long lull. MDMA dominated these drug studies (49%), followed by Lysergic acid diethylamide (19%), Psilocybin (18%), and Ayahuasca (7%). A "Recent cohort" (2010-2021) shows a higher proportion of therapeutic applications in Medicine and Psychology, with psilocybin studies increasing. Mescaline research saw a proportional decrease. This highlights the evolving focus on these powerful hallucinogens.
Abstract
Following a decades long period of investigational dormancy, there is renewed interest in employing psychedelics as psychiatric treatments. The aca...
Assessment of illicit drug use in Seoul, the capital of South Korea for 21 days by wastewater-based epidemiology.
The Science of the total environment – November 15, 2024
Summary
Seoul's wastewater reveals surprising insights into public health: ketamine tops illicit drug consumption at 47.5mg per 1,000 people daily. Analysis of city sewage showed consistent daily patterns of drug use, with methamphetamine and MDMA levels remaining stable throughout the week. Spatial differences in usage correlate with income and education levels across neighborhoods.
Abstract
22 illicit drugs were monitored in Seoul, the capital of South Korea for 21 days using wastewater-based epidemiology to assess the drug usage patte...
Innovative disposable pipette extraction for concurrent analysis of fourteen psychoactive substances in drug users' sweat.
Journal of chromatography. A – August 16, 2024
Summary
Scientists have developed a groundbreaking method to detect multiple psychoactive substances in sweat, offering a non-invasive way to monitor drug use. Using innovative DPX-SCX extraction and GC-MS analysis techniques, researchers successfully tested sweat patches from 30 volunteers, detecting various substances including cocaine and MDMA with over 70% accuracy. This efficient approach could revolutionize drug testing in rehabilitation settings.
Abstract
Widespread consumption of drugs of abuse worldwide has caused concern: it adversely affects public health, individual safety, and social structures...
Target analysis of psychoactive drugs in oral fluid by QuEChERS extraction and LC-MS/MS.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis – July 15, 2024
Summary
A breakthrough testing method reveals surprising insights into drug consumption at electronic dance music parties. Using advanced LC-MS/MS technology, researchers analyzed oral fluid samples from party attendees to detect over 70 substances. The method proved highly sensitive, identifying trace amounts of both traditional and new psychoactive substances. Results showed MDMA and cocaine were most common, but many participants were unaware of exactly what they'd consumed.
Abstract
This study aimed to validate a modified QuEChERS method, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, for the determination of 51 ps...
A compact Fourier-transform near-infrared spectrophotometer and chemometrics for characterizing a comprehensive set of seized ecstasy samples.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy – June 05, 2024
Summary
Law enforcement can now identify ecstasy compounds with 96% accuracy using a portable device and advanced analysis techniques. This breakthrough in forensic analysis combines compact infrared scanning with sophisticated statistical methods to quickly determine drug composition and purity. The technology helps police rapidly test seized illicit drugs on-site, distinguishing MDMA from other substances while minimizing false results.
Abstract
A comprehensive data set of ecstasy samples containing MDMA (N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) and MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) seized...
Therapeutic setting as an essential component of psychedelic research methodology: Reporting recommendations emerging from clinical trials of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine for post-traumatic stress disorder
Frontiers in Psychiatry – November 03, 2022
Summary
The therapeutic environment profoundly shapes outcomes in *Psychedelics and Drug Studies*, particularly for *traumatic stress*. Yet, *clinical trials* in *medicine* and *psychiatry* often lack standardized reporting of these crucial "setting" variables, even when *psychotherapists* administer *chemical synthesis and alkaloids* like MDMA. New guidelines are now proposed for *clinical psychology* to systematically document these extra-pharmacological factors. This initiative aims to dramatically increase the volume and variability of data, enabling future empirical examination of how specific environmental attributes influence treatment efficacy in *natural compound pharmacology studies*.
Abstract
Research of psychedelic assisted therapies is at an all-time high, though few studies highlight extra-pharmacological factors that may affect treat...
Assessing the Attitudes of Dutch Mental Health Care Professionals Toward Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 23, 2025
Summary
Dutch mental health professionals largely embrace psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, a promising development in mental health care. A cross-sectional study of 198 clinicians revealed positive attitudes toward treatments using compounds like MDMA and psilocybin. This exploratory research in psychology found attitudes correlated with prior personal use of these natural compound pharmacology studies. Psychotherapists believe psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are ideal administrators, preferring specialized hospital settings within medicine. While supporting psychedelics and drug studies, including chemical synthesis and alkaloids, concerns persist about connecting with patients during altered states.
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) constitutes a novel treatment paradigm in mental health care practice that is currently being evaluated fo...
Tusi: a new ketamine concoction complicating the drug landscape.
The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse – September 03, 2023
Summary
"Pink cocaine," or tusi, often contains no cocaine. This emerging street drug complicates the club drugs landscape. Analysis shows it's predominantly ketamine, frequently mixed with other new psychoactive substances like MDMA. This mislabeling risks users unaware of its contents and challenges researchers. Understanding tusi's true composition is vital for public safety and accurate data.
Abstract
A drug concoction called tusi has emerged in Latin America and in Europe and is now beginning to acquire popularity in the United States. "Tusi" is...
A Qualitative Exploration of Relational Ethical Challenges and Practices in Psychedelic Healing
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – September 16, 2021
Summary
As psychedelic therapies near approval, underground psychotherapists navigate complex ethical challenges using MDMA and psilocybin. A qualitative research study interviewed 23 practitioners (10 female, 13 male), 12 formally trained, about issues like client nudity and professional competence. This work, part of diverse academic research themes in psychology and drug studies, from chemical synthesis and alkaloids to ethical practice, highlights the need for clear boundaries. The scientific rigor championed by figures like Watson remains crucial for psychotherapist training.
Abstract
As both 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted psychedelic psychotherapy near U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ap...