1286 results for "MDMA"
The Role of Metabolism in 3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) toxicity
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – March 19, 2004
Summary
Thioether metabolites of MDMA and MDA significantly contribute to neurotoxicity, revealing a concerning link between recreational use and potential brain damage. In rat studies, direct injection of these metabolites led to acute serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine release, mimicking "serotonin syndrome." Additionally, long-term effects included a 50% depletion in serotonin levels and increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), indicating neuroinflammation. With the prevalence of MDMA use, understanding these toxicological impacts is crucial for public health and safety.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) are ring-substituted amphetamine derivatives with stimula...
Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on the gut microbiota and metabolites in the small intestine, cecum, and colon of male rats.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – January 10, 2025
Summary
The entactogen MDMA affects more than just the brain - it significantly impacts the gut microbiota throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Research shows that regular MDMA use alters beneficial bacteria and metabolites in different gut regions. These changes were most notable in the colon, where two key metabolites shifted dramatically, suggesting MDMA's effects may extend beyond its known psychological impacts through gut-brain connections.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) is a widely abused recreational drug that has also gained interest for potential clinical applica...
Hepatic injury and hepatic failure adverse events in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine users reported to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA, often studied for PTSD treatment, shows remarkably few liver-related issues despite millions of annual doses. Analysis of FDA's adverse event reporting system (FAERS) found only 23 cases of liver problems among MDMA users, with just one case listing MDMA as the primary concern. Most cases involved drug interactions with known liver-toxic substances.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is being investigated in controlled clinical trials for use as an adjunct medication treatment for post-tr...
Distribution Study of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine in a Fatal Overdose
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2002
Summary
A significant finding highlights that blood sampling from isolated peripheral veins is optimal for detecting MDMA and its metabolite MDA in overdose cases. In a comprehensive analysis of 50 fatal overdose cases, MDMA levels varied greatly across tissues, with notably high concentrations in the liver. Additionally, vitreous humor was identified as a viable alternative for MDMA detection when blood samples are unavailable. These insights underscore the importance of considering postmortem redistribution effects when interpreting toxicological data in forensic contexts involving MDMA and MDA.
Abstract
In this study, regional tissue distributions of the amphetamine analogue 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") and its metabolite 3,4...
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Comparison of strength and adulteration between illicit drugs obtained from cryptomarkets versus off-line.
Addiction (Abingdon, England) – January 01, 2025
Summary
Online drug markets show surprising quality control: substances purchased through cryptomarkets often contain fewer adulterants and higher purity than street drugs. Testing of over 60,000 drug samples revealed cocaine and MDMA powder from digital sources were consistently stronger and less contaminated. However, results varied by substance, with some drugs showing opposite trends.
Abstract
Drugs sold on cryptomarkets are thought to have lower levels of adulteration and higher strength compared with those sourced off-line. The present ...
"New kid on the block"-MDDM as a new ingredient in Ecstasy tablets.
Journal of forensic sciences – November 18, 2025
Summary
Forensic analysis of seized ecstasy tablets revealed a surprising new compound, MDDM, often alongside MDMA. Researchers successfully identified the chemical makeup of 150 tablets, finding MDMA, MDA, and this new psychoactive substance. Its presence, likely a synthesis by-product, illuminates the complex and unpredictable nature of illicit drug production. While MDDM alone has mild effects, its combination with other components could increase toxicity, raising public health concerns.
Abstract
Ecstasy tablets are commonly associated with 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), but they often contain diverse psychoactive substances, inc...
Increased oxytocin concentrations and prosocial feelings in humans after ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) administration
Social Neuroscience – June 25, 2009
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts feelings of prosocial behavior by increasing blood oxytocin levels in humans. In a double-blind study with 15 healthy volunteers, those who received 100 mg of MDMA experienced a notable rise in oxytocin concentrations and subjective prosocial feelings compared to placebo. The correlation between these feelings and oxytocin levels was stronger than that with MDMA itself. This suggests that oxytocin plays a key role in the social effects associated with ecstasy, highlighting its potential impact on human behavior and relationships.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or "ecstasy") is a recreationally used drug with remarkable and characteristic prosocial effects. In spite ...
Determination of the Designer Drugs 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, and 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine with HPLC and Fluorescence Detection in Whole Blood, Serum, Vitreous Humor, and Urine
Clinical Chemistry – December 01, 2000
Summary
A highly sensitive method for detecting designer drugs like MDMA and MDEA in various biological matrices has been developed, achieving linearity from 2–1000 μg/L in whole blood and serum. Extraction recoveries exceeded 70%, with analytical recoveries between 95.5% and 104.4%. In a study involving rabbits, serum concentrations of MDMA ranged from 5.3 to 685 μg/L, while urine samples showed MDMA levels up to 157 mg/L. This technique utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for accurate quantitative analysis in forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract Background: The popular designer drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) can be deter...
Psychedelic-assisted therapy for treating anxiety, depression, and existential distress in people with life-threatening diseases.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews – September 12, 2024
Summary
Promising results show that carefully supervised psychedelic therapy may offer relief for patients facing life-threatening illnesses. Analysis of 6 clinical trials found that psilocybin and LSD sessions, combined with therapeutic support, reduced anxiety and depression symptoms in 140 participants. While side effects were generally mild and temporary, these treatments showed potential for easing emotional distress in seriously ill patients.
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted therapy refers to a group of therapeutic practices involving psychedelics taken under therapeutic supervision from physicians,...
Clinical pharmacology.
International review of neurobiology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Did you know understanding the body's interaction with substances like psilocybin and MDMA is vital for their therapeutic potential? This review details how these compounds work, their journey through the body (pharmacokinetics and metabolism), and their effects (pharmacodynamics). Psychedelics largely target 5-HT2A receptors, with varying durations based on their metabolism. MDMA offers unique stimulant and empathogenic effects. Crucially, understanding potential drug-drug interaction is paramount for safe clinical application, guiding effective treatment design.
Abstract
To design therapeutic trials and select the most appropriate substance and dose for an indication, a detailed understanding of clinical pharmacolog...
(±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Selectively Damages Central Serotonergic Neurons in Nonhuman Primates
JAMA – July 01, 1988
Summary
MDMA, a popular recreational drug, has been shown to selectively deplete serotonin in nonhuman primates. In a study involving monkeys given doses of 2.50, 3.75, and 5.00 mg/kg, significant reductions in serotonin and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, were observed two weeks post-administration. This depletion correlated with structural damage to serotonergic nerve fibers and pathological changes in nerve cell bodies within the dorsal raphe nucleus. These findings suggest that human users may face risks of central serotonergic neuronal damage from MDMA use.
Abstract
(+/-)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular recreational drug that has been proposed to be useful as an adjunct to psychotherapy. Th...
Pharmacies as potential providers of harm reduction services: A preliminary online survey
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2018
Summary
A survey of 105 UK nationals revealed strong support for pharmacies as the primary vendor for psychoactive drugs like Cannabis, Psilocybin, and MDMA. Participants, particularly the 60 with university education, saw pharmacists, supported by family medicine and psychiatry, as ideal for harm reduction and medical access. Cannabis sales in pharmacies garnered a 7.0/10 support score. This suggests a shift towards treating recreational drug use and hallucinogens as a health issue, emphasizing medicine and professional oversight over unregulated markets.
Abstract
Background Recreational drug use is a major cause of disease, injury, physical and mental impairment and death in developed countries such as the U...
The Return of Psychedelics: Still Time to Prevent Tragedy
Psychiatric News – March 31, 2021
Summary
The push to revive psychedelics like psilocybin, lauded for therapeutic potential, risks a public health tragedy akin to the opioid crisis. Despite grassroots decriminalization efforts and psychology insights, hallucinogens present significant concerns. MDMA saw lifetime use by 5-10% of the population, with one lab distributing 500,000 doses monthly before government restrictions. Lessons from political science and public relations failures in drug studies are vital. Unchecked politics and marketing could repeat the 450,000 opioid deaths in 20 years.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ViewpointsFull AccessThe Return of Psychedelics: Still Time to Prevent TragedyStanley N. Ca...
Does ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) induce subjective feelings of social connection in humans? A multilevel meta-analysis
PLoS ONE – October 25, 2021
Summary
MDMA, or Ecstasy, significantly enhances feelings of social connection, a compelling finding from a comprehensive meta-analysis. Aggregating 54 effect sizes across 27 placebo-controlled studies with 592 participants, a multilevel model revealed a moderate-to-large effect (d=0.86) on self-reported sociability. This robust psychological impact has significant implications for Clinical, Social, and Developmental Psychology. It also advances Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior, and broadening understanding across drug research, including Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a psychostimulant known for producing positive subjective effects and for enhancing social functioning ...
Glutathione and N-Acetylcysteine Conjugates of α-Methyldopamine Produce Serotonergic Neurotoxicity: Possible Role in Methylenedioxyamphetamine-Mediated Neurotoxicity
Chemical Research in Toxicology – November 19, 1999
Summary
Direct injection of MDMA or MDA into the brain does not replicate their known serotonergic neurotoxicity, which depends on a neurotoxic metabolite. In a study involving various doses, 2,5-bis(glutathion-S-yl)-alpha-methyldopamine significantly reduced serotonin (5-HT) levels in the striatum and cortex for up to seven days. Specifically, doses of 4 x 200 nmol led to notable declines in serotonin concentrations. This research highlights that certain metabolites selectively target serotonin nerve terminals without affecting dopamine or norepinephrine levels, underscoring their potential role in neurotoxicity.
Abstract
Direct injection of either 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) into the brain fails to repr...
Associations between individual hallucinogens and hallucinogen misuse among U.S. Adults who recently initiated hallucinogen use.
Addictive behaviors reports – December 01, 2023
Summary
Among hallucinogens, PCP shows the strongest link to substance abuse, with users six times more likely to develop dependence compared to other psychedelic substances. Analysis of 5,000+ recent hallucinogen users revealed varying risks: LSD showed moderate risk, while ketamine and mescaline had limited association with abuse. MDMA and psilocybin weren't significantly linked to dependence, suggesting different risk profiles among psychedelics.
Abstract
Hallucinogen dependence and abuse are DSM-IV diagnoses that are associated with significant morbidity, yet the specific hallucinogens that are most...
Motives for Classical and Novel Psychoactive Substances Use in Psychedelic Polydrug Users
Contemporary Drug Problems – September 01, 2019
Summary
Feeling euphoric (58.0%), enhancing activities (52.3%), and broadening consciousness (48.1%) are key motives for using psychoactive substances. A survey of 1,967 adults explored motivations for traditional psychoactive drugs like Cannabis, MDMA, Ecstasy, Psilocybin, and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), alongside designer drugs and synthetic cannabinoids. While overall motives were similar for psychedelics and other stimulants/hallucinogens, synthetic cannabinoids' use focused on intoxication. Understanding these motivations is crucial for psychology and psychiatry to mitigate harm.
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are compounds designed to mimic the effects of existing recreational drugs (classical psychoactive substances [...
Best practices for first psychedelic experiences: harm reduction advice from the psychedelic community
Figshare – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin is highly recommended for first-time psychedelic users, with nearly 70% of 581 surveyed individuals endorsing its use. About 50% also suggested cannabis, while one-third favored MDMA for its manageable effects. In contrast, substances like ayahuasca and DMT were discouraged due to their intensity and associated risks. Participants advised against mixing psychedelics with alcohol and other stimulants. Emphasizing harm reduction, the community-driven resource aims to educate newcomers on safe practices, fostering informed and responsible psychedelic experiences amidst increasing interest in their therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Abstract Background The use of psychedelics is currently increasing in the United States. Awareness of clinical trials investigating the therapeuti...
Therapeutic role of psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in trauma: A literature review
World Journal of Psychiatry – May 19, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics like MDMA and psilocybin are transforming psychiatry, showing promise for rapid improvement in conditions such as PTSD and depression. With MDMA designated a breakthrough therapy, these hallucinogens, including lysergic acid diethylamide and ayahuasca, are being explored as medicine. Psilocybin and MDMA, often integrated with a psychotherapist, are central to current psychedelic-assisted therapy. This pharmacology and psychology research highlights their potential, influencing neurotransmitter receptors. Chemical synthesis of these compounds is vital for drug studies.
Abstract
With the Food and Drug Administration designation in 2017 of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as a breakthrough therapy in post-traumatic s...
Ginastera au bout de l'archet
OpenAlex – February 18, 2009
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA profoundly reshape social decision-making, significantly reducing the rejection of unfair offers. In studies with 19 participants for psilocybin and 20 for MDMA, both compounds halved the odds of rejecting unfair proposals (odds ratios: 0.57 and 0.42). MDMA also boosted prosocial offers to others (Cohen's d = 0.82). These insights offer a new lens for the Humanities and Cultural Analysis, revealing how substances alter our social reward systems. This deepens our understanding of human connection, akin to empathy explored in Literature, the structure of Musicology and Musical Analysis, or the emotional depth of Art and Piano performance.
Abstract
Disruptions in social decision-making are becoming evident in many psychiatric conditions. These are studied using paradigms investigating the psyc...
Instability of the ecstasy market and a new kid on the block: mephedrone
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 08, 2010
Summary
The ecstasy market in the Netherlands has experienced significant instability, with MDMA levels in tablets dropping over 50% since 2009. A new substance, mephedrone, has emerged as a replacement, found in ecstasy tablets at concentrations between 96 and 155 mg. Among 70 regular users surveyed, most reported enjoyable effects from mephedrone, similar to amphetamines like MDMA. However, it also triggered strong cravings in many users. This shift raises health concerns regarding mephedrone's potential as a substitute for MDMA in recreational settings.
Abstract
Recently, several reports have indicated instability of the ecstasy market in the Netherlands and other EU countries. In the current study, we demo...
Neurophysin I: a reliable, novel, and robust biomarker for oxytocin.
European journal of endocrinology – March 27, 2025
Summary
A breakthrough in measuring the "love hormone" oxytocin reveals Neurophysin I as a reliable biomarker. Using MDMA as a stimulation test, researchers found that healthy people showed a 20-fold increase in this biomarker, while those with posterior pituitary dysfunction showed minimal response. This discovery offers a new diagnostic tool for oxytocin deficiency and could improve treatment for social and emotional disorders.
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) deficiency is a recently identified novel psycho-neuroendocrine entity associated with anxiety and reduced prosocial behavior. Howev...
Psychedelics for Psychiatric Disorders: More Research Needed
Psychiatric News – April 13, 2020
Summary
Breakthrough status from the FDA highlights the medical potential of psychedelics like psilocybin for depression and MDMA for PTSD. These hallucinogens, including Lysergic acid diethylamide and Ayahuasca, are transforming Psychiatry and Psychology. Placebo-controlled trials show psilocybin's efficacy for depression and MDMA's for PTSD. However, Drug Studies on these four agents are hampered by Schedule I classification and limited federal funding, despite strong evidence suggesting their role in future Medicine. Standardized protocols are crucial for advancing this promising field.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical & ResearchFull AccessPsychedelics for Psychiatric Disorders: More Research NeededN...
In vivo and in vitro metabolism of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)methamphetamine in the rat: identification of metabolites using an ion trap detector
Chemical Research in Toxicology – November 01, 1988
Summary
Four distinct biotransformation pathways of MDMA were identified in rats, revealing a complex metabolism involving N-demethylation and O-glucuronidation. Notably, metabolites like 3-hydroxy-4-methoxymethamphetamine and MDA appeared consistently in urine, with hydroxylated forms excreted primarily as conjugates. In brain and liver samples, N-demethyl and 3-O-methyl phenolic amine metabolites were prevalent. The study involved various sample analyses, including 10,000g rat liver and brain supernatants, highlighting the intricate chemistry of MDMA's metabolic processes and its implications for forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Four biotransformation pathways of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)methamphetamine (MDMA) in the rat have been identified: N-demethylation, O-dealkylation, dea...
B-302 Psychedelics and Dissociative Anesthetics: Concentrations in Suspected Impaired Driving Investigations, 2024
Clinical Chemistry – October 01, 2025
Summary
In 2024, psychedelic and dissociative drugs were detected in 328 suspected driving under the influence cases. Notably, phencyclidine (PCP) was found in 220 instances, while MDMA appeared in 81 cases. Ketamine, LSD, and psilocin were also present but in fewer samples (22, 2, and 5 respectively). Concentrations varied widely: ketamine averaged 272 ng/mL, MDMA 124 ng/mL, and PCP 50 ng/mL. These findings highlight the significant risks associated with impaired cognitive and motor functions when using these substances, particularly for activities like driving.
Abstract
Abstract Background Psychedelic and dissociative drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (...
Ecstasy and Drug Consumption Patterns: A Canadian Rave Population Study
The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry – August 01, 2002
Summary
Among 210 Montreal rave attendees, a consistent drug experimentation sequence emerged: alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, then Hallucinogens like LSD and Psilocybin. Early alcohol or cannabis use was associated with trying other drugs for over 25% of the Population. MDMA (Ecstasy) and Amphetamine were highly prevalent, while Heroin use was notably absent. This data provides vital insights for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, informing Psychiatry and Medicine, and contributing to Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
Objective: This study investigates the drug consumption patterns of a sample of rave attendees in the city of Montreal, Quebec, and seeks to identi...
Rapid and prolonged antidepressant and antianxiety effects of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, ayahuasca, and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
OpenAlex – June 20, 2024
Summary
A compelling meta-analysis in Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveals significant potential for mental health medicine. Psilocybin rapidly and sustainably reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms. A methylenedioxy compound like MDMA, related to methamphetamine, also demonstrated antidepressant effects, particularly for social anxiety. Ayahuasca and LSD similarly reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptor interactions. While promising in psychology, the complex pharmacology of these substances means adverse effects like elevated blood pressure and panic attacks were noted.
Abstract
Abstract Background Hallucinogens attract research as alternatives to the commonly used medications to treat major depressive and anxiety disorders...
Enzymic and chemical demethylenation of (methylenedioxy)amphetamine and (methylenedioxy)methamphetamine by rat brain microsomes
Chemical Research in Toxicology – May 01, 1992
Summary
The metabolism of methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) reveals significant insights into their breakdown in rat brain microsomes. Specifically, 2.6 times more catechol was produced using phosphate buffer compared to HEPES buffer. The study identified dihydroxyamphetamine (DHA) and dihydroxymethamphetamine (DHMA) as metabolic products, with cytochrome P450 playing a crucial role in their formation. Notably, the demethylenation process showed no significant stereoselectivity and involved multiple isozymes, highlighting complex interactions in pharmacology and biochemistry relevant for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The metabolism of (methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA) and (methylenedioxy)methamphetamine (MDMA) was examined in microsomal preparations from rat bra...
A Case of Mao Inhibitor/MDMA Interaction: Agony After Ecstasy
Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology – January 01, 1987
Summary
A 50-year-old male experienced severe hypertension and altered mental status after taking MDMA alongside the MAO inhibitor phenelzine. Symptoms lasted 5-6 hours, highlighting a dangerous interaction previously unreported with MDMA. This combination can lead to excessive release of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin, potentially resulting in hypertensive crises and hyperthermia. Such cases underscore the significant toxicity MDMA poses for individuals on MAO inhibitors, emphasizing the need for caution when combining these substances in medical or recreational settings.
Abstract
After ingesting 3,4-methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor phenelzine, a 50 year old male developed marke...
Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – July 12, 2018
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, uniquely influences behavior, producing prosocial effects that differentiate it from traditional hallucinogens like LSD and mescaline. With its structural similarities to amphetamines, MDMA's appeal spans recreational users and professionals alike. This compound is pivotal in psychedelic science, potentially shaping future research directions. Its synthesis, pharmacology, and adverse effects are critical areas of exploration, with implications for both therapeutic applications and the broader understanding of psychedelics. As of now, MDMA stands at a crossroads for future advancements in psychology and pharmacology.
Abstract
Better known as "ecstasy", 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a small molecule that has played a prominent role in defining the ethos of t...
Comparison of poisoning deaths with wastewater-based consumption estimates and assessment of fatal toxicity for amphetamine-type stimulant drugs.
Drug testing and analysis – June 01, 2024
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Among several established indicators that are used to monitor the illicit drug scene, drug-related deaths and wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) s...
A Systematic Review of the Neurocognitive Effects of Psychedelics in Healthy Populations: Implications for Depressive Disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Brain Sciences – March 03, 2024
Summary
MDMA uniquely improved psychomotor learning in healthy individuals, contrasting with other hallucinogens' generally neutral or detrimental acute neurocognitive effects. This review of 43 papers on Psychedelics and Drug Studies, covering substances like psilocybin, cannabis, and LSD—but no mescaline—examined cognition. Only one MDMA study addressed clinical psychology for PTSD; none focused on major depressive disorder. Varied chemical synthesis and alkaloids likely explain diverse neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Small samples and non-uniform neuropsychological test methods limit definitive conclusions for psychiatry.
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to provide an overview of pharmacological trials that examine the neurocognitive effects of psychedelics among healthy i...
Psychedelics, entactogens and psychoplastogens for depression and related disorders
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 15, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics are revolutionizing Psychiatry. Psilocybin and MDMA, powerful hallucinogens, show promise as rapid antidepressants and anxiolytics in Psychology and Neuroscience. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlight their ability to target monoamine neurotransmitter systems, specifically 5-HT2A receptors, influencing behavior. They correct neural network defects in Major depressive disorder and Anxiety, linked to altered brain tryptophan metabolism. Psilocybin received FDA breakthrough status for depression, while MDMA for PTSD was recently rejected. This offers new hope for severe mental health conditions.
Abstract
Currently, the most actively investigated rapidly acting antidepressants, anxiolytics and/or anti PTSD agents, include psychedelics e.g. psilocybin...
The substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methamphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine induce 5-hydroxytryptamine release via a common mechanism blocked by fluoxetine and cocaine
European Journal of Pharmacology – May 01, 1992
Summary
Fenfluramine and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) are remarkably effective at inducing serotonin release, surpassing MDMA and methamphetamine in potency. In a microassay with various substituted amphetamines, PCA and fenfluramine showed similar release capabilities, while MDMA was notably less potent. Notably, combining drugs did not enhance serotonin release beyond individual effects. Additionally, fluoxetine and cocaine inhibited this release equally across all tested amphetamines. These findings suggest a shared mechanism for serotonin release among these drugs, differing from the uptake blockade seen with fluoxetine and cocaine.
Abstract
The abilities of the substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and fenfluramine...
Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate
American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy – June 01, 2002
Summary
The rising abuse of club drugs, including MDMA, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and GHB, is alarming, particularly among youth at dance parties. For instance, MDMA enhances neurotransmitter release, leading to euphoria and increased energy but can cause serious effects like hyperthermia and arrhythmias. Flunitrazepam may lead to loss of consciousness, while ketamine can result in confusion and cardiovascular issues. GHB poses severe risks, including seizures and coma. With these substances increasingly linked to sexual assault, healthcare professionals must be vigilant in managing potential intoxication cases.
Abstract
The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is discussed. Club drugs ...
Magic of the Mushrooms: Effects of Psilocybin Decriminalization
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 10, 2024
Summary
Decriminalization of psilocybin, a therapeutic hallucinogen, profoundly shifts public interest. Analysis of extensive web-based search data reveals a marked increase in psilocybin inquiries, alongside a notable reduction for other psychedelics like LSD and MDMA. This nationwide trend suggests a significant public health benefit, as individuals gravitate towards psilocybin, considered the safest option. This finding contributes to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reflecting policy's impact on Medicine and Pharmacology, and its potential in Psychology for mental health.
Abstract
In the past few years, psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in "magic mushrooms" (psilocybin mushrooms), has undergone decriminalization in num...
Evaluation of spectroscopic techniques for on-site drug testing of festival seizures.
Drug testing and analysis – June 01, 2025
Summary
On-site drug testing at festivals revealed MDMA doses varying from 52mg to 336mg per tablet, highlighting the critical need for rapid identification methods. Advanced infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques were evaluated for testing drug seizures, with over 160 samples analyzed through packaging. While Raman excelled at powder testing, infrared proved more reliable overall, achieving 95% accuracy. Combined use of both methods offers optimal results for rapid, accurate drug identification.
Abstract
Despite the fact that drugs of abuse are illegal, a drug-free festival still remains an utopia in most settings. For law enforcement purposes, it i...
Using the pharmacy retail model to examine perceptions and biases of a UK population sample towards regulation of specific psychoactive drugs
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2019
Summary
Public perception of drug harm dramatically misaligns with scientific consensus, impacting medicine and harm reduction. A survey of 105 UK nationals found they perceive tobacco as most harmful and cannabis least, while Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis indicates alcohol is most harmful and psilocybin least. This psychology influences legal classifications, hindering pharmacy sales for substances like MDMA and Psilocybin, despite their therapeutic potential in psychiatry. Population objections often stem from moral discomfort, not data from Psychedelics and Drug Studies or Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
Background: Contemporary research indicates that the legal classifications of cannabis (Schedule 2, Class B), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MD...
Perspectives on Trauma Treatment, Self-Management Strategies, and Attitudes Toward Psychedelic Therapies in Individuals with Psychological Trauma Symptoms
Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology – August 14, 2025
Summary
A striking 81% of individuals with psychological trauma expressed willingness to try MDMA therapy, and 83% for psilocybin therapy. An online survey of 873 respondents, 73.4% diagnosed with PTSD/CPTSD, revealed high dissatisfaction with traditional psychotherapist-led clinical psychology treatments and medicine. Many self-managed symptoms with psychedelics, underscoring the growing relevance of drug studies. Understanding these compounds, from their chemical synthesis to their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, is crucial for developing new psychological trauma interventions.
Abstract
Background: Current trauma treatment options often fail to meet patients' needs. Despite the availability of established interventions, many trauma...
Efficacy and Safety of Psychedelics in Mental Disorder Cases: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials
Journal of Clinical Medicine – December 29, 2025
Summary
MDMA dramatically reduces PTSD symptoms, showing a Hedges’ g of 1.24, often after only 2–3 sessions. Psilocybin similarly offers a large effect (Hedges’ g ≈ 1.05) for major depressive disorder, with benefits sustained for six months. This umbrella review, synthesizing 23 meta-analyses from clinical psychology, highlights the potential of these hallucinogens in Medicine and Psychiatry. LSD also showed short-term benefits for alcohol use disorder. While adverse effects were mild, rigorous randomized controlled trials are crucial to confirm long-term safety and efficacy for these promising psychedelics.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelic-assisted therapy is gaining renewed attention as a potential treatment for various mental disorders. Despite increasing num...
Psychotomimetic effects of PCP, LSD, and Ecstasy: pharmacological models of schizophrenia?
Cambridge University Press eBooks – February 04, 2010
Summary
PCP and ketamine have been shown to induce psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions, even in healthy individuals. In studies involving rodent and primate models, PCP demonstrated significant behavior alterations and cognitive deficits, mirroring human schizophrenia with a 75% correlation in psychotomimetic effects. Unlike PCP, LSD and MDMA do not appear to induce psychosis in those without prior vulnerability. Understanding the role of glutamatergic and serotonergic systems is crucial for developing effective treatments in psychiatry and pharmacology related to schizophrenia.
Abstract
Facts box Phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) have been variously refe...
Diversity of Psychopathology Associated with use of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)
The British Journal of Psychiatry – September 01, 1994
Summary
Ecstasy use may lead to significant psychiatric issues, with 62% of a studied group (n = 13) experiencing psychotic symptoms. Among these, 61.5% presented with hallucinations or visual distortions. In contrast, a control group of substance-naïve patients (n = 40) exhibited similar psychopathology, suggesting that the effects of MDMA on neurotransmitter receptors might mimic those seen in schizophrenia. This highlights the need for greater awareness of the diverse mental health impacts associated with illicit drug use, particularly in forensic and treatment contexts.
Abstract
Background 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’) has become one of the most widely used illicit substances in the UK. Little is kno...
Effects of Intracerebroventricular Administration of 5-(Glutathion-S-yl)-α-methyldopamine on Brain Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine Concentrations in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Chemical Research in Toxicology – January 01, 1996
Summary
A striking finding reveals that a metabolite of MDMA, 5-(glutathion-S-yl)-alpha-methyldopamine, induces hyperactivity and aggressive behavior in male Sprague-Dawley rats, mirroring effects seen with MDA. Administering 720 nmol led to acute shifts in dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems. While this metabolite boosted dopamine synthesis, it did not lead to long-term serotonergic toxicity after a single dose. The study suggests that while immediate dopamine turnover is crucial for future serotonin depletion, it alone cannot trigger lasting neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
alpha-Methyldopamine (alpha-MeDA) is a metabolite of the serotonergic neurotoxicants 3,4-(+/-)-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-(+/-)-(met...
Lasting Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of (??)Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (???Ecstasy???) in Recreational Users
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – October 01, 1991
Summary
Prolonged neuropsychiatric syndromes were observed in two individuals after ingesting large doses of MDMA, a popular recreational amphetamine analog. These cases highlight that MDMA, while often associated with euphoric effects, may lead to significant and lasting adverse consequences, particularly for those already vulnerable. Given that MDMA is known to be neurotoxic to serotonin neurons in animal studies, these findings raise concerns about its impact on human health, suggesting potential risks of serious psychological effects following high doses.
Abstract
Two persons are described who demonstrated prolonged neuropsychiatric syndromes after the ingestion of large doses of (+-)-3,4-methylenedioxymetham...
Psychedelic-assisted therapy: An overview for the internist
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine – March 01, 2025
Summary
Compelling preliminary evidence suggests psychedelic-assisted therapy, influencing neurotransmitter receptor activity, holds promise for conditions like depression and PTSD. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies, involving compounds like MDMA and psilocybin, have earned breakthrough therapy designations. However, in August 2024, MDMA's approval was declined, requiring another phase 3 trial for its reintroduction into medicine. This rigorous process highlights the careful evaluation. Clinicians, including specialists in intensive care medicine, should prepare for these therapies' potential return.
Abstract
Preliminary evidence suggests that psychedelic-assisted therapy-the enhancement of psychotherapy with psychedelics such as 3,4-methylenedioxymetham...
The Australia story: Current status and future challenges for the clinical applications of psychedelics
British Journal of Pharmacology – December 19, 2024
Summary
Australia has pioneered a new era in mental health medicine, approving psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression and MDMA for PTSD from July 1, 2023. This landmark decision follows extensive psychedelic drug studies, revealing these compounds' potential. Authorized psychiatrists can now prescribe these substances, offering alternative medicine for millions facing unmet mental health needs. Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, and MDMA represent a shift in psychiatry, reflecting diverse academic research themes, including insights from chemical synthesis and alkaloids. This move could influence global approaches to depression and other conditions.
Abstract
Abstract The past decade has seen a huge increase in clinical research with psychedelic drugs and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), which h...
Expert recommendations for Germany’s integration of psychedelic-assisted therapy
BMC Medical Education – October 24, 2024
Summary
Australia has already approved MDMA and psilocybin for mental health, highlighting Europe's urgent need to advance medical education in psychedelic-assisted therapy. With USA trials in Phase III, Germany is poised to lead Europe in developing robust frameworks for integrating innovative Psychedelics and Drug Studies into Medicine. This includes defining ethical Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications, practitioner training, and regulatory oversight. Such infrastructure development aims to ensure proficient care, potentially reclaiming Europe's historical lead in Psychology and psychiatric innovation, as seen with Switzerland's 2014 reintroduction of MDMA and LSD for restricted medical use.
Abstract
As clinical trials for psychedelics move into phase III in the USA, Europe must address its lag in integrating professional education around psyche...
Psychedelic research at a crossroads
Science – September 19, 2024
Summary
Mental health conditions affect one in every eight people globally, driving urgent innovation in medicine. Psychedelics, hallucinogens like psilocybin and MDMA, are being explored in clinical trials combining chemical synthesis compounds with psychotherapy. While promising for conditions like depression, the Food and Drug Administration recently rejected MDMA therapy, highlighting significant safety and data integrity concerns. This crossroads in Psychiatry and Psychology demands rigorous evidence for these potential treatments, ensuring psychotherapists can offer effective mental health solutions. The field of Psychedelics and Drug Studies must address these challenges to advance.
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop better treatments for mental health conditions that affect one in every eight people in the world. To combat thi...
Tusi but not 2C: A Miami-Dade medical examiner case series highlighting the variable drug composition in colored powder paraphernalia.
Journal of forensic sciences – May 01, 2025
Summary
Pink cocaine, known as "tusi" on the streets, isn't what many assume. Miami-Dade forensic toxicology reports reveal these colorful powders consistently contain ketamine and MDMA, but surprisingly never 2C-B, the compound they're thought to mimic. Analysis of postmortem cases shows these mixtures often include various stimulants and medications, highlighting dangerous unpredictability in their composition.
Abstract
Eight fatalities between September 2020 and July 2024 in Miami-Dade County involving the ingestion of colored powders, referred to as "tusi," "tuci...
Ecstasy-Induced Rhabdomyolysis Leading to Severe Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Temporary Hemodialysis: A High Risk for Recurrence With Repeated Exposure.
Cureus – July 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA (ecstasy) can trigger severe muscle breakdown and kidney failure in susceptible individuals. A notable case revealed how repeated ecstasy use led to dangerous muscle tissue breakdown (rhabdomyolysis) and acute kidney injury both times the drug was taken. The patient required emergency hemodialysis treatment on both occasions, highlighting how some people face higher risks with each exposure to this party drug.
Abstract
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethyl-amphetamine, MDMA) is an illicit drug that has found widespread use. It is mostly used by adolescents and young a...
The variability of ecstasy tablets composition in Brazil.
Journal of forensic sciences – January 01, 2015
Summary
Many "ecstasy" tablets seized in Brazil contain no MDMA at all. Forensic science experts conducted chemical profiling on 150 samples, utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to uncover their true makeup. They found MDMA in less than half, with a surprising array of designer drugs and other active substances frequently taking its place. This crucial work reveals a significant shift in illicit markets, where diverse compounds are sold as ecstasy, providing vital insights into evolving drug composition.
Abstract
The content of ecstasy tablets has been changing over the years, and nowadays 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is not always present in the...
Quantitative natural language processing markers of psychoactive drug effects: A pre-registered systematic review
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 16, 2025
Summary
A fascinating finding in Drug Studies reveals that all psychoactive drugs, from stimulants to Psychedelics, alter language production. New Psychology research, applying automated language analysis, objectively identifies short-term effects. For instance, based on two or more studies per substance, stimulants increase verbosity, while MDMA increases closeness to emotional words. Psilocybin enhances positive sentiment, suggesting potential for Medicine and Treatment of Major Depression. One study even validated identifying MDMA intoxication. This objective approach, examining how diverse chemical synthesis and alkaloids impact the mind, moves beyond subjective accounts.
Abstract
Psychoactive substances used for recreational purposes have mind-altering effects, but systematic evaluation of these effects is largely limited to...
Defining ‘psychedelic’
OpenAlex – December 04, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin uniquely delivers 'soul-illumination,' characterized by visions and psychological insight, confirming its place as the quintessential psychedelic drug. Over 200 individuals described their experiences with psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA. Analyzing these accounts revealed 3-4 distinct dimensions of subjective experience. A predictive model accurately identified which drug an individual had taken based solely on these effects. While ketamine primarily induces dissociation and MDMA fosters pro-social feelings and love, psilocybin stands apart for its profound capacity to manifest visions and deep psychological understanding.
Abstract
Humphry Osmond coined the term ‘psychedelic’ in 1956, conjoining ‘psyche’ for ‘soul’ and ‘delic’ from ‘dêlos’ for ‘to manifest’ or ‘illuminate.’ So...
Psychedelics as a Therapeutic Opportunity or Threat: A Narrative Review.
Cureus – December 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, utilizing substances like MDMA and psilocybin, shows substantial promise for treating severe mental health conditions. Psilocybin rapidly and sustainably reduces symptoms of major depressive disorder, even in treatment-resistant cases. MDMA, combined with therapy, offers significant potential for PTSD. While these psychedelics can facilitate profound changes in cognitive and emotional patterns, careful patient selection and strict "set and setting" are crucial. Risks include adverse reactions, such as hppd, and drug interactions, underscoring the need for controlled use.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics and related substances, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), have again become a focus of interest in psychiatry ...
Effects of certain hallucinogenic amphetamine analogs on the release of [3H]-serotonin from rat brain synaptosomes
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – May 01, 1982
Summary
The (+) isomer of MDMA significantly outperformed its (-) counterpart in inducing serotonin release, with a notable effect observed at 1 micrometer concentration. All amphetamine isomers effectively released serotonin at concentrations of 1 and 10 micrometers, while remaining inactive at 0.1 micrometers. No differences in potency were detected at the higher concentration of 10 micrometers. In contrast, alpha, alpha-dimethyl derivatives showed no serotonin release effects, highlighting the unique biological activity linked to MDMA's specific isomer.
Abstract
The enantiomers of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA), p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), and N-Me-MDA (MDMA), along with their alpha, alpha-dimethylat...
Cytochrome P450 2D6.1 and cytochrome P450 2D6.10 differ in catalytic activity for multiple substrates
Pharmacogenetics – August 01, 2001
Summary
Individuals with the CYP2D6*10 allele, which affects drug metabolism, may need adjusted medication doses. About 75% of Asians carry this variant, leading to significant differences in how drugs are processed. For instance, when comparing intrinsic clearance ratios using dextromethorphan and MDMA, CYP2D6.10 showed a 123-fold difference in clearance for MDMA versus the wild-type CYP2D6.1. This variant also demonstrated altered susceptibility to inhibitors like fluoxetine and paroxetine, suggesting potential risks for toxicity and drug dependence in those with the *10 allele compared to *1.
Abstract
CYP2D6 is involved in the metabolism of several classes of drugs, including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and ...
The association between study design and antidepressant effects in psychedelic-assisted therapy: A meta-analysis.
Journal of affective disorders – January 15, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic therapy shows varying effectiveness against depression depending on how studies are designed. A comprehensive meta-analysis reveals that psilocybin and MDMA treatments demonstrate stronger positive results in trials using non-active placebos. However, when compared to active placebos, the benefits become less pronounced. Study design choices significantly influence how effective psychedelic treatments appear to be.
Abstract
Different study designs of psychedelic trials may impact the blinding and expectance, leading to biased treatment effects. This study aimed to exam...
Trips Through the Skin: Reviewing Cutaneous Drug Reactions to Psychedelics and Hallucinogens
Dermatitis – April 18, 2024
Summary
Despite growing interest in hallucinogen and psychedelic substances for Medicine, their dermatologic side effects are poorly characterized. A review of 22 Psychedelics and Drug Studies on 40 patients revealed diverse dermatologic issues. Psilocybin, for instance, caused vesicular eruptions in four patients. Cannabis-related reactions included type I hypersensitivity in 21 cases. Other findings detailed acneiform eruptions from MDMA and ketamine hypersensitivity. Characterizing these dermatologic impacts is vital for patient care.
Abstract
Although psychedelic and hallucinogenic substances have gained popularity for therapeutic use, their dermatologic adverse effects are poorly charac...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians-Historical Perspective and Overview.
American journal of therapeutics
Summary
Psychedelic medicines are reemerging as powerful tools for mental health treatment, with breakthrough results in treating depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Recent clinical trials show promising outcomes, particularly with MDMA for PTSD and psilocybin for depression. While remission rates match traditional antidepressants, these treatments offer new hope for those who haven't responded to conventional methods.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs have recently emerged as plausibly effective pharmacological agents for the management of depression, anxiety, and other neuropsy...
Classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain-wide imaging of cellular c-Fos expression
Nature Communications – February 12, 2025
Summary
A novel neuroscience approach accurately classifies psychoactive drugs, showing promise for future medicine. Using advanced microscopy and machine learning, a pharmacology pipeline identified distinct drug signatures in brain tissue. This method achieved 67% accuracy in distinguishing compounds like the hallucinogens Psilocybin, Ketamine, and MDMA, alongside Fluoxetine. Psilocybin was discriminated from other drugs with over 95% accuracy. Such precise drug studies advance our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, critical for developing new treatments for brain disorders.
Abstract
Psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are psychoactive compounds that exert behavioral effects with distinguishable but also overlapping features. The gro...