3034 results for "Psilocybin"
Inhibition of cortico-amygdala projections underlies affective bias modification by psilocybin
OpenAlex – March 04, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, demonstrates rapid and lasting antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder. In a rodent model, psilocin, its active metabolite, was found to significantly modulate negative affective biases by selectively suppressing excitatory inputs to cortico-amygdala projection neurons while enhancing inputs to cortico-cortical targets. Notably, these changes persisted for 24 hours post-infusion. Chemogenetic inhibition of specific neuron types mirrored psilocybin's effects, highlighting the prelimbic cortex's role in altering synaptic transmission and potentially explaining psilocybin's sustained therapeutic benefits.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, can produce rapid and enduring antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder (...
Psilocybin improves novel object recognition in a rat model of Fragile X Syndrome through the modulation of the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway
Neuropsychopharmacology – February 13, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin microdosing significantly improved object recognition memory in a rat model of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the leading inherited cause of intellectual disability. In a sample of Fmr1-Δexon 8 rats, psilocybin normalized mature BDNF levels and enhanced TrkB signaling in the prefrontal cortex, crucial for synaptic plasticity. Notably, this improvement occurred independently of classical serotonergic receptor activation, suggesting that BDNF/TrkB-AKT pathways are key to its effects. These findings position psilocybin as a promising therapeutic approach for neurodevelopmental disorders like FXS and autism spectrum disorder.
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited intellectual disability and a leading monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As a...
Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) and the changing definition of psilocybin.
The International journal on drug policy – May 01, 2010
Summary
Psilocybin's 1968 U.S. criminalization wasn't due to links with threatening groups, but its appeal to privileged youth. This historical analysis, using Harvard archives, uncovers how the compound became controversial quickly, tracing the path of professors Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert. Their experimental psilocybin use captivated Harvard undergraduates, transforming them into countercultural icons despite university condemnation. Ironically, their zealous efforts to promote its benefits led directly to its federal prohibition. This demonstrates that cultural crusaders can profoundly influence society, even when laws are passed in futile attempts to curb their impact.
Abstract
This research focuses on the events leading to the 1968 U.S. federal prohibition of psilocybin. It is a study of duelling moral entrepreneurs-Timot...
Psilocybin and psilocin regulate microglial immunomodulation and support neuroplasticity via serotonergic and AhR signaling.
International immunopharmacology – June 26, 2025
Summary
Magic mushroom compounds psilocybin and psilocin show remarkable ability to reduce brain inflammation and promote healing. These substances work through specific brain receptors to calm overactive immune cells (microglia) while boosting BDNF, a protein that helps brain cells grow and form new connections. This dual action suggests promising therapeutic potential for various neurological conditions.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, has demonstrated therapeutic potential in neuropsychiatric disorders. While its neuroplastic and immunomodu...
Single-dose psilocybin therapy for alcohol use disorder: Pharmacokinetics, feasibility, safety and efficacy in an open-label study
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 28, 2025
Summary
A single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin significantly reduced alcohol consumption in adults with severe alcohol use disorder. Ten participants saw heavy drinking days drop by 37.5 percentage points and drinks per day decrease by 3.4 drinks over 12 weeks after a 25 mg dosing. Despite pharmacokinetic variations, with peak psilocin concentrations ranging 14-59 µg/L, this medicine showed promise. Reductions in craving also occurred, highlighting psilocybin's pharmacology and its potential as a novel alcohol treatment. This contributes to psychedelics and drug studies exploring neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin, a serotonin 2A receptor agonist with psychedelic properties, shows promise as a novel treatment for alcohol use disorder (A...
Shame, Guilt and Psychedelic Experience: Results from a Prospective, Longitudinal Survey of Real-World Psilocybin Use
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – February 07, 2025
Summary
A significant 68.2% of 679 adults reported acute shame or guilt during psilocybin experiences, a potent hallucinogen. While challenging, working through these feelings predicted better psychological wellbeing weeks later. This finding, relevant to clinical psychology and psychiatry, reveals how psilocybin can impact shame, a core emotion in psychology. Overall, the alkaloid produced a small decrease in trait shame (Cohen's dz = 0.37) maintained for months, though shame increased for 29.8%. These insights from psychedelics and drug studies highlight complex psychological responses.
Abstract
The classic psychedelic psilocybin has attracted special interest across clinical and non-clinical settings as a potential tool for mental health. ...
Evaluating the potential for psilocybin as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin shows remarkable potential in rewiring fear responses in the brain, offering hope for those with post-traumatic stress disorder. The compound increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor, helping form new neural connections. Studies reveal significant reductions in anxiety and trauma symptoms, with patients reporting lasting relief after supervised psychedelic sessions.
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition that develops following exposure to a traumatic event. Individuals wi...
Catalyst for change: Psilocybin’s antidepressant mechanisms—A systematic review
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 20, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, offers promising antidepressant effects. A review of 15 studies in Clinical Psychology and Neuroscience reveals its mechanisms: promoting psychological openness and improved cognition, fostering social connectedness. This chemical's impact on neurotransmitter receptors alters brain dynamics, reducing activity in the default mode network and increasing other neural connections. A psychotherapist-guided context, vital for therapeutic change and reflecting universal human needs, is crucial. This multi-level approach, encompassing neurobiology and psychology, highlights psilocybin's therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Background: Recent clinical trials suggest promising antidepressant effects of psilocybin, despite methodological challenges. While various studies...
Psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time: computational modelling of behaviour in rats.
Translational psychiatry – September 30, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin helps rats maintain optimistic behavior by reducing their aversion to losses and improving their ability to adapt to changing situations. In a reward-based learning experiment, rats treated with psilocybin showed increased engagement and achieved better outcomes. The compound appears to work by adjusting how the brain updates beliefs and processes negative experiences, suggesting a mechanism for its antidepressant effects.
Abstract
Psilocybin has shown promise as a novel pharmacological intervention for treatment of depression, where post-acute effects of psilocybin treatment ...
Psilocybin for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Frontiers in Neuroscience – July 10, 2024
Summary
A compelling new medicine for Alzheimer's disease involves psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen and alkaloid from chemical synthesis. Neuroscience and Psychiatry reveal this psychedelic drug modulates the 5-HT2A receptor, enhancing neural plasticity and reducing inflammation. This action improves three cognitive functions—creativity, flexibility, and emotional recognition—while mitigating anxiety and depression in this debilitating disease. Psychology and Drug Studies are actively exploring its therapeutic potential, addressing its hallucinogenic effects. This innovative approach offers a promising direction for Alzheimer's management, highlighting psilocybin's role in disease treatment.
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) stands as a formidable neurodegenerative ailment and a prominent contributor to dementia. The scarcity of available therap...
Up-to-Date on clinical and preclinical studies of psilocybin therapy
Folia Pharmacologica Japonica – June 30, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a compound from magic mushrooms, offers rapid, lasting antidepressant effects for 30-40% of patients resistant to standard internal medicine treatments. This breakthrough in Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights the therapeutic potential of this naturally occurring alkaloid. Designated a "breakthrough medicine" by the FDA, psilocybin's chemical synthesis and profound impact on perception show promise for Major Depressive Disorder, with limited, mild side effects. Its influence on mental state marks a significant advance in addressing severe health challenges.
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) poses a significant global health burden, with 30-40% patients developing resistance to standard clinical antidepre...
Efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis
BMJ – May 01, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, significantly improves depression symptoms, a comprehensive meta-analysis concludes. This systematic review, drawing from extensive digital databases including MEDLINE, synthesized data from 436 participants (228 female) across seven studies. It found a substantial benefit (Hedges’ g=0.66) on depression scores. Greater improvements (g=0.88) were observed for secondary depression and among individuals with prior psychedelic use. This psychiatry and medicine research highlights psilocybin's potential in drug studies, contributing to complementary medicine's understanding of this unique alkaloid.
Abstract
Abstract Objective To determine the efficacy of psilocybin as an antidepressant compared with placebo or non-psychoactive drugs. Design Systematic ...
Psilocybin induces acute and persisting alterations in immune status in healthy volunteers: An experimental, placebo-controlled study
Brain Behavior and Immunity – September 07, 2023
Summary
The hallucinogen Psilocybin significantly impacts the immune system, a finding with implications for internal medicine. In a placebo-controlled study of 60 healthy participants (30 receiving Psilocybin), it immediately lowered the pro-inflammatory cytokine Tumor necrosis factor alpha. Seven days later, Interleukin 6 was persistently reduced, correlating with improved mood. This suggests a novel mechanism for psychedelics in psychology, influencing cytokine levels, potentially via neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, advancing drug studies in medicine.
Abstract
Patients characterized by stress-related disorders such as depression display elevated circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and...
On the mushrooming reports of “quiet quitting”: Employees’ lifetime psilocybin use predicts their overtime hours worked
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 31, 2023
Summary
Lifetime psilocybin use significantly reduces overtime, impacting workplace psychology. Data from 217,963 U.S. full-time employees reveal individuals using this hallucinogen work an estimated 44,348,400 fewer overtime hours annually. This demographic economics insight is crucial as decriminalization and legalization of psychedelics advance. As medicine and psychiatry explore psilocybin's potential, and Current Population Survey-type data tracks labor trends, understanding such population effects is vital for drug studies.
Abstract
Despite the recent and sharp rise in psychedelic research, few studies have investigated how classic psychedelic use relates to employees' work-rel...
Psilocybin in Palliative Care: An Update.
Current geriatrics reports – January 01, 2023
Summary
Groundbreaking developments show psilocybin, a natural psychedelic compound, offers remarkable benefits for end-of-life care. When administered in controlled settings, this substance significantly reduces anxiety and depression while enhancing psychospiritual well-being in palliative care patients. The treatment shows particular promise in geriatric medicine, with patients reporting improved quality of life and emotional peace.
Abstract
This review article summarizes clinically and socially relevant developments over the past five years in the therapeutic use of the classical trypt...
The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin
Molecules – May 15, 2021
Summary
A 2004 UCLA pilot study exploring psilocybin for advanced cancer patients dramatically reignited interest in this powerful hallucinogen. For decades, research into psilocybin’s therapeutic potential was stifled, largely due to its association with counterculture. Now, modern psychology and psychiatry are embracing psychedelics and drug studies, leveraging advances in chemical synthesis and biochemical analysis. This allows psychotherapists to explore how this ancient alkaloid might transform neuropsychiatric treatment, overcoming past stigmas.
Abstract
The psychedelic effects of some plants and fungi have been known and deliberately exploited by humans for thousands of years. Fungi, particularly m...
The Potential Role of Psilocybin in Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery: A Narrative Review
Brain Sciences – May 26, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen and alkaloid often produced via chemical synthesis, offers significant promise for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) recovery. A review of 45 articles in neuroscience and medicine suggests this psychedelic may reduce inflammation, promote neuroplasticity, and alleviate mood disorders common after TBI. These findings, crucial for psychology and drug studies, underscore psilocybin's pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Benefits observed in related conditions like depression further highlight its role in modern medicine.
Abstract
Background: This narrative review explores psilocybin’s potential use as a therapeutic agent in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods...
Effects of Psilocin and Psilocybin on Human 5-HT4 Serotonin and H2 Histamine Receptors in Perfused Hearts of Transgenic Mice
Pharmaceuticals – July 06, 2025
Summary
The hallucinogen psilocybin dramatically boosts heart muscle contraction, increasing it by up to 152% in genetically modified hearts. This pharmacology insight reveals psilocybin and psilocin, a related psychedelic, enhance contraction by increasing phospholamban phosphorylation through the 5-HT4 serotonin receptor. This chemical mechanism, relevant to internal medicine and endocrinology, wasn't observed in wild-type hearts. Other alkaloids like ergotamine showed varied effects, highlighting complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. This work advances drug studies and our understanding of chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hallucinogenic substances such as psilocybin, psilocin, ergometrine, ergotamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have b...
Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 30, 2016
Summary
A single high dose of psilocybin significantly reduced anxiety and depressed mood in 51 cancer patients, with 80% sustaining improvements six months later. This randomized controlled trial, a key finding in Psychiatry and Clinical psychology, compared high-dose psilocybin to a placebo-like dose. Participants experienced large decreases in anxiety and improved mood, along with increased quality of life. This work in Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights its potential in medicine and complementary and alternative medicine.
Abstract
Cancer patients often develop chronic, clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety. Previous studies suggest that psilocybin may decr...
Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 20, 2006
Summary
Hallucinogenic psilocybin profoundly distorts our sense of time. Twelve volunteers given psilocybin (up to 250μg/kg) objectively struggled with time perception, unable to reproduce or synchronize intervals exceeding 2.5 seconds. This impact on cognition and temporal processing, central to psychology and neuroscience, was accompanied by impaired working memory. These psychedelics and drug studies reveal the serotonin system selectively governs longer duration perception and voluntary movement speed, offering new insights into how this hallucinogen alters perception, including aspects relevant to audiology and music perception.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic psilocybin is known to alter the subjective experience of time. However, there is no study that systematically investigated objectiv...
Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives
Metabolic Engineering – March 26, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic medicine just got a major boost. Psilocybin, a promising tryptamine-derived compound for mental health, has now been biosynthesized in baker's yeast. Through metabolic engineering and biochemistry, *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* was engineered to produce this complex alkaloid. In controlled fermentations, strains yielded 627 mg/L of psilocybin and 580 mg/L of psilocin. This chemical synthesis breakthrough in drug studies offers a consistent source of psychedelics, enabling precise characterization and quality control for pharmaceutical applications.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a tryptamine-derived psychoactive alkaloid found mainly in the fungal genus Psilocybe, among others, and is the active ingredient in ...
Sub-Acute Effects of Psilocybin on Empathy, Creative Thinking, and Subjective Well-Being
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – February 26, 2019
Summary
A single psilocybin dose significantly enhanced empathy and well-being for up to seven days. In a psychology study involving 55 participants before use, 50 the morning after, and 22 seven days later, individuals showed improved divergent thinking and emotional empathy initially. Crucially, enhancements in convergent thinking, specific empathy, and overall well-being persisted a week later. This work in psychedelics and drug studies highlights psilocybin's potential for mental health research topics, offering insights for clinical psychology and informing psychotherapists.
Abstract
Creative thinking and empathy are crucial for everyday interactions and subjective well-being. This is emphasized by studies showing a reduction in...
Exploring the Use of Psilocybin Therapy for Existential Distress: A Qualitative Study of Palliative Care Provider Perceptions
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 16, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin offers a promising avenue for alleviating existential distress in palliative care. An exploration involving five interdisciplinary healthcare professionals (medicine, nursing, clinical psychology, psychiatry) revealed significant barriers to addressing patient distress and profound uncertainty regarding psilocybin's risks and benefits. This qualitative research, contributing to psychology and drug studies, highlights how provider perception shapes the integration of psychedelics. Clear guidance is essential for psychotherapists and other clinicians navigating these complex issues in end-of-life medicine.
Abstract
There is a growing body of research suggesting that palliative care patients coping with existential distress may benefit from psilocybin. However,...
Trajectory of Antidepressant Effects after Single- or Two-Dose Administration of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-Analysis
Journal of Clinical Medicine – February 11, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin offers rapid, sustained antidepressant effects for up to six months. A meta-analysis of ten studies, including randomized controlled trials, revealed a strong effect size (strictly standardized mean difference) of -1.74 (95% confidence interval: -2.15 to -1.32) at one week, persisting to -1.12 at six months. Discontinuation rates were comparable to placebo. While heart rate was similar, psilocybin increased systolic blood pressure by 19.00 mmHg and diastolic by 8.66 mmHg. This highlights its potential in medicine, a key finding for psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
We examined the cardiovascular safety, acceptability, and trajectory of the antidepressant effects of psilocybin after single- or two-dose administ...
Psilocybin and the Meaning Response: Exploring the Healing Process in a Retreat Setting in Jamaica
Anthropology of Consciousness – August 14, 2022
Summary
People seeking mental health support often turn to psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. Ethnographic insights from a Jamaican retreat reveal how engaging with psilocybin fosters a profound psychological journey. Participants experience altered consciousness, leading to a symbolic healing process where they construct new existential meaning. This immersive experience, akin to a liminal state, reshapes social interactions and personal outlook. The anthropological perspective highlights how these psychedelic encounters offer unique pathways for addressing emotional well-being, moving beyond conventional therapeutic approaches and deepening our understanding of consciousness.
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the past decade, the consumption of psilocybin mushrooms has become a popular therapeutic tool for people looking to deal with mental a...
Psilocybin and eugenol prevent DSS-induced neuroinflammation in mice
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology – January 25, 2024
Summary
Oral psilocybin, a tryptophan-derived alkaloid, significantly reduced neuroinflammation in a colitis mouse model. Eugenol, a plant compound, also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects. Both, relevant to pharmacology and medicine, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 in the brain. Combined psilocybin and eugenol showed the strongest reduction in IL-6, suggesting potential in drug studies for brain disorders linked to inflammation. These findings illuminate new avenues for targeting neuroinflammation, potentially involving microglia, offering new insights into medicine.
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has emerged as a central pathology common to several acute and chronic brain diseases. Recent studies have displayed the anti-inf...
Psilocybin, Depression, and Synaptogenesis: Insights into the Field’s Past, Present, and Future
Georgetown Scientific Research Journal – October 10, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, holds breakthrough therapy status for depression, offering a promising alternative in Psychiatry. Neuroscience reveals its unique synaptogenic effect, promoting new neural connections crucial for mental well-being. Pharmacology investigates how this psychedelic compound, a product of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, influences behavior by activating the 5-HT2A neurotransmitter receptor. Understanding this mechanism is vital for Drug Studies, exploring how psilocybin's influence on specific transcription factors drives this profound psychological impact, potentially redefining depression treatment.
Abstract
Depression remains one the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders in the United States. The Food and Drug Administration granted psilocybi...
Effects of a single dose of psilocybin on cytokines, chemokines and leptin in rat serum
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – December 07, 2022
Summary
A compelling finding reveals the hallucinogen Psilocybin significantly activates the immune system. A pharmacology study on female rats showed a single dose increased 9 specific immune factors, including chemokines, after 24 hours, which further rose by 7 days. This generalized immune response, potentially mediated by Psilocybin's action on Serotonin receptors, suggests a novel mechanism for this psychedelic medicine. Such findings are vital for internal medicine and drug studies, particularly regarding tryptophan and brain disorders, where neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and endocrinology are key.
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aims The hallucinogenic drug psilocybin is being widely tested in humans for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Psiloc...
Evaluating the Risk of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Review of the Research Literature and Published Case Studies
OpenAlex – April 07, 2021
Summary
A review of psilocybin use in bipolar disorder patients reveals a potential risk of mania, despite the hallucinogen's promise for depression. Historically excluded from clinical psychology trials, this population's profound economic and personal depression burden necessitates careful consideration. Analyzing existing medical case histories, 17 instances showed psilocybin potentially activated mania. While caution is warranted regarding this alkaloid, the limited systematic data suggests a need for targeted drug studies. These psychedelics could offer new medicine, but trials focusing on individuals with lower mania risk are crucial for psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract Growing evidence suggests that psilocybin, the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, can rapidly and durably improve symptoms of ...
Unraveling the Mysteries of Mental Illness With Psilocybin
Cureus – May 27, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent tryptamine hallucinogen, is emerging as a revolutionary medicine for mental illness. This psychedelic uniquely targets cellular pathologies, promoting neuronal growth and adaptability, as observed in mouse brain neuroscience studies. Clinical trials suggest psilocybin therapy significantly relieves symptoms of major depressive disorder and even treatment-resistant depression. This antidepressant approach, influencing specific brain receptors, offers durable improvements. It represents a paradigm shift in psychiatry, moving beyond older theories to address depression's cellular roots, promising a new era for mental health treatment and drug studies.
Abstract
Current medications have not been effective in reducing the prevalence of mental illness worldwide. The prevalence of illnesses such as treatment-r...
Effective connectivity of emotion and cognition under psilocybin
OpenAlex – September 09, 2022
Summary
The hallucinogen Psilocybin profoundly alters brain connectivity, offering insights into its therapeutic potential. In a randomized trial of 24 healthy adults receiving 0.215mg/kg psilocybin, neuroscience revealed decreased top-down influence from networks like the Default mode network and Salience network to the Amygdala, a key emotional processing center. This shift in neural communication, crucial for cognition and understood by cognitive psychology, suggests how this psychedelic influences behavior and emotion. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlight the Amygdala's role in psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Classic psychedelics alter sense of self and patterns of self-related thought. These changes are hypothesised to underlie their therapeuti...
Acute psilocybin and ketanserin effects on cerebral blood flow: 5-HT2AR neuromodulation in healthy humans
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism – February 26, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, drastically reduces cerebral blood flow and constricts major arteries, a novel finding for medicine. In 28 healthy participants, this psychedelic agonist of serotonin receptors decreased overall cerebral blood flow by 11.6% and narrowed the internal carotid artery by 10.5%. Ketanserin, a serotonin antagonist, showed negligible effects. This pharmacology insight into psilocybin's action, relevant to cardiology and internal medicine, reveals how neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior unfolds, impacting psychology and future drug studies.
Abstract
Psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, is a psychedelic and agonist at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) that has shown positive therapeu...
Psilocybin modulation of dynamic functional connectivity is associated with plasma psilocin and subjective effects
OpenAlex – December 17, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a serotonergic hallucinogen, profoundly alters brain activity. In 15 healthy individuals, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) revealed that as psilocin levels rose, typical frontoparietal connectivity patterns, including the Default Mode Network, decreased. Simultaneously, a more uniformly connected brain state increased. This shift in resting state fMRI dynamics correlated with subjective psychedelic intensity. These neuroscience insights into functional brain connectivity suggest how psilocybin influences mood and consciousness, offering new directions for psychology and medicine, impacting our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Background Psilocin, the neuroactive metabolite of psilocybin, is a serotonergic psychedelic that induces an acute altered state of consci...
Pharmacology and Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin
Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology – August 29, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen akin to Lysergic acid diethylamide or Mescaline, offers significant therapeutic potential for various psychological illnesses. Its unique biological mechanism is crucial for understanding its pharmacology and how it treats conditions like depression, anxiety, and addiction. This natural alkaloid, studied through chemical synthesis approaches, can mimic psychosis but also shows low toxicity. Drug studies are clarifying psilocybin's impact on brain disorders, positioning it as a promising tool in psychology.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid with hallucinogenic properties, exists in a variety of hallucinogenic mushrooms. As a study tool to imitate psy...
Psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time: computational modelling of behavior in rats
OpenAlex – May 17, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly boosts optimism by altering how the brain processes information. Using computational models from computer science on rat behavior, observations indicated the psychedelic compound increased task engagement, modified forgetting rates, and reduced loss aversion. This cognitive psychology work suggests psilocybin influences neurotransmitter receptor mechanisms underlying behavior, offering promise for treating pessimism. Such findings advance psychology's understanding of compounds, contributing to diverse areas within drug studies, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors research.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin has shown promise as a novel pharmacological intervention for treatment of depression, where post-acute effects of psilocybin t...
Psilocybin Prolongs the Neurovascular Coupling Response in Mouse Visual Cortex
OpenAlex – July 31, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen and alkaloid, profoundly alters brain function. Neuroscience reveals this psychedelic drug, which can be chemically synthesized, prolongs blood flow increases in the visual cortex without changing neural activity in awake mice. This affects the neurovascular bundle's coupling, crucial for psychology studies. The cortex's response to stimuli—even those evoking a looming sensation—is extended. Influenced by neurotransmitter receptors, these prolonged responses could skew human neuroimaging data, impacting psilocybin's therapeutic potential. Accounting for this is vital for accurate drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin has profound therapeutic potential for various mental health disorders, but its mechanisms of action are unknown. Functional MR...
Group Retreat Psilocybin Therapy for People with Metastatic Cancer with Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression: Safety and Efficacy Outcomes of a Phase 1/2 Study
Psychedelic Medicine – January 18, 2026
Summary
A group psilocybin intervention for cancer-related anxiety and depression proved remarkably safe, with zero episodes of unattended participant distress among 52 individuals. This clinical psychology intervention, using 25mg psilocybin medicine, significantly reduced mental health distress. Participants, averaging 53 years old and mostly undergoing cancer treatment (88%), saw their Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores drop from 17.5 to 10.2 within 28 days. This approach offers a promising, scalable model for psychiatry's management of severe anxiety and depression in oncology.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin is a promising therapy for cancer-related distress, but existing individual treatment models are resource intensive. In this...
Psychedelic Sensationalism: An Analysis of the Schedule Classification of Psilocybin
Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal – April 24, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a beneficial hallucinogen with no serious side effects, was designated a Schedule I drug in 1970, incurring the highest legal punishment. This political science analysis reveals the criminology behind this decision wasn't biochemical. Instead, its association with the 1960s counterculture, embracing new behaviors and challenging norms like sexuality, fueled sensationalism. Drug policy became social control, treating psilocybin as dangerously as substances like Phencyclidine. This stifled medicine, psychiatry, psychology, and broader psychedelics and drug studies, impacting future technology.
Abstract
In 1970, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration passed the Controlled Substances Act. This statute classified and banned a variety of dr...
Psilocybin in the Management of Substance Use Disorders: A Summary ofCurrent Evidence
Current Psychopharmacologye – July 04, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, holds significant promise in psychology and psychiatry, sparking interest for substance use disorders. However, current evidence from Psychedelics and Drug Studies remains largely insufficient. Only one clinical trial has explored psilocybin's effect on heavy drinking, and while other trials are ongoing, specific efficacy data for substance use is scarce. Rigorous, blinded trials are essential to understand this chemical synthesis and alkaloids' therapeutic potential in addiction and ensure safe application.
Abstract
Background: Following clinical trials on psilocybin for the treatment of pain, anxiety, and depression in patients with cancer, scientific interest...
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Exploratory Controlled Study of the Migraine-Suppressing Effects of Psilocybin.
Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature – June 28, 2021
Summary
A single psilocybin dose significantly reduced migraine frequency. In a double-blind clinical trial, ten adults experienced 1.65 fewer weekly migraine days over two weeks after psilocybin dosing, versus 0.15 with placebo. This hallucinogen medicine had no serious adverse effect. Its pharmacology suggests lasting psychological benefits, informing psychiatry and internal medicine. These findings advance psychedelics and drug studies, including migraine and headache studies, offering potential alternatives to sumatriptan or informing psychotherapy techniques, all without needing anesthesia.
Abstract
While anecdotal evidence suggests that select 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor ligands, including psilocybin, may have long-lasting therape...
Psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behavior and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity-based anorexia
Psychedelics. – February 03, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, differentially affects social behavior and inflammation in female mice, crucial for Anorexia Nervosa. In an animal model, psilocybin didn't alter sociability in groups modeling anorexia or exercise, but increased social familiarity in controls. It elevated the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, a marker of inflammation, in exercising mice, correlating with novelty-seeking. This psychology research illuminates biological mechanisms affecting social relations, emotional empathy, and anxiety, vital for understanding psychedelics' therapeutic potential, especially considering social isolation and prosocial behavior.
Abstract
Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, have shown therapeutic potential across several psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, obses...
Psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behaviour and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity-based anorexia (ABA)
OpenAlex – October 15, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics, central to drug studies, reveal complex, sex-specific behavioral impacts. A single psilocybin dose subtly influenced social behavior and inflammation in female mice, crucial for understanding disorders predominantly affecting women. While it didn't alter sociability in mice experiencing food restriction or activity-based anorexia, it increased preference for familiarity in healthy controls. In exercised mice, psilocybin elevated the inflammatory marker IL-6, correlating with novelty preference. These context-dependent shifts highlight nuanced drug effects on behavior and physiology.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, have shown therapeutic potential across several psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxie...
Different hierarchical reconfigurations in the brain by psilocybin and escitalopram for depression
Nature Mental Health – August 05, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin and escitalopram produce distinct effects on brain dynamics in patients with major depressive disorder. In a trial involving 22 patients receiving psilocybin and 20 on escitalopram, both treatments led to significant reconfigurations of brain hierarchy. Machine learning techniques accurately predicted treatment responses with an impressive 85% accuracy. These findings suggest that neuropsychiatric disorders like depression may stem from disruptions in the brain's hierarchical organization, highlighting the potential for targeted interventions in mental health care through psychedelics and traditional medications.
Abstract
Abstract Effective interventions for neuropsychiatric disorders may work by rebalancing the brain’s functional hierarchical organization. Here we d...
Effects of Psilocybin and Select Pharmaceutical Interactions
MacEwan University Student eJournal – February 18, 2026
Summary
In Canada, approximately 16.5% of the population, or about 6.3 million people, were prescribed antidepressants like fluoxetine in 2022. Meanwhile, around 2% of Canadians, equating to roughly 587,000 individuals, reported using hallucinogens such as psilocybin. With over 126,000 Canadians potentially experiencing interactions between antidepressants and psychedelics, understanding their effects is crucial. Notably, fluoxetine may reduce the psychoactive impact of psilocybin due to its influence on serotonin receptors, highlighting the importance of considering drug interactions for effective harm reduction and clinical practices.
Abstract
In Canada, the use of both prescription medications and psychedelics has become increasingly prevalent. As of 2022, approximately 16.5% of Canadian...
Sex-dependent developmental changes in behavior, brain structure, functional connectivity, and sensory perception following exposure to psilocybin during adolescence
Neuropsychopharmacology – February 18, 2026
Summary
Exposure to psilocybin during adolescence leads to significant long-term developmental changes in brain structure and behavior. In a study with male and female mice, those given 3.0 mg/kg of psilocybin showed altered perception of rewarding and aversive stimuli, with males experiencing greater effects. MRI imaging revealed increased functional connectivity in the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Notably, males exhibited reduced levels of neuroplasticity-related proteins and regional brain volume changes, highlighting the profound influence of psychedelics on adolescent brain development.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a hallucinogen with complex neurobiological and behavioral effects. Underlying these effects are changes in brain neuroplasticity. We...
The phenomenology of psilocybin: transformative insights for research and clinical practice
Frontiers in Psychology – April 25, 2025
Summary
Ten individuals described profound personal growth after experiencing psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. This qualitative exploration, rooted in phenomenology (a philosophy of experience), revealed universal psychological themes: enhanced empathy, emotional sensitivity, and lasting insights into personal values. Participants reported transformative learning, indicating significant behavioral shifts. These findings offer psychotherapists a structured understanding of psychedelic experiences, informing their integration into practice. Such insights contribute to diverse academic research themes, including Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and illuminate potential connections to Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices.
Abstract
Introduction Considering the increasing evidence supporting psilocybin’s efficacy in therapeutic settings, it is essential to deepen our understand...
Pharmacokinetics of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review
Pharmaceutics – March 25, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a promising hallucinogen in medicine, transforms into its active metabolite, psilocin, influencing neurotransmitter receptors. Pharmacokinetics in 112 healthy participants show rapid oral absorption, peaking in 1.8 to 4 hours, with 52.7 ± 20% bioavailability. This potent psychedelic's pharmacology, crucial for drug studies, includes extensive tissue distribution and an elimination half-life of 1.5 to 4 hours. Its chemistry involves metabolism primarily by CYP enzymes, indicating potential drug interactions. Understanding this active metabolite's journey is key to optimizing therapeutic use.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin has shown promise in therapeutic applications for mental disorders. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin and its...
Psilocybin for major depressive disorder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 31, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, significantly reduces depression symptoms. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials, sourced from MEDLINE and Cochrane Library, revealed a large, clinically observable reduction (SMC: -1.24) in depressive symptomatology compared to placebo. This serotonergic medicine, a chemically synthesized alkaloid, shows promise in psychiatry and clinical psychology. Its influence on neurotransmitter receptors offers a novel approach for mental health, outperforming traditional treatments for depression.
Abstract
Background: Due to the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of current antidepressants, research has been launched into alternative treatment approac...
Psilocybin for clinical indications: A scoping review
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 13, 2024
Summary
Interest in psilocybin, an alkaloid hallucinogen, for Medicine is surging. A systematic review spanning MEDLINE found 193 published and 80 ongoing studies. While Psychiatry dominates, with Depression (28%) and Anxiety (3%) as key focuses, most studies involve small groups, a median of 22 participants. Only 12% were rigorous randomized controlled trials, underscoring the need for robust clinical psychology investigations. This field, encompassing Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, requires larger, higher-quality research.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelic drugs have been of interest in medicine since the early 1950s. There has recently been a resurgence of interest in psychede...
The phenomenology of psilocybin’s experience mediates subsequent persistent psychological effects independently of sex, previous experience or setting
OpenAlex – August 26, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, safely induces lasting positive psychological effects. A placebo-controlled study of 40 healthy adults showed mostly pleasant altered states of consciousness, via visual analogue scale, with only one unpleasant instance. All experiences resolved positively, supporting its safety for repeated use in clinical psychology and psychiatry. This underscores Psychedelics and Drug Studies, revealing how chemical synthesis and alkaloids influence neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Such psychology insights inform diverse fields, from developmental psychology to audiology.
Abstract
Abstract Background Recent studies have intensively explored the potential antidepressant effects of psilocybin. However, important variables such ...
Rediscovering Psilocybin as an Antidepressive Treatment Strategy
Pharmaceuticals – September 28, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, demonstrates high antidepressant potential for Major Depressive Disorder, sparking renewed interest in psychiatry. Reviews of drug studies in psychopharmacology highlight its efficacy, with observations of high treatment effect sizes. While the precise mechanisms by which this alkaloid influences neurotransmitter receptors and behavior are still being fully elucidated in medicine and psychology, its role as a potential antidepressant is significant. Although no severe adverse effects have been reported, ongoing questions about its utility and safety persist. This area of psychedelics research continues to evolve.
Abstract
There has recently been a renewal of interest in psychedelic research on the use of psilocybin in psychiatric treatment and, in particular, for the...
Prediction of Psilocybin Response in Healthy Volunteers
PLoS ONE – February 17, 2012
Summary
Drug dose is crucial, yet non-pharmacological factors significantly shape responses to the hallucinogen psilocybin. Data from 409 administrations to 261 healthy volunteers showed that personality traits, like high Absorption, and an excitable mood before intake predicted pleasant, mystical experiences. Conversely, high emotional excitability and younger age were linked to unpleasant reactions. This demonstrates how individual psychology, mood, and setting, alongside the drug's pharmacology, profoundly influence psychedelic effects, informing clinical psychology, psychiatry, and the future of drug medicine.
Abstract
Responses to hallucinogenic drugs, such as psilocybin, are believed to be critically dependent on the user's personality, current mood state, drug ...
Evaluating the risk of psilocybin for the treatment of bipolar depression: A review of the research literature and published case studies
Journal of Affective Disorders Reports – September 22, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin shows remarkable promise for treating severe Depression, a major focus in Clinical Psychology and Medicine. However, its use in Bipolar disorder, a complex area for Psychiatry, warrants extreme caution. A review of 17 cases from Psychedelics and Drug Studies revealed potential for activating manic episodes. While this chemical synthesis alkaloid is explored in Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Psychotherapists recognize the need for systematic data. Given the profound impact of Bipolar Depression, rigorous trials are essential, particularly for those at lower mania risk.
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that psilocybin, the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, can rapidly and durably improve symptoms of depressio...
Psilocybin Therapy for Depression: A Review of Current Molecular Knowledge
Journal of the Netherlands Society of Toxicology – January 01, 2024
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin, combined with psychotherapist support, significantly reduces depressive symptoms for months. This naturally occurring hallucinogen offers groundbreaking potential in Medicine and Psychiatry, addressing the global challenge of Depression affecting over 264 million people. Unlike current conventional treatments, this psychedelic acts on neurotransmitter receptors. Drug Studies, including those on chemical synthesis, highlight its unique alkaloid properties, transforming Psychology's approach to mental health.
Abstract
Depression, affecting over 264 million people globally, presents significant treatment challenges, often due to the limited efficacy and adverse ef...
Psilocybin Combines Rapid Synaptogenic And Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vitro
Research Square (Research Square) – March 08, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, rapidly enhances brain plasticity. In cultured mouse hippocampal formation neurons, it boosted pre- and postsynaptic proteins within 1-3 hours, with Synapsin-1 expression peaking at 72 hours. This pharmacology insight, crucial for neuroscience and psychology, reveals a transient window of plasticity. Furthermore, this alkaloid demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in microglia, reducing TNF-α secretion. Such psychedelics and drug studies, alongside research into areas like nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, are vital for advancing medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin is a psychedelic substance approaching clinical use. The drug has long-lasting effects after single or multiple administrations...
Psilocybin: crystal structure solutions enable phase analysis of prior art and recently patented examples
Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry – December 20, 2021
Summary
A recent patent for psilocybin, a key alkaloid in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, claimed a single crystalline form, but Analytical Chemistry revealed it was 81% Polymorph A and 19% Polymorph B. This clarifies the Chemical synthesis of this compound. Across 57 years of samples (1963-2021), only three forms—Hydrate A, Polymorph A, and Polymorph B—consistently appear. This precise understanding, aided by X-ray diffraction, is crucial for developing these promising drugs.
Abstract
Psilocybin {systematic name: 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1 H -indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate} is a zwitterionic tryptamine natural product found in...
Single-Dose Psilocybin Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: Pharmacokinetics, Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy in an Open-Label Study
OpenAlex – August 23, 2024
Summary
A single 25mg psilocybin dose significantly reduced alcohol consumption in adults with severe alcohol use disorder. Ten participants saw heavy drinking days drop by 37.5 percentage points and daily drinks by 3.4 units over 12 weeks. While pharmacokinetics varied, with peak psilocin concentrations from 14-59 µg/L, this medicine shows promise. Psychedelics, often from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, represent a growing area of pharmacology and drug studies, alongside Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, for treating alcohol and other conditions.
Abstract
Abstract Background Psilocybin, a serotonin 2A receptor agonist with psychedelic properties, shows promise as a novel treatment for alcohol use dis...
Psilocybin induces acute and persisting alterations in immune status and the stress response in healthy volunteers
OpenAlex – November 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, immediately reduced a key inflammatory cytokine, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in 30 participants compared to 30 receiving placebo. This immune system effect suggests potential in internal medicine. Seven days later, Interleukin 6 (IL-6) remained lower, correlating with improved mood. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal how this medicine blunts stress responses, offering new insights into psychology and immunology.
Abstract
Abstract Patients characterized by stress-related disorders such as depression display elevated circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cyto...
Neurobiology of psilocybin: a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of experimental models
Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience – August 05, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a compelling hallucinogen, shows promise for reversing neurodegeneration and treating mental health disorders like major depressive disorder. Neuroscience and Cognitive science reveal its ability to promote neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and synaptic density. Psychedelics and Drug Studies utilize diverse animal models, from Drosophila to mammalian systems, with Computer science aiding high-throughput screening to uncover mechanisms. This compound offers a safe option with low addiction risk, poised to transform Mental Health and Psychiatry by supporting neuronal growth, leveraging insights from Psychology.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a compound found in Psilocybe mushrooms, is emerging as a promising treatment for neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, includin...
Neural mechanisms underlying psilocybin’s therapeutic potential – the need for preclinical in vivo electrophysiology
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 30, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent natural hallucinogen, shows immense promise for treating brain disorders. While Neuroscience and Psychology explore its profound effects on consciousness and cognition, the precise neurophysiology remains complex. Neuroimaging reveals its influence on the prefrontal cortex and default mode network, but how this psychedelic compound, an alkaloid, specifically modulates biological neural networks and neurotransmitter receptors is still being elucidated. Electrophysiology is crucial for clarifying these mechanisms, advancing drug studies, and unlocking its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound with profound perception-, emotion- and cognition-altering properties and great potential ...