1286 results for "MDMA"
The Therapeutic Potential of Amphetamine-like Psychostimulants
Life – November 08, 2023
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy offers significant hope for PTSD, reducing symptoms and promoting growth. In Psychiatry, various amphetamine-type drugs, including Dextroamphetamine, Phentermine, and Methylphenidate, are explored in Medicine. These powerful drugs address Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug dependence, and anxiety. This field of Psychedelics and Drug Studies examines their influence on brain chemistry and behavior. While beneficial, careful application is vital, with insights from drug analysis informing safe usage within Psychology.
Abstract
This review delves into the therapeutic applications of amphetamine-type stimulants such as lisdexamphetamine dimesylate, mixed amphetamine salts, ...
Psychedelic drugs—a new era in psychiatry?
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience – June 30, 2019
Summary
Psychoactive drugs like Psilocybin and MDMA (Ecstasy) are experiencing a remarkable resurgence in Psychiatry. Once a promising medicine, these hallucinogens faced bans that halted vital research, though recreational drug use persisted. Now, preliminary data shows significant promise for psilocybin in treating anxiety, depression, and alcoholism, and MDMA for PTSD. Regulatory bodies have approved MDMA for a Phase 3 PTSD trial and psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, signaling a new era for these psychedelics in medicine and psychology. This renaissance in Drug Studies could revolutionize mental health.
Abstract
This article covers the renaissance of classical psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD plus 3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA-ecstasy...
Modulation of Gut Microbiome in Ecstasy/MDMA-Induced Behavioral and Biochemical Impairment in Rats and Potential of Post-Treatment with Anacyclus pyrethrum L. Aqueous Extract to Mitigate Adverse Effects.
International journal of molecular sciences – May 22, 2023
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The use of illicit substances continues to pose a substantial threat to global health, affecting millions of individuals annually. Evidence suggest...
My Bad, You Got This: witnessing, therapist attitude and the synergy between psychedelics and inner healing intelligence in the treatment of trauma.
Frontiers in psychology – January 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy shows remarkable promise in trauma treatment by tapping into our natural capacity to heal. When therapists fully trust in their patients' inner healing intelligence, it creates a powerful therapeutic alliance. The combination of MDMA's trust-enhancing effects and a therapist's supportive witnessing helps trauma survivors overcome dissociation and integrate difficult experiences. This approach succeeds by fostering genuine connection and self-trust.
Abstract
The MAPS (Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies) sponsored MDMA-assisted therapy protocol has had greater success in treating traum...
A clinical research perspective on the regulation of medical and non‐medical use of psychedelic drugs
Addiction – August 12, 2024
Summary
The unregulated path of cannabis offers a stark perspective on the future of Psilocybin and MDMA. Parallels suggest that without rigorous Psychedelics and Drug Studies, biased media could blur medical and non-medical use, increasing harms. Already, three drugs influencing neurotransmitter receptors are used in Psychiatry and Medicine. Off-label ketamine, a hallucinogen, highlights risks. With Psilocybin and MDMA in Phase 2 and 3 trials, careful screening and psychotherapist involvement are crucial for safe integration, applying lessons from Psychology and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis.
Abstract
Recent experience with off-label use of ketamine and recent challenges experienced in research with MDMA and psilocybin provide additional perspect...
Psychedelic drugs and the law: What’s next?
Knowable Magazine – March 14, 2024
Summary
Over 60% of Americans support regulated therapeutic psychedelic use, driving a complex legal shift. Oregon's 2023 psilocybin service centers highlight growing state-level drug law reform, with 20 states introducing related legislation. This creates tension with federal law, where psychedelics remain Schedule I. While 5.5 million US adults use psychedelics annually, and MDMA shows promise for PTSD in Phase 3 trials, the political science of reform mirrors marijuana's path: 38 states now have medical cannabis, demonstrating states can lead significant change despite federal resistance.
Abstract
When Oregon's first psilocybin service center opened in June 2023, allowing those over 21 to take mind-altering mushrooms in a state-licensed facil...
On serotonin, psychedelics, entactogens and psychoplastogens in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and related disorders.
OpenAlex – May 23, 2024
Summary
Potent hallucinogens like psilocybin offer rapid, long-lasting antidepressant and anxiolytic effects for major depressive disorder and anxiety, often after just one or two administrations. Neuroscience and psychiatry reveal these psychedelics modulate the serotonin system, crucial for brain function and implicated in tryptophan-related disorders. Their chemical synthesis yields alkaloids showing promise in drug studies, achieving FDA breakthrough status for conditions involving neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity, revolutionizing psychology's approach to mental health.
Abstract
There is controversy about a causal role of serotonin (5-HT) in depression, some arguing that there is no proof for impaired brain 5-HT function in...
Purity, adulteration and price of drugs bought on-line versus off-line in the Netherlands.
Addiction (Abingdon, England) – April 01, 2017
Summary
Online drug markets, including darknet cryptomarkets and webshops, are growing, yet surprisingly, the quality of drugs purchased there often matches or exceeds offline sources. An analysis of over 32,000 samples compared online versus offline drug quality, dosage, and price. While online prices were generally higher, certain substances showed superior purity or less adulteration online. For example, some online ecstasy and 2C-B tablets had higher dosage. This suggests online drug markets can offer comparable or even better quality.
Abstract
On-line drug markets flourish and consumers have high expectations of on-line quality and drug value. The aim of this study was to (i) describe on-...
Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Military and Veterans Healthcare Systems: Clinical, Legal, and Implementation Considerations.
Current psychiatry reports – October 01, 2023
Summary
Groundbreaking treatments using psychedelics show remarkable promise for military veterans struggling with PTSD and depression. MDMA and psilocybin therapy are nearing FDA approval, with studies demonstrating exceptional safety and effectiveness. Veterans Affairs hospitals are already conducting trials, marking a significant shift in mental health treatment. Implementation challenges exist, but these innovative therapies could transform care for veterans.
Abstract
This review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementatio...
Supportive Touch in Psychedelic Assisted Therapy.
The American journal of bioethics : AJOB – January 01, 2025
Summary
Physical touch during altered states of consciousness requires careful ethical consideration in therapeutic settings. Professional guidelines in psychiatry emphasize that supportive touch can provide comfort and grounding, but MDMA and other psychedelics create unique vulnerabilities. Research shows proper touch protocols enhance therapeutic outcomes when implemented with strict boundaries and patient consent. Balancing healing potential with professional ethics, experts recommend clear documentation, ongoing consent, and specialized training for practitioners.
Abstract
In August 2024, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration rejected Lykos Therapeutics, Inc.'s new drug application for midomafetamine with psychologica...
Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, or Substance Use Disorders
Canadian Journal of Health Technologies – June 24, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics show significant potential in medicine, improving mental health symptoms with no serious adverse events. One randomized controlled trial found psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy efficacious for mood disorders like depression. Across two systematic reviews and three randomized controlled trials, various hallucinogens, including MDMA, combined with psychotherapist support, demonstrated clinical effectiveness for conditions like anxiety. This growing area in clinical psychology and psychiatry, part of broader drug studies, explores how these compounds, often from chemical synthesis, influence behavior. Sample sizes were typically under 20, warranting further investigation.
Abstract

 Two systematic reviews, 3 randomized controlled trials, and 2 single-arm safety trials were identified that evaluated several combinations o...
Trauma-Informed Care in Psychedelic Therapy Research: A Qualitative Literature Review of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Interventions in PTSD and Psychedelic Therapy Across Conditions.
Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment – January 01, 2024
Summary
Emerging research shows psychedelic therapy and trauma-focused psychotherapy share key healing mechanisms for PTSD treatment. A comprehensive review of patient experiences reveals both approaches rely on psychological safety, trust, and readiness to process trauma. Psychedelic treatments offer unique benefits through indirect processing and self-narrative reorganization, while maintaining core therapeutic principles.
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with significant patient burden. While pharmacotherapies and evidence-based psychotherapy inter...
Abuse Liability Profile of Three Substituted Tryptamines
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – April 08, 2011
Summary
DIPT and 5-MeO-DET may pose significant abuse risks similar to known hallucinogens. In a study with rats, DIPT fully substituted for DMT and DOM at doses of 1.71 mg/kg and 1.94 mg/kg, respectively, while 5-MeO-DET showed full substitution for DMT at 0.41 mg/kg. Notably, DIPT achieved only 68% LSD-appropriate responding. All three compounds interacted with serotonin receptors and inhibited serotonin reuptake, indicating potential hazards at higher doses due to their behavioral effects and lethality risks.
Abstract
The abuse liability profile of three synthetic hallucinogens, N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT), 5-N,N-diethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-DET), and ...
The need for establishing best practices and gold standards in psychedelic medicine.
Journal of affective disorders – July 01, 2023
Summary
As psychedelic medicines enter mainstream healthcare, establishing rigorous treatment protocols becomes crucial. MDMA and psilocybin therapies show promising results for mental health conditions, while ketamine and esketamine are already helping patients. Medical experts are developing gold standards to ensure these powerful tools are used safely and effectively, focusing on proper dosing, therapeutic settings, and clinician training.
Abstract
Psychedelic substances are under investigation in several drug development programs. Controlled clinical trials are providing evidence for safe and...
Should we be leery of being Leary? Concerns about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – January 01, 2023
Summary
Personal experience with psychedelics among researchers raises important questions about scientific objectivity in this emerging field. Studies show that exposure to substances like MDMA and psilocybin can significantly influence researchers' perspectives, potentially affecting their enthusiasm and assessment of psychedelic therapy outcomes. While this firsthand knowledge can provide valuable insights, it also demands careful research ethics considerations to maintain scientific integrity and protect study participants.
Abstract
Psychedelic research is proceeding rapidly, despite ongoing legal and regulatory barriers and lingering questions about study design, such as the d...
The Black Book of Psychotropic Dosing and Monitoring.
Psychopharmacology bulletin – July 08, 2024
Summary
Mental health treatment is evolving rapidly, with several groundbreaking medications showing promise. New antidepressants offer faster relief, including a 14-day oral treatment for postpartum depression. A novel antipsychotic targeting muscarine receptors shows effectiveness without typical side effects. Most notably, MDMA-assisted therapy achieved 70% remission in PTSD patients, far exceeding traditional treatments' 20-30% success rate.
Abstract
Introduction Since the last edition of the Black Book, several innovative agents have been approved or are poised to be approved in the coming year...
The Black Book of Psychotropic Dosing and Monitoring
Psychopharmacology Bulletin – August 12, 2025
Summary
Over 70% of individuals receiving MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD no longer met diagnostic criteria, outperforming placebo (46%). This breakthrough **medicine**, typically involving three monthly **dosing** sessions of 120-160 mg, offers a major advance over SSRIs. New **treatment of major depression** options include Zuranolone, a 14-day oral **dosing** regimen, showing sustained improvement for post-partum patients. For **schizophrenia research and treatment**, KarXT, a novel muscarinic agonist, proved more effective than placebo in a 407-patient study, with **dosing** up to 125 mg twice daily.
Abstract
Introduction Since the last edition of the Black Book, several innovative agents have been approved or are poised to be approved in the coming year...
A Neuroanatomic and Pathophysiologic Framework for Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.
Drugs – February 01, 2024
Summary
Brain trauma from PTSD affects multiple neural pathways, making traditional antidepressants only partially effective. New research reveals promising alternative treatments targeting different brain mechanisms, from novel compounds like BNC-210 to psychedelic-assisted therapy. These approaches show potential in treating both the fear response and emotional processing aspects of PTSD, offering hope for more effective treatments beyond conventional SSRIs.
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder inflicting high degrees of symptomatic and socioeconomic burdens. The development ...
An Update on Psychotherapy for the Treatment of PTSD.
The American journal of psychiatry – May 01, 2025
Summary
Trauma-focused psychotherapy remains the gold standard for treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), outperforming medication-only approaches. While medications like sertraline help some patients, evidence shows that specialized psychotherapy techniques can rewire trauma responses in the brain, leading to lasting recovery. Top treatments include prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy, with success rates reaching 60-70% when properly implemented.
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are part of the normal response to trauma. Most trauma survivors will recover over time without inter...
Novel Pharmacologic and Other Somatic Treatment Approaches for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults: State of the Evidence.
The American journal of psychiatry – December 01, 2024
Summary
While traditional treatments help many PTSD patients, groundbreaking research reveals promising new approaches. Combining pharmacotherapy with cognitive and behavioral psychotherapy shows enhanced outcomes. Novel treatments like transcranial magnetic stimulation and neurostimulation offer hope for treatment-resistant cases. Evidence-based treatments now include innovative drug-therapy combinations, expanding options beyond standard psychotherapy approaches.
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder that can become chronic and debilitating when left untreated. The m...
Pharmacotherapy for sleep disturbances in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A network meta-analysis.
Sleep medicine – July 01, 2024
Summary
Nightmares and insomnia affect up to 70% of people with PTSD, but finding effective treatments has been challenging. A comprehensive analysis of nearly 100 clinical trials, involving over 10,000 participants, reveals that prazosin shows the most promise in improving sleep quality and reducing nightmares in PTSD patients. Surprisingly, commonly prescribed medications like antidepressants and sleeping pills showed limited effectiveness. The findings suggest a need to reconsider current treatment approaches, as some widely-used medications may cause drowsiness without meaningful benefits.
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are an important symptom dimension of post-traumatic-stress-disorder (PTSD). There is no meta-analytic evidence examining the ef...
The Past and Future of Psychedelic Science: An Introduction to This Issue
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 15, 2019
Summary
A compelling resurgence in psychedelics and drug studies is transforming psychiatry. After decades of suppression, psychological intervention using substances like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is showing remarkable promise. Modern trials, often involving hundreds of participants, demonstrate significant reductions in anxiety and addiction, with some reporting over 60% success rates. These hallucinogens also inspire creativity and profound psychic experiences. From chemical synthesis and alkaloids to psychotherapist-led sessions, psychology is embracing these tools for healing.
Abstract
Psychedelic plants and fungi have been used in indigenous medicinal traditions for millennia. Modern psychedelic research began when Albert Hofmann...
Developing Guidelines and Competencies for the Training of Psychedelic Therapists
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – June 29, 2017
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy significantly reduces clinical symptoms and improves quality of life, a finding supported by decades of Psychology research. Yet, a historical context reveals a neglect of psychotherapist competencies, despite the promise of psilocybin and other psychedelics in drug studies. As medical education evolves for future legal use, six core competencies are crucial: empathetic presence, trust enhancement, spiritual intelligence, knowledge of effects, self-awareness, and proficiency in complementary techniques. A curriculum of 12 domains will guide training for these vital skills.
Abstract
Research since the 1950s has shown that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has had significant positive effects in reductions of specific clinical ...
Pharmacological profile of novel psychoactive benzofurans
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 13, 2015
Summary
A critical *Pharmacology* finding reveals benzofurans, emerging substances in *Psychedelics and Drug Studies*, activate a *receptor* linked to heart valve fibrosis. This *Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior* is a key concern for *Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis*. Their *chemistry* shows these 8 compounds affect *monoamine neurotransmitter* systems, inhibiting noradrenaline and serotonin uptake *more than dopamine*. Similar to *MDMA* but unlike *methamphetamine* or typical *amphetamine*, this profile indicates MDMA-like effects with added cardiac risk.
Abstract
Background and Purpose Benzofurans are newly used psychoactive substances, but their pharmacology is unknown. The aim of the present study was to p...
Ecstasy as a Potential Cause for Diffuse ST Elevation in a 27-Year-Old Healthy Male: A Case Report.
Cureus – June 01, 2025
Summary
Though rare, a young man's experience suggests ecstasy (MDMA) can unexpectedly cause acute coronary syndrome. A case report detailed a healthy 27-year-old developing chest pain and heart changes after ecstasy use. His symptoms, consistent with coronary vasospasm, highlight how MDMA might trigger such events by affecting neurochemicals. This insight aids prompt evaluation.
Abstract
Ecstasy, also known as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), is widely used as a recreational drug known for its stimulating effects. While acu...
The Need for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Black Community and the Burdens of Its Provision
Frontiers in Psychiatry – January 20, 2022
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy, a compelling development in Psychedelic Medicine, is in phase-3 FDA clinical trials for PTSD, designated a "breakthrough therapy" in 2017. This Psychotherapy technique, combining MDMA with manualized therapy, effectively reduces fear. Psychology and Psychiatry are now exploring its potential to address trauma from chronic race-based experiences among Black, Indigenous, and other People of Color. This perspective from Drug Studies emphasizes the ethical need for culturally competent psychotherapists, expanding Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications, and offering new Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology.
Abstract
Psychedelic medicine is an emerging field that examines entheogens, psychoactive substances that produce non-ordinary states of consciousness (NOSC...
Critique of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Psychedelic Therapy Clinical Memorandum, Dated May 2020
Journal of Medical and Health Studies – December 31, 2021
Summary
Remarkably, no scientific evidence from the last 70 years links controlled psilocybin or MDMA-assisted therapies to mental illness. A review of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists' 2020 Clinical Memorandum found these psychedelics are safe, non-toxic medicine when clinically administered, contrary to their Psychiatry stance. The Memorandum's position on these hallucinogens, often discussed in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, relies on outdated information. Accurate discourse, including insights from Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, is crucial to prevent self-medication.
Abstract
Objective: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) has positioned itself against medically controlled patient access...
Transdiagnostic use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted therapy to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder.
The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science – February 26, 2025
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy shows promise in treating obsessive-compulsive disorders by enhancing traditional psychological treatments. The drug's unique effects on brain chemistry help reduce anxiety and fear responses while increasing psychological flexibility and emotional openness. When combined with psychotherapy, it may help patients better engage with exposure treatments, leading to improved outcomes in managing compulsive behaviors and intrusive thoughts.
Abstract
This article explores the potential of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy to enhance exposure and response prevention in obs...
Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Compounds for Substance Use Disorders.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) – November 05, 2024
Summary
Breakthrough treatments for addiction are emerging from an unexpected source: psychedelics. Compounds like psilocybin and ketamine show remarkable success in treating substance use disorders, often achieving significant results in just a few sessions. Studies reveal that psychedelics like LSD and ayahuasca can help rewire addiction-related brain patterns, while MDMA-assisted therapy helps patients process trauma underlying their substance use. These treatments offer lasting benefits with minimal risk of dependence.
Abstract
Psychedelics have recently (re)emerged as therapeutics of high potential for multiple mental health conditions, including substance use disorders (...
Neurochemical, Neurocircuitry, and Psychopathological Mechanisms of PTSD: Emerging Pharmacotherapies and Clinical Perspectives.
ACS chemical neuroscience – June 10, 2025
Summary
Brain chemistry offers new hope for PTSD treatment. Recent advances show how trauma disrupts the brain's neurocircuitry, particularly affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and serotonin levels. Promising treatments include MDMA-assisted therapy, which helps regulate the glutamatergic system. These insights are transforming treatment approaches, offering better options for recovery.
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition triggered by exposure to traumatic events, with complex neurobiologic...
'It blows my mind' : intoxicated performances by Ridiculusmus
Performance Research – August 18, 2017
Summary
A groundbreaking theatrical piece explores how performance can mirror the profound experiences of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD. Developed with leading psychologists, this innovative play recreates the journey of intoxication and therapeutic interaction. Performers utilize unique staging, including one actor in a box, to channel physical and psychological states, immersing audiences in the complexities of altered consciousness. This approach powerfully engages the public, offering an experiential understanding of mental health therapies and their transformative potential, prompting reflection on mind-altering experiences.
Abstract
Give Me Your Love by Jon Haynes and David Woods, Artistic Directors of Ridiculusmus, is the second in a trilogy Dialogue As The Embodiment of Love,...
Past-year hallucinogen use in relation to psychological distress, depression, and suicidality among US adults.
Addictive behaviors – September 01, 2022
Summary
Ecstasy (MDMA) use was linked to *reduced* psychological distress and suicidal thoughts among US adults. A study of over 240,000 US adults explored how various hallucinogens, including psychedelics, relate to mental well-being. While ecstasy showed decreased depression and suicidality, other hallucinogens like LSD were linked to increased risks. This reveals distinct impacts of different hallucinogens on mental health.
Abstract
There is renewed interest in the clinical application of hallucinogenic substances to treat a range of psychiatric conditions. However, there is mi...
A model training curriculum for psychedelic, psycholytic, and entactogen-assisted psychotherapy.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – June 10, 2025
Summary
As psychedelic therapy gains mainstream acceptance, healthcare providers need standardized training to safely guide patients through transformative experiences. This comprehensive framework outlines essential components for therapist education in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy and other psychedelic treatments. The curriculum combines theoretical knowledge with hands-on experience, including apprenticeship observation and supervised practice. Notably, it emphasizes therapists' self-experience with these modalities as crucial for understanding patient perspectives.
Abstract
The authors offer a model for curriculum for education and training in substance-assisted psychotherapy (SAP), that is, psychedelic, psycholytic, a...
Therapeutic interventions for PTSD – current evidence on the the role of psychedelics
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2021
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychological intervention offers a compelling new direction for chronic PTSD, often complicated by psychiatric comorbidity. Integrating this potent hallucinogen into psychotherapy, a psychotherapist can guide patients toward safe, effective, and durable relief, even for treatment-refractory cases. While psilocybin and other psychedelics are also being explored in medicine within clinical psychology, this novel pharmacotherapy represents a significant advance in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offering new hope.
Abstract
Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often a chronic condition, despite the existence of evidence-based treatment options. Psychot...
Human Pharmacology of 3,4-Methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine ("Ecstasy"): Psychomotor Performance and Subjective Effects
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – August 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, induces significant euphoria and feelings of well-being, with 125 mg doses leading to marked increases in positive mood scores. In a study involving eight healthy male volunteers, MDMA-125 caused a mild decrease in psychomotor task performance on the digit-symbol substitution test, while amphetamine improved performance. Notably, MDMA also heightened sedation and dysphoria effects. Despite these alterations in mood and perception, participants did not experience hallucinations or psychosis, underscoring MDMA's potential for abuse alongside its euphoric effects.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") is a recreational drug of increasing use among youth because of its apparent entactogenic prope...
Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the rat
Chirality – January 01, 1990
Summary
MDMA's pharmacokinetics reveal significant differences between its enantiomers. In a study with rats, the average half-life was 2.5 hours for (−)‐(R)‐MDMA and 2.2 hours for (+)‐(S)‐MDMA. Notably, (+)‐(S)‐MDMA cleared faster, supported by area under the curve (AUC) ratios of 0.70 for MDMA and 3.1 for its metabolite MDA. After a 20 mg/kg intravenous dose, excretion rates showed that 20% of (−)‐(R)‐MDMA and 12% of (+)‐(S)‐MDMA were eliminated, highlighting distinct metabolic pathways in forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract Studies to characterize the pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of MDMA were conducted in rats using the iliac arterial cannulation. Two r...
Plasma Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine After Controlled Oral Administration to Young Adults
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – May 21, 2008
Summary
MDMA exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics, with maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) significantly increasing from 162.9 ng/mL after a low dose to 291.8 ng/mL following a high dose. In a study involving 17 young adults, the mean half-lives of MDMA, MDA, and HMMA ranged from approximately 7 to 13.5 hours. High intersubject variability was noted, particularly in Cmax values. This research provides critical insights into MDMA's pharmacokinetics across diverse demographics, enhancing our understanding of its effects and safety profile in medicine and drug analysis.
Abstract
This study examines the plasma pharmacokinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and metabolites 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMM...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine facilitates fear extinction learning
Translational Psychiatry – September 15, 2015
Summary
MDMA (ecstasy) robustly enhances the ability to overcome learned fears, a critical finding for treating anxiety. Administering MDMA (7.8 mg/kg) to mice before fear extinction training persistently improved long-term fear reduction. This effect was replicated by infusing 1 µg of MDMA directly into the basolateral amygdala, a brain region central to fear memory. The neuroscience suggests MDMA boosts fear extinction through a specific mechanism involving the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, crucial for exposure therapy. This insight from psychology offers a promising avenue for improving treatments for conditions like anxiety.
Abstract
Abstract Acutely administered 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) has been proposed to have long-term positive effects on post-trau...
Stereospecific Analysis and Enantiomeric Disposition of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) in Humans
Clinical Chemistry – July 01, 1999
Summary
The enantiomeric disposition of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, reveals intriguing differences in how its forms behave in the body. In a study involving eight male volunteers who took 40 mg of racemic MDMA, the (R)-MDMA enantiomer showed a plasma concentration ratio of 2.4:1 compared to the S-enantiomer, with a longer half-life of 5.8 hours versus 3.6 hours. Urine analysis indicated that 21.4% of (R)-MDMA was recovered within 24 hours, highlighting potential forensic applications for analyzing drug composition in biological samples.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Little is known concerning the enantioselective disposition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) in humans. In...
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Simultaneous polysubstance use among Danish 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine and hallucinogen users: combination patterns and proposed biological bases
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – June 14, 2012
Summary
Danish hallucinogen users display extensive polysubstance dependence, consuming an average of 12.6 psychoactive substances lifetime. A Psychology study of 98 individuals revealed common simultaneous use patterns. Among MDMA users, 69% mixed it with amphetamines, 56% with other hallucinogens, and 47% with cocaine. At last recalled use, MDMA was combined with an average of 2.1 additional substances across 32 unique combinations, hinting at a complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This research in Psychedelics and Drug Studies provides insights relevant to Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, highlighting precise drug combination preferences.
Abstract
Objective To describe patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) among Danish 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (“Ecstasy”) and halluc...
Australia Legalizes Psychedelics for Use in Depression, PTSD Therapy
Psychiatric News – August 15, 2023
Summary
Australia has become the first nation to legalize psilocybin and MDMA for medical use in clinical psychology, targeting PTSD and treatment-resistant depression. While MDMA has completed Phase 3 trials, psilocybin trials for depression are newer, with one Phase 2 study involving 233 participants. This development, a significant step in psychiatry and drug studies, opens doors, yet significant barriers exist. A full course of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can cost around $25,000, presenting economic challenges. Integrating psychotherapists and ensuring affordability are crucial for this emerging field.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical & ResearchFull AccessAustralia Legalizes Psychedelics for Use in Depression, PTSD ...
Serotonergic function after (±)3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetarnine (‘Ecstasy’) in humans
International Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Chronic MDMA users exhibited significantly reduced prolactin and cortisol responses compared to controls, indicating potential serotonin system impairment. In a sample of 30 individuals (15 MDMA users, 15 controls), 47% of MDMA users reported dysphoria, while 80% displayed sensation-seeking behavior. Additionally, users scored higher on depression and hostility measures, including the Beck Depression Inventory and Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory. Notably, lower prolactin responses correlated with higher aggression and novelty-seeking scores, suggesting that MDMA may exacerbate mood disorders linked to personality traits.
Abstract
(+/-)3,4-Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or 'Ecstasy') effects on serotonin system function and behaviour in humans are unclear. Fifteen MDMA...
N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, an methylenedioxymethamphetamine derivative, exhibits rewarding and reinforcing effects by increasing dopamine levels.
Behavioral neuroscience – October 01, 2024
Summary
A modified MDMA compound shows significant potential for misuse by triggering the same reward pathways as the original drug. Lab tests revealed that mice actively sought out the compound and showed strong preferences for locations where they received it. The substance works by increasing dopamine levels in the brain, leading to reinforcing effects similar to other stimulants. These findings highlight important concerns about emerging drug variants that may bypass current detection methods.
Abstract
An N-protected methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (t-BOC-3,4-MDMA), contains tert-butoxy...
Understanding the Psychological Effects of Psilocybin and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in a Non-Clinical Population
OpenAlex – May 29, 2025
Summary
A single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin profoundly shifted personality, reducing neuroticism and boosting extraversion in a non-clinical population. Among 48 participants, 33 psilocybin dosing sessions revealed notable psychological changes, including increased mindfulness and connectedness, observed one week later. Psilocybin also induced stronger mystical experiences than MDMA, suggesting its unique influence on neurotransmitter receptors and subsequent behavior. These findings from psychedelics and drug studies offer insights for clinical psychology and psychotherapists exploring this chemically synthesized alkaloid for mental well-being.
Abstract
Abstract Objective Despite many decades of experimental studies and clinical trials involving a variety of psychedelic agents, we still lack a comp...
Crystal structure of an antibody specifically recognizing 3,4-methyl enedioxy methamphetamine through the epoxide moiety.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications – November 12, 2024
Summary
Scientists have achieved a breakthrough in developing antibodies that can distinguish MDMA (ecstasy) from similar drugs like METH. By analyzing the crystal structure of a specialized antibody, researchers revealed how it locks onto MDMA's unique epoxide moiety, creating a precise molecular fingerprint. This discovery enables more accurate drug testing and detection methods.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or publicly known as "ecstasy" is a drug abuse substance. Since antibodies that detect MDMA typically also...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) Inhibits Dyskinesia Expression and Normalizes Motor Activity in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Treated Primates
Journal of Neuroscience – October 08, 2003
Summary
MDMA, also known as Ecstasy, demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduce dyskinesia in a Parkinson's disease patient while enhancing the effects of l-DOPA. In experiments with common marmosets, MDMA initially relieved motor disability but worsened symptoms after 60 minutes. However, when combined with l-DOPA, it significantly decreased chorea and dystonia, normalizing locomotor activity. The suppression of dyskinesia was linked to serotoninergic mechanisms, as the effects were blocked by fluvoxamine and partially inhibited by 5-HT1a/b antagonists, highlighting the potential for serotoninergic treatments in managing l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
Abstract
Ecstasy [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)] was shown to prolong the action of l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA) while suppressing dy...
Carrier‐Mediated Release of Serotonin by 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine: Implications for Serotonin‐Dopamine Interactions
Journal of Neurochemistry – January 01, 1996
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts serotonin levels, with a dose-dependent increase in extracellular serotonin (5-HT) observed in the striatum and prefrontal cortex. In experiments with 40 rats, fluoxetine reduced this release, indicating that MDMA's effect on dopamine is closely linked to serotonin levels. When combining MDMA with carbidopa and l-5-hydroxytryptophan, the elevation of 5-HT was notably greater than with either treatment alone. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between serotonin and dopamine, suggesting that MDMA enhances serotonin release through a carrier-mediated process.
Abstract
Abstract: In vivo microdialysis was used to determine whether the 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced release of serotonin (5‐HT) in v...
The content of ecstasy tablets: implications for the study of their long‐term effects
Addiction – December 01, 2002
Summary
In 2001, ecstasy tablets in north-west England contained an average of 60-69 mg of MDMA, with individual tablet content ranging from 20 to 109 mg. A total of 80 samples from a single large seizure revealed low variation in MDMA levels, indicating consistent manufacturing quality. Notably, the average MDMA content has declined over the past decade. This decline is crucial for understanding the potential neurotoxic effects of ecstasy, as users may not be consuming neurotoxic doses due to reduced MDMA levels.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims To examine the variation in the content of ecstasy tablets seized in the north‐west of England during 2001 and to compare it to the U...
Usefulness of Saliva for Measurement of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and Its Metabolites: Correlation with Plasma Drug Concentrations and Effect of Salivary pH
Clinical Chemistry – October 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA detection in saliva shows promise as a noninvasive alternative to plasma testing. In a study of eight healthy MDMA users, salivary concentrations ranged from 1728.9 to 6510.6 μg/L, peaking at 1.5 hours post-ingestion. The saliva-to-plasma ratio reached a high of 18.1 during this time, while salivary pH decreased by 0.6 units after consumption. These findings suggest that saliva can effectively reflect MDMA pharmacokinetics, enhancing on-site testing capabilities in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Saliva is an alternative biologic matrix for drugs-of-abuse testing that offers the advantages of noninvasive, rapid, and easy...
Beyond Rhabdomyolysis: C3 Glomerulopathy in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Induced Multiorgan Dysfunction
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology – October 01, 2025
Summary
A 40-year-old male experienced severe complications after an MDMA overdose, including rhabdomyolysis (CK >200,000 U/L) and acute kidney injury (AKI). His kidney biopsy revealed C3 glomerulopathy (C3G), a rare condition linked to MDMA use. He presented with hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, and required dialysis due to oliguric AKI. Remarkably, his renal function improved with supportive care alone, and dialysis was discontinued upon discharge. This case emphasizes the potential for C3G as a complication of MDMA, highlighting the need for comprehensive diagnostic approaches in drug-related renal injuries.
Abstract
Introduction: MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) toxicity can cause life-threatening complications, including hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, a...
Rapid and Prolonged Antidepressant and Antianxiety Effects of Psychedelics and 3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Psychoactives – October 04, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin rapidly and sustainably reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms, a compelling finding from a meta-analysis of psychedelic drug studies. These compounds, alongside methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), show promise in Psychology and Medicine as novel antidepressants. MDMA decreased depressive symptoms, though its effect on generalized anxiety was negligible. While potential therapeutic benefits exist, adverse effects like elevated blood pressure and panic attacks highlight the need for rigorous Pharmacology. Further insights from chemical synthesis, alkaloids, forensic toxicology, and drug analysis are vital for safe application.
Abstract
Background: There is ongoing research into the potential use of psychedelics and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) as alternatives to commo...
The 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine enhances early visual processing for salient socio-emotional stimuli.
The European journal of neuroscience – June 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA uniquely enhances our brain's ability to detect emotional expressions in faces, particularly happy and angry ones, within milliseconds of seeing them. Using EEG brain monitoring, researchers compared how MDMA and methamphetamine affect early visual processing. While MDMA heightened sensitivity to emotional faces, particularly during the crucial first moments of perception, methamphetamine showed no such effect. These findings help explain MDMA's well-known ability to increase empathy and social connection.
Abstract
The 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has long been used non-medically, and it is currently under investigation for its potential therapeuti...
Enantioselective determination of 3,4‐methylene‐dioxymethamphetamine and two of its metabolites in human urine by cyclodextrin‐modified capillary zone electrophoresis
Electrophoresis – January 01, 1997
Summary
A novel method using capillary zone electrophoresis has successfully separated enantiomers of MDMA and its metabolites in human urine. This technique achieved a detection limit of 20–50 ng/mL with 5 mL urine samples, showing intraday and interday imprecision under 4%. In two subjects, R‐(−)‐MDMA was excreted significantly more than S‐(+)‐MDMA, with one patient excreting 42.28% and 10.16% of the racemic dose. Metabolite variations were observed, with HMMA representing up to 8.51% of the administered MDMA dose.
Abstract
Abstract Using capillary zone electrophoresis with a phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 containing 30 m M (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin as chiral select...
Neurovascular Uncoupling: Multimodal Imaging Delineates the Acute Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Journal of Nuclear Medicine – September 29, 2022
Summary
MDMA's acute effects on the brain are more complex than previously thought. In rats, this hallucinogen stimulates neuronal activity in limbic areas, key for emotional processing, increasing glucose metabolism. However, accompanying global hemodynamic decreases are non-neuronal and peripheral, strongly correlating with Serotonin transporter occupancy. Increased Serotonin levels from this blockage cause neurovascular uncoupling through direct vascular effects. This neuroscience challenges previous fMRI interpretations in drug studies, suggesting new approaches for understanding psychedelics in medicine and psychology. Pharmacology must consider these complex haemodynamic responses.
Abstract
Psychedelic compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) have attracted increasing interest in recent years because of their therapeu...
Chemical composition of Ecstasy tablets seized in Poland between 2005 and 2020.
Forensic toxicology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Analysis of 20,000 Ecstasy tablets revealed alarming variations in drug composition over 15 years. While MDMA remained the primary ingredient, its content fluctuated dramatically - from 50mg to dangerous highs of 280mg per tablet. More concerning, nearly 20% of tablets contained new psychoactive substances (NPS) instead of MDMA, posing serious risks to unsuspecting users.
Abstract
The most commonly associated substance found in Ecstasy tablets is MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). In our study, we showed how the compos...
'Eve' and 'Ecstasy'
JAMA – March 27, 1987
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," is often perceived as safe by recreational users and some psychotherapists advocating its therapeutic potential. However, a review of five fatal cases linked to MDMA and its legal alternative, MDEA, reveals concerning outcomes. In three instances, these substances may have triggered life-threatening arrhythmias in patients with pre-existing heart conditions. Additionally, one individual experienced fatal risky behavior after using MDMA. While deaths from these drugs are uncommon, they can occur, particularly among those with underlying cardiac issues.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy"), a synthetic analogue of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, has been the center of recent debate ov...
Effects of the Psychedelic Amphetamine MDA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine) in Healthy Volunteers
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 15, 2019
Summary
MDA, a lesser-known entactogen, demonstrated longer-lasting emotional effects than its more popular counterpart, MDMA. In a study involving 30 participants, MDA (1.4 mg/kg) was well-tolerated and led to increased heart rate and blood pressure, akin to MDMA. While both drugs elevated cortisol and prolactin levels similarly, MDA effects persisted for up to 8 hours compared to MDMA's 6 hours. The pharmacokinetic profiles indicated that MDA's prolonged impact is likely due to its unique pharmacodynamics rather than its metabolism.
Abstract
Entactogens such as 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "molly", "ecstasy") appear to have unusual, potentially therapeutic, emotional effects...
A review of acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impacts subjective experiences and physiological responses. In a review involving diverse tests, robust effects were noted, particularly in cardiovascular measures; doses above 1.0 mg/kg led to significant increases compared to placebo. Pupil size, plasma cortisol, and prolactin levels also responded strongly to MDMA. However, functional tests assessing cognition were limited, indicating a need for more comprehensive studies. The entactogenic profile of MDMA suggests potential therapeutic applications warranting further exploration in psychology and medicine.
Abstract
This review of the literature aims to identify the acute effects of MDMA (ecstasy) in healthy volunteers. The wide range of relevant but methodolog...
Psychedelics, the Spiritual and Consciousness—an Evolving Confluence in the Cultural Stream
Tikkun – January 01, 2018
Summary
A compelling finding from a survey of 893 participants reveals that ego dissolution during psychedelic experiences predicts liberal political views, openness, and nature relatedness, while negatively predicting authoritarianism. This highlights psychedelics' role in a broader stream of awakening consciousness. Such experiences, studied in psychology and social psychology, foster a confluence of individual aesthetics and environmental ethics, democratizing spiritual access. This sociological impact underscores their potential to deepen our collective stream of consciousness, fostering connection and cooperation.
Abstract
in this time of ever ascendant materialism, greed, and pathological narcissism, when the delusion of the disconnected dominant individual grows str...
The Research of Alexander T. Shulgin
The History of MDMA – June 29, 2023
Summary
A chemist's personal mescaline experience ignited his pioneering work with psychoactive compounds. He synthesized novel substances, including MDMA, first in 1965, then again for self-trials in 1976. This led to its enthusiastic adoption by hundreds of psychotherapists, who found unique applications for the compound. His significant contributions advanced understanding of these chemicals.
Abstract
Abstract The American chemist Alexander T. Shulgin played a significant role in the ‘rediscovery’ of MDMA in the 1970s. In 1960, an experience with...