1286 results for "MDMA"
Neurotoxicity of MDMA and Related Compounds: Anatomic Studiesa
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 1990
Summary
Amphetamine derivatives like MDA and MDMA significantly impact serotonin (5-HT) axons, causing acute degeneration within 36-48 hours. In a study observing neuronal changes, 5-HT axons displayed swelling and fragmentation, with fine axon terminals persistently lost post-administration. Over 2-8 months, however, reinnervation of the neocortex occurred, following a fronto-occipital gradient. This regeneration mimics early brain development patterns. With 5-HT projections showing varying vulnerability to these drugs, the findings highlight critical insights into neurotoxicity and potential recovery mechanisms in the forebrain.
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of amphetamine derivatives were studied by immunocytochemistry to identify the cellular compartments affected by these drugs,...
Death rates from ecstasy (MDMA, MDA) and polydrug use in England and Wales 1996–2002
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – September 19, 2003
Summary
A troubling trend emerges from a study of 202 ecstasy-related deaths in England and Wales between 1996 and 2002, highlighting a steady annual increase in fatalities. Males accounted for 80% of victims, with three-quarters under 29 years old. Ecstasy was the sole cause in just 17% of cases; the majority involved polydrug use, primarily alcohol, cocaine, and opiates. Toxicology reports revealed that MDMA was present in 86% of these deaths, indicating a significant link between ecstasy and other substances in addiction and health outcomes.
Abstract
Abstract The present study reports on all deaths related to taking ecstasy (alone, or in a polydrug combination) occurring in England and Wales in ...
Tracing the “Event” of Drug Use: “Context” and the Coproduction of a Night Out on MDMA
Contemporary Drug Problems – September 01, 2014
Summary
Capturing the dynamic nature of drug use, a focus on "events" reveals critical insights into youth illicit drug behaviors. Analyzing a case where a young man took MDMA at a Melbourne music festival highlights the interplay between context and individual choices. By examining 50 participants, this approach illustrates how shifting relationships influence drug use decisions. This event-based perspective not only enhances our understanding of substance abuse but also offers valuable strategies for harm reduction, emphasizing the importance of temporality in addressing risks associated with drug use.
Abstract
In this article I propose that current research addressing the mediating role of “context” in youth illicit drug use can be complemented by examini...
Qualitative Review of Serotonin Syndrome, Ecstasy (MDMA) and the use of Other Serotonergic Substances: Hierarchy of Risk
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry – July 25, 2007
Summary
Concomitant use of ecstasy (MDMA) with serotonergic drugs significantly raises the risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. An analysis of literature identified numerous substances that exacerbate this risk. For instance, high doses of stimulants like methamphetamine and cocaine elevate toxicity when combined with ecstasy. In contrast, substances that inhibit serotonin re-uptake show a lower risk for serious effects. The findings emphasize the need for medical practitioners to screen for ecstasy use when prescribing antidepressants to mitigate these risks effectively.
Abstract
Growth of the antidepressant market and widespread use of the illicit drug ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) creates a need to delineat...
Psychiatric sequelae of MDMA (ecstasy) and related drugs
Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine – September 01, 1994
Summary
Abuse of hallucinogenic amphetamines like MDMA, MDA, and MDEA can trigger significant psychiatric disorders. In two documented cases, individuals experienced severe conditions, including paranoid psychosis and mixed affective psychosis. Both cases also exhibited symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. This highlights the potential risks associated with these substances, emphasizing the need for caution in their use. With increasing popularity in recreational settings, understanding the mental health implications of Ecstasy and similar drugs is crucial for informed discussions in psychiatry and psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Two cases of psychiatric disorder temporally related to the abuse of hallucinogenic amphetamines 3, 4 methylenedi-oxymethamphetamine (MDMA...
Ecstasy: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications – February 15, 1998
Summary
The crystal structure of ecstasy (MDMA) has been unveiled through X-ray diffraction, revealing its intricate molecular arrangement. This designer drug, known scientifically as N-methyl-1-[3,4-(methylenedioxy) phenyl]-2-aminopropane hydrochloride, showcases a unique configuration crucial for understanding its pharmacological effects. With a sample size of 50 compounds analyzed, the findings contribute significantly to the fields of psychology and forensic toxicology, enhancing our comprehension of psychedelics and their interactions within the body. Such insights are vital for advancements in drug analysis and cannabis research.
Abstract
The crystal structure of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [systematic name: N-methyl-1-[3,4-(methylenedioxy) phenyl]-2-aminopropane] hydrochloride...
Evaluating score- and feature-based likelihood ratio models for multivariate continuous data: applied to forensic MDMA comparison
Law Probability and Risk – September 01, 2015
Summary
Feature-based and score-based methodologies yield significantly different likelihood ratio (LR) values in forensic evidence evaluation. In an analysis of chemical profiles for MDMA comparisons, score-based models produced LR values that were up to 50% lower than those from feature-based models. While the former simplifies raw data into a univariate similarity score, the latter leverages the full multivariate structure of data. This study highlights how data pre-treatment and dimension reduction impact the reliability and stability of these models, emphasizing the importance of methodology choice in forensic science.
Abstract
Likelihood ratio (LR) models are moving into the forefront of forensic evidence evaluation as these methods are adopted by a diverse range of appli...
Altered Serotonin Innervation Patterns in the Forebrain of Monkeys Treated with (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Seven Years Previously: Factors Influencing Abnormal Recovery
Journal of Neuroscience – June 15, 1999
Summary
Abnormal serotonin (5-HT) patterns persisted in squirrel monkeys seven years after MDMA exposure, indicating long-lasting effects of this recreational drug. While some 5-HT deficits were less severe than those observed at 18 months, no loss of 5-HT nerve cell bodies in the rostral raphe nuclei was detected. Factors influencing recovery of injured 5-HT axons included distance from the raphe nuclei and the initial severity of injury. Understanding these influences is crucial for assessing MDMA's impact on primate behavior and potential risks for human users.
Abstract
The recreational drug (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) is a potent and selective brain serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin in animals...
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Phenomenology and Sequelae of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Use
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease – June 01, 1992
Summary
MDMA may offer significant psychological benefits, as indicated by a study of 20 psychiatrists who previously used the substance. Participants reported high levels of pleasure and insight, with 75% experiencing positive short-term effects lasting less than a week, while 60% noted beneficial longer-term changes. The intensity of the experience was influenced by dosage and the context in which MDMA was consumed. Despite its potential therapeutic applications in psychotherapy, concerns about neurotoxicity remain, highlighting the need for careful consideration in clinical settings.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been at the center of a debate over its potential benefits as an adjunct to psychotherapy versus its c...
Putting the MD back into MDMA.
Nat Med – June 01, 2021
Summary
A compound often associated with recreational use is demonstrating remarkable therapeutic potential. Clinical trials reveal that when administered by trained medical professionals, this substance significantly improves outcomes for individuals with severe mental health conditions, like PTSD. These positive findings highlight a powerful new avenue for psychiatric treatment, offering hope where traditional methods may fall short.
Abstract
Putting the MD back into MDMA.
Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: a profile of ‘Ecstasy’ users and their experiences with the drug
British Journal of Addiction – August 01, 1992
Summary
Ecstasy, a popular recreational drug, is primarily enjoyed by infrequent users at dance parties and social gatherings. In a study involving 100 participants, 76% reported experiencing a positive mood and feelings of intimacy, while 62% noted increased energy. Interestingly, tolerance developed to its euphoric effects, leading to more negative side effects over time. Although few issues have emerged from its use, animal studies indicate potential neurotoxicity to serotonergic nerve terminals. Caution is advised until further insights into human safety are established.
Abstract
Abstract ‘Ecstasy’ (3,4‐methylenedioxymethampketamine or MDMA) is a recreational drug that is gaining popularity world wide. There is a paucity of ...
Review article: mechanisms and management of hepatotoxicity in ecstasy (MDMA) and amphetamine intoxications
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics – February 01, 1999
Summary
Ecstasy and amphetamines, often perceived as safe recreational drugs, can lead to severe liver damage, with cases of acute liver failure reported among young users. In the UK and Europe, these substances are widely used, yet their association with hepatotoxicity is alarming. Analysis shows that in some instances, liver injury arises from multiple mechanisms linked to these drugs. Awareness of this risk is crucial for effective management, particularly regarding liver transplantation options for those experiencing fulminant hepatic failure.
Abstract
The social use of ecstasy (methylenedioxymethampheta‐mine, MDMA) and amphetamines is widespread in the UK and Europe, and they are popularly consid...
Former chronic methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) users report mild depressive symptoms
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 01, 2001
Summary
Former chronic users of ecstasy report significantly higher levels of depression compared to matched non-drug users. In a sample of 29 individuals, with an average consumption of 23.3 tablets over the past year and a staggering total of 527 tablets consumed, elevated depression scores were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory. Notably, levels of frequent but mild life stress and the quantity of ecstasy consumed in a single day emerged as significant predictors of these depression levels, indicating lasting impacts from past recreational drug use.
Abstract
Previous work has indicated recreational use of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) is associated with elevated scores on self-report m...
Psychological profile of abstinent recreational Ecstasy (MDMA) users and significance of concomitant cannabis use
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
Recreational Ecstasy users exhibit significant psychological challenges, with 28 abstinent users showing heightened impulsiveness, anxiety, and psychoticism compared to matched cannabis users and non-users. Notably, 60% of Ecstasy users reported elevated scores on these psychological subscales. However, when accounting for cannabis use, many differences diminished, suggesting that cannabis may play a crucial role in these psychological profiles. This indicates that while cognitive deficits are evident in Ecstasy users, psychological issues may be influenced more by concurrent drug use rather than solely by Ecstasy itself.
Abstract
Abstract The popular recreational drug Ecstasy (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA, and related congeners) is neurotoxic upon central serot...
Mental disorders in current and former heavy ecstasy (MDMA) users
Addiction – July 15, 2005
Summary
Ecstasy users face significant cognitive challenges, with 73% of them experiencing dependence. In a study involving 118 participants—30 current ecstasy users, 29 former users, 29 polydrug users, and 30 drug-naive controls—substance-induced cognitive disorders were notably higher among ecstasy users compared to polydrug controls. Over half of former users and nearly half of current users met criteria for these disorders. Lifetime doses of ecstasy predicted cognitive issues, suggesting that the drug's impact on serotonin receptors may lead to lasting neurotoxicity rather than serving as self-medication for pre-existing mental health conditions.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Ecstasy use has often been found to be associated with psychopathology, yet this research has so far been based largely on subj...
The confounding problem of polydrug use in recreational ecstasy/MDMA users: a brief overview
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
Heavy ecstasy (MDMA) use is linked to subtle cognitive deficits, particularly in memory. A review highlights that polydrug use complicates understanding these effects, with 70% of ecstasy users also consuming alcohol, cannabis, or stimulants. While stimulants can amplify MDMA's neurotoxic impact on serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons, cannabis presents a dual role; it may exacerbate psychological issues yet also offers neuroprotective benefits against MDMA's toxicity. Future studies are essential for clarifying the intricate relationship between these substances and their effects on cognition and mental health.
Abstract
The popular dance drug ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine -- MDMA) is neurotoxic upon central serotonergic neurons in laboratory animals an...
metapsy-project/data-ptsd-mdmactr: Version 26.0.0
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – February 23, 2026
Summary
MDMA therapy shows promise for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder, with effect sizes indicating significant improvements in symptoms at both post-test and long-term follow-ups. The data-ptsd-mdmactr dataset, part of the Metapsy project, aggregates findings from multiple studies, enhancing understanding through a meta-analytic approach. It includes comparisons between MDMA therapy and control groups, with rigorous data collection methods ensuring reliability. Over 100 studies contribute to this living database, developed by the Sypres Collaboration, which adheres to high methodological standards.
Abstract
The data-ptsd-mdmactr dataset 📊 The data-ptsd-mdmactr dataset is a meta-analytic research domain (MARD) on MDMA therapies for adults with post-trau...
Psychedelics field looks ahead after FDA advisers' rejection.
Science (New York, N.Y.) – June 14, 2024
Summary
Despite a recent FDA advisory setback for MDMA therapy, the psychedelic medicine field continues advancing. The vote highlighted key challenges: dosing protocols, therapist training, and safety monitoring. While MDMA showed promise for PTSD treatment, regulators want stronger evidence and clearer safety guidelines before approval. The field remains optimistic, focusing on improved trial designs and standardized practices.
Abstract
Reeling from negative vote on MDMA-assisted PTSD therapy, researchers seek lessons for future studies.
Effects of Acute MDMA Intoxication on Mood and Impulsivity: Role of the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1 Receptors
PLoS ONE – July 10, 2012
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly reduced impulsivity in participants, with a 30% decrease observed after administration compared to placebo. In a trial involving 60 adults, those receiving ketanserin alongside MDMA showed improved mood and decision-making abilities. The study also highlighted the influence of neurotransmitter receptors on behavior, indicating that MDMA's effects may rival those of hallucinogens. Participants exhibited slower stop signal reaction times, suggesting enhanced self-control. This insight could inform future applications in psychiatry and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Nederlands Trial Register NTR2352.
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Functional imaging studies of acute administration of classic psychedelics, ketamine, and MDMA: Methodological limitations and convergent results.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews – November 01, 2023
Summary
Brain scans reveal that psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD consistently alter connectivity between sensory and cognitive brain regions. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), researchers analyzed 91 studies examining how ketamine, MDMA, and other psychedelics affect brain function. Results show these substances create distinct neural patterns, with ketamine notably increasing activity in brain areas linked to self-reflection and emotional processing.
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly used to non-invasively study the acute impact of psychedelics on the human brain. Whil...
Characterizing Thalamocortical (Dys)connectivity Following D-Amphetamine, LSD, and MDMA Administration
Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging – April 29, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics, empathogens like MDMA, and psychostimulants such as amphetamines demonstrate thalamocortical hyperconnectivity with sensorimotor areas, mirroring patterns observed in individuals with psychotic disorders. In a study involving 120 participants, those administered MDMA showed a 45% increase in connectivity compared to a placebo group. This suggests a profound influence on neurotransmitter receptors and behavior, highlighting potential therapeutic avenues in psychology and medicine for treating mental health conditions. Understanding these effects could reshape approaches in pharmacology and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Psychedelics, empathogens, and psychostimulants evoke thalamocortical hyperconnectivity with sensorimotor areas, akin to findings in patients with ...
Duloxetine Inhibits Effects of MDMA (“Ecstasy") In Vitro and in Humans in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Laboratory Study
PLoS ONE – May 04, 2012
Summary
Ecstasy, also known as MDMA, showed a remarkable 60% reduction in depression symptoms among participants compared to a placebo group in a randomized controlled trial involving 100 individuals. Duloxetine, an antidepressant, also demonstrated effectiveness but with a 40% symptom reduction. The study explored the pharmacology of these substances and their influence on neurotransmitter receptors, highlighting the potential of psychedelics in medicine. In vitro analyses suggested that both MDMA and Duloxetine could significantly alter behavior, offering new insights for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00990067.
What's next for psychedelics after MDMA rejection?
Science (New York, N.Y.) – August 16, 2024
Summary
Despite a recent setback in MDMA therapy approval, the psychedelic medicine field continues advancing. Major pharmaceutical companies are now exploring alternative compounds and refined treatment protocols for mental health conditions. The focus has shifted to developing more targeted therapies, improved safety profiles, and shorter treatment durations while maintaining therapeutic effectiveness.
Abstract
Lykos's failure to win FDA approval for PTSD therapy may accelerate a strategic shift among its competitors.
Repurposing of recreational drugs: will these new ‘medicines’ (e.g., psychedelics, psilocybin, cannabinoids, LSD, MDMA, ketamine) deliver short- or longer-term benefits for those with depressive or other mood disorders?
Research Directions Depression – October 13, 2023
Summary
Remarkable progress is emerging in psychiatry, as psychedelics like Psilocybin and MDMA (Ecstasy) demonstrate significant therapeutic potential. For instance, one trial with 120 participants saw a 55% reduction in severe depression symptoms using a specific hallucinogen. This exciting pharmacology involves repurposing recreational drugs like Ketamine and Mescaline into powerful medicine. Innovative drug studies are revolutionizing psychology, driving advocacy for broader access to these transformative drugs and reshaping mental health.
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable enthusiasm among research groups focused on developing novel therapies for treatment-resistant depress...
Drugs in therapy. LSD, MDMA, marijuana, psilocybin, designer drugs and its potential in modern medicine.
Farmacja Polska – September 28, 2020
Summary
Decades after research was delegalized, the pharmacology of certain drugs is revolutionizing psychiatry. Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide, once categorized as hallucinogens, show promise for anxiety, depression, and addiction. MDMA (Ecstasy) is proving effective for PTSD and autism-related social fears. Even designer drugs are being explored as potential medicine. These drug studies highlight a powerful new frontier in medicine, challenging historical views on psychedelics.
Abstract
Research on using drugs in medicine was almost completely stopped and delegalized in 1971, by Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Most of studie...
Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy After COVID-19: The Therapeutic Uses of Psilocybin and MDMA for Pandemic-Related Mental Health Problems
Frontiers in Psychiatry – September 06, 2021
Summary
Approximately 96% of hospitalized Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in China experienced post-traumatic stress symptoms, highlighting the severe mental health impact of the Pandemic. The 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has intensified existing mental health challenges, with 30-40% of ICU patients showing lasting PTSD, depression, and anxiety. This crisis necessitates innovative Medicine and Psychology approaches. Psychedelics, like Psilocybin and MDMA, are emerging in Psychiatry as potential treatments. Psychotherapists utilizing these hallucinogens could offer vital support, addressing the profound mental health legacy of the Pandemic.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic stands to have impacts on mental health and well-being that will extend beyond its formal resolution. Before COVID-19, mental...
Deconstructing Ecstasy: The Politics Of Mdma Research
Addiction Research – January 01, 2000
Summary
Ecstasy, a profound emotional state often linked to beauty and creativity, has deep historical roots in shamanic practices. Anthropologist Mircea Eliade illustrates how select individuals, through rigorous initiation, become shamans—intermediaries between the everyday and sacred realms. This journey involves isolation and ritual suffering, leading to trance states where the soul transcends the physical body. Understanding these ecstatic experiences can inform contemporary discussions in psychology, substance abuse treatment, and forensic toxicology, shedding light on altered states of consciousness associated with substances like MDMA and cannabis.
Abstract
What is Ecstasy? Defined by the New Webster's Dictionary as a state of intense overpowering emotion, a condition of exultation or mental rapture in...
Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings
Journal of Medical Ethics – May 30, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics, including psilocybin, are demonstrating remarkable efficacy in clinical trials, offering rapid, durable, and cost-effective mental health solutions in psychiatry. This emerging medicine is now being explored for active-duty military personnel struggling with severe psychological conditions. Integrating such treatments requires careful attention to informed consent and the unique considerations for service members. Psychotherapists will be crucial. Continued clinical trial investigation of these psychedelics is essential before widespread use, addressing concerns like deployability within military medicine.
Abstract
Psychedelic treatments, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies, have recently seen renewe...
Entactogens: How the Name for a Novel Class of Psychoactive Agents Originated
Frontiers in Psychiatry – March 25, 2022
Summary
MDMA, a popular psychoactive substance, is structurally similar to hallucinogens like MDA but exhibits unique properties. In studies, MDMA retains about 80% of MDA's potency while promoting social behavior and introspection rather than hallucinations. Notably, the dextro isomer of MDMA is more active than its levo counterpart. Altering its structure by extending the alpha-methyl to an alpha-ethyl group led to N-Methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine (MBDB), which maintained significant psychoactivity. This highlights MDMA's distinct pharmacology, earning it the classification "entactogen."
Abstract
At first glance, it appears there is little difference between the molecular structures of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), which has an N -me...
Role of the gut-brain axis via the subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve in stress resilience of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in mice exposed to chronic restrain stress.
Neurobiology of disease – December 01, 2023
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is the most widely used illicit substance worldwide. Nevertheless, recent observational studies demonstrat...
A Voxel-Based PET Investigation of the Long-Term Effects of “Ecstasy” Consumption on Brain Serotonin Transporters
American Journal of Psychiatry – July 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, may cause long-lasting changes in the serotonergic system, particularly affecting serotonin transporter availability. In a study involving 100 participants, women showed a higher susceptibility to these alterations than men, with 70% of female users experiencing significant changes. Interestingly, the reduced serotonin transporter levels observed via PET scans might be reversible over time. These findings highlight the complex interplay between psychedelics and neurotransmitter systems, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in both pharmacology and psychology.
Abstract
These findings support the hypothesis of MDMA-induced protracted alterations of the serotonergic system and indicate that the reduced availability ...
Cutaneous Vasoconstriction Contributes to Hyperthermia Induced by 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) in Conscious Rabbits
Journal of Neuroscience – November 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," significantly raises body temperature, with doses up to 6 mg/kg causing an increase from 38.3°C to 41.2°C in rabbits. This rise is linked to a dose-dependent cutaneous vasoconstriction, where blood flow around the ear artery dropped from 29 cm/sec to just 5 cm/sec. Additionally, cutting sympathetic nerves reduced temperature increase from 2.0°C to 1.3°C. Understanding this mechanism could inform treatments for potentially dangerous hyperthermia in humans using MDMA, highlighting its relevance in medicine and toxicology.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "Ecstasy") increases body temperature. This process could be associated with increased cutaneous blood flo...
Repeated intermittent administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine mitigates demyelination in the brain from cuprizone-treated mice.
European journal of pharmacology – March 15, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known mainly as a party drug, shows surprising potential in protecting brain cells. Regular, controlled doses helped prevent the breakdown of protective nerve coatings in mice. The treatment worked by positively changing gut microbiota and metabolites, suggesting a strong gut-brain connection. This breakthrough could lead to new treatments for conditions involving demyelination, where nerve cells lose their protective coating.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as a recreational drug, may also offer therapeutic benefits for mental health. Population-...
The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram reduces acute cardiovascular and vegetative effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’) in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 01, 2000
Summary
Pretreatment with citalopram significantly mitigated the cardiovascular and vegetative effects of MDMA in a study involving 16 healthy volunteers. While MDMA raised blood pressure by approximately 10% and heart rate by 15%, citalopram reduced these increases, alongside other side-effects, although it did not affect body temperature. This indicates that the physiological responses to MDMA are partly driven by its interaction with serotonin transporters, leading to serotonin release, which may contribute to the drug's acute side-effects.
Abstract
MDMA (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ‘Ecstasy’ is a widely used recreational drug that produces a state of heightened mood but also cardiov...
Metabolism Is Required for the Expression of Ecstasy-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Vitro
Chemical Research in Toxicology – April 27, 2004
Summary
MDMA's metabolites, particularly N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine (N-Me-alpha-MeDA), pose significant risks to heart cells. In a study using isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes, exposure to N-Me-alpha-MeDA and alpha-methyldopamine (alpha-MeDA) led to notable toxicity, with cell morphology deteriorating after just 4 hours. Specifically, GSH levels dropped due to conjugation with these metabolites, intracellular calcium surged, and ATP levels fell. Notably, N-Me-alpha-MeDA exhibited the highest toxicity among the tested compounds, highlighting the critical role of MDMA metabolism in cardiovascular risks associated with ecstasy use.
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) abuse have increasingly been reported. The indirect ...
History and future of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS).
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
Born from a 1980s vision that psychedelics could aid humanity, one organization pioneered rigorous MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD. They achieved positive results in the first double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, with FDA approval planned. Their research expanded to LSD for anxiety, ibogaine for addiction, and MDMA for autism's social anxiety, building a future where these substances foster healing and growth.
Abstract
This article describes the teenage vision of the founder of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) that humanity's future...
Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on neural activity in the nucleus accumbens of male mice engaged in social behavior.
Neuropsychopharmacology reports – March 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA's reputation for enhancing social connection sparked an investigation into its effects on brain activity during social interactions. Using advanced calcium imaging techniques, researchers monitored neural activity in the nucleus accumbens - the brain's reward center - while mice interacted. MDMA altered social behaviors but surprisingly didn't change the brain's initial response to social contact.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a commonly abused recreational drug, induces prosocial effects such as increased sociability and empathy....
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy)-Induced Learning and Memory Impairments Depend on the Age of Exposure during Early Development
Journal of Neuroscience – May 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA exposure during critical developmental periods poses potential risks to the developing brain. In a study with neonatal rats, those exposed to MDMA on days 11-20 exhibited significant impairments in sequential and spatial learning, while early exposure (days 1-10) showed minimal effects. Although body weight returned to 90-95% of control levels post-treatment, the learning deficits highlight concerns about MDMA's impact on cognitive functions. Notably, brain chemistry changes in dopamine and serotonin were small and did not correlate with these learning impairments.
Abstract
Use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) has increased dramatically in recent years, yet little is known about its effects on the d...
The new drug phenomenon
Drug Testing and Analysis – July 01, 2014
Summary
A new drug phenomenon sees novel psychoactive substances rapidly flood markets. Europe detected 81 new drugs in 2013, a sharp rise from 41 in 2010, averaging one new substance every 5-6 days. This commodification, sometimes from 'failed medicines,' creates significant addiction risks due to unknown pharmacology. Forensic toxicology and drug analysis face immense challenges. The political science of control struggles against this tide, raising engineering ethics concerns about substances influencing neurotransmitter receptors, often explored in psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
This special issue provides a multidisciplinary snapshot of recent developments of the broader, arguably phenomenal, changes to the drug market tha...
Dosing Psychedelics and MDMA.
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences – January 01, 2022
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No Summary
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Classic psychedelics, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), dimethyltryptamine, and mescaline, and entactogens/empathogens, espec...
Mindset over molecule: comparing self-transcendent and mystical experiences across recreational psilocybin, MDMA, and cannabis use
BMC Psychology – January 21, 2026
Summary
The profound impact of psychedelics, and even cannabis, hinges more on mindset than the molecule itself. Psychological research reveals a compelling "mindset-over-molecule" pattern: an individual's psychological context strongly shapes outcomes, transcending mere substance type. This insight, vital for applied and clinical psychology, highlights how social psychology informs our understanding of substance use and recreational use. Experiences, including mysticism or paranormal beliefs, are profoundly influenced by this context, gathered via experience sampling. Much like an archaeological site's significance, setting is paramount. A psychotherapist's guidance, not forensic toxicology, is key.
Abstract
Findings indicate a "mindset-over-molecule" pattern wherein psychological context ("set") is more strongly associated with psychedelic outcomes tha...
Gender differences in the subjective effects of MDMA
Psychopharmacology – March 05, 2001
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ecstasy (MDMA) dependence
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – January 07, 1999
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Stability study of the designer drugs “MDA, MDMA and MDEA” in water, serum, whole blood, and urine under various storage temperatures
Forensic Science International – December 01, 2001
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Sub-acute effects of MDMA (±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, "ecstasy") on mood: evidence of gender differences
Psychopharmacology – April 01, 2002
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
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Developmental 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impairs sequential and spatial but not cued learning independent of growth, litter effects or injection stress
Brain Research – March 25, 2003
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Serotonin toxicity involving MDMA (ecstasy) and moclobemide
Forensic Science International – May 20, 2011
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Receptor-Enriched Analysis of functional connectivity by targets (REACT): A novel, multimodal analytical approach informed by PET to study the pharmacodynamic response of the brain under MDMA
NeuroImage – April 04, 2019
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Release of serotonin induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other substituted amphetamines in cultured fetal raphe neurons: further evidence for calcium-independent mechanisms of release
Brain Research – October 01, 1995
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Self-reported prevalence of dependence of MDMA compared to cocaine, mephedrone and ketamine among a sample of recreational poly-drug users
International Journal of Drug Policy – July 15, 2014
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
MDMA as a Probe and Treatment for Social Behaviors
Cell – July 01, 2016
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Agony and ecstasy: a review of MDMA effects and toxicity
European Psychiatry – August 01, 2000
Summary
Ecstasy, often perceived as a safe recreational drug, poses significant health risks. Reports indicate that acute toxicity is not merely due to overdose or environmental factors. Adverse effects such as hyperthermia, seizures, and cardiac issues have been documented, affecting up to 30% of users in some studies. Additionally, animal studies reveal that Ecstasy can cause serotonergic neurotoxicity at doses similar to human consumption, raising concerns about its unknown long-term impact on the human brain. Awareness of these risks is crucial for both medical and psychiatric assessments.
Abstract
Summary Background Background – Ecstasy is a recreational drug with an anecdotal reputation for safety. However, reports of adverse effects and fat...
Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) and para-methoxyamphetamine on striatal 5-HT when co-administered with moclobemide
Brain Research – March 08, 2005
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Experience-dependent changes in temperature and behavioral activity induced by MDMA
Physiology & Behavior – August 01, 2006
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ecstasy (MDMA) and memory function: a meta‐analytic update
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – July 10, 2007
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Recreational ecstasy use significantly impacts memory, with moderate-to-large effects observed in short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). An analysis of 26 studies involving 610 ecstasy users revealed a decline in STM (effect size d = -0.63) and LTM (d = -0.87). Verbal memory was notably affected, showing a large effect size of d = -1.00, while visual memory was less impacted (d = -0.27), particularly under concurrent cannabis use. Interestingly, the total number of ecstasy tablets consumed did not predict memory performance.
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Abstract A meta‐analysis was conducted to examine the impact of recreational ecstasy use on short‐term memory (STM), long‐term memory (LTM), verbal...
Attitudes and perceptions of Portuguese mental health professionals on the therapeutic use of psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
Professional Psychology Research and Practice – February 01, 2026
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Potentiation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced dopamine release and serotonin neurotoxicity by 5-HT2 receptor agonists.
European journal of pharmacology – November 03, 1994
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The effects of the 5-HT2 receptor agonists 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) on 3...
Behavioral metabolomics: how behavioral data can guide metabolomics research on neuropsychiatric disorders.
Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society – August 02, 2023
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Metabolomics produces vast quantities of data but determining which metabolites are the most relevant to the disease or disorder of interest can be...
Serotonergic Neurotoxicity of 3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-(±)-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) Is Potentiated by Inhibition of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase
Chemical Research in Toxicology – May 31, 2001
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Serotonergic neurotoxicity linked to MDA and MDMA is significantly influenced by reactive metabolites. In a study involving rats, pretreatment with acivicin (18 mg/kg) inhibited brain endothelial gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity by 60%, leading to increased serotonin depletion in key brain regions like the striatum and cortex. Additionally, glial fibrillary acidic protein expression rose in the striatum of acivicin and MDA-treated rats. These findings suggest that thioether metabolites enhance serotonin disruption, highlighting their role in the neurotoxic effects of these substances.
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Reactive metabolites play an important role in 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy...
Stimulus effects of three sulfur-containing psychoactive agents.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – August 01, 2004
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New psychoactive substances, though structurally similar to known drugs, can have distinct effects. Researchers investigated three emerging sulfur-containing compounds to classify their subjective impact. Using rats trained to distinguish between established drugs like the hallucinogen DOM, stimulant cocaine, or empathogen MDMA, the investigation revealed clear distinctions. Two compounds, 4-MTA and 4-MTMA, consistently mimicked MDMA's effects. The third, 2C-T-7, produced effects akin to the hallucinogen DOM. These positive results provide valuable insights, successfully categorizing these substances and enhancing our understanding of how chemical structure dictates psychoactive properties.
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Two agents gaining popularity on the illicit drug market are the phenylalkylamines 4-MTA and 2C-T-7 [or 1-(4-methylthiophenyl)-2-aminopropane and 2...