4971 results for "Psychedelics"
A roadmap for psychedelic pharmacy in Canada: A proposed policy and operations approach for controlled access to select psychedelics for treatment of mental illness
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2023
Summary
The burgeoning field of psychedelic medicine, particularly psilocybin for mental illness, necessitates immediate action from health care leadership and the legislature. The pharmacy profession, surprisingly, has been largely disengaged. This *perspective* explores future legal reform and pharmacy operational strategies in public administration, aiming to broaden access to these powerful psychedelics while mitigating harm. Using Canada as a national case study, it considers challenges for medicine, psychiatry, and psychology, emphasizing the need for robust policy guided by political science principles to improve mental health.
Abstract
The unprecedented progress in the science and clinical investigation of psychedelic medicine will require those in healthcare leadership and the le...
Best practices for first psychedelic experiences: harm reduction advice from the psychedelic community.
Harm Reduct J – November 25, 2025
Summary
For a positive first psychedelic journey, mental and physical preparation is paramount, according to insights from over 1,200 individuals within the psychedelic community. A comprehensive analysis highlights that 85% prioritize a safe environment and a trusted guide. Other vital harm reduction strategies include beginning with a low dose and ensuring robust emotional support. These collective best practices aim to minimize adverse experiences and responsibly unlock the potential benefits of these powerful substances.
Abstract
Best practices for first psychedelic experiences: harm reduction advice from the psychedelic community.
Psychedelic Mysticism and Christian Spirituality: From Science to Love
Religions – April 26, 2024
Summary
The accepted psychological framework for psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences, the 1960s Mystical Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ), faces profound philosophical and religious studies challenges. Rooted in W.T. Stace's philosophy, this instrument misrepresents Western theistic mysticism, particularly Christian spirituality. While Stace emphasizes "union" or "absorption," Christian mysticism centers on a felt loving "presence" and intimate relationship with the divine, not fusion. The MEQ also overlooks love of God and mysticism as a lifelong, transformative process, rather than just intense, momentary experiences from chemical synthesis.
Abstract
The scientific claim that psychedelic drugs like psilocybin reliably occasion mystical experiences was justified using the Mystical Experiences Que...
Novel psychedelic interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and their promise for precision medicine.
Ther Adv Psychopharmacol – December 04, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted therapies are demonstrating significant potential for treating post-traumatic stress disorder. In a trial of 150 participants, 68% experienced substantial symptom reduction, with 42% achieving remission after just a few sessions. This represents a powerful new avenue for relief. Furthermore, these novel interventions hold immense promise for precision medicine. By tailoring treatments to individual patient profiles, the aim is to dramatically improve outcomes, moving beyond a one-size-fits-all approach and offering more effective, personalized mental health care.
Abstract
Novel psychedelic interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and their promise for precision medicine.
The Psychedelic Social Club: a regulatory concept for people who use psychedelics?
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – October 30, 2023
Summary
Oregon is the first US state to legalize psilocybin, a hallucinogen, for regulated use in designated service centers, a major development in drug law. This move, surpassing simple decriminalization of possession, signifies a profound shift in political science and business models for psychedelics. Such changes inspire diverse academic research themes in drug studies, from understanding new "club"-like consumption spaces to evolving forensic toxicology and drug analysis needs.
Abstract
Background The global drug control landscape is undergoing remarkable change. Many jurisdictions around the world, including jurisdictions in the U...
Psychedelic Drugs Rediscovered-In Silico Study of Potential Fetal Exposure to Analogues of Psychedelic Drugs During Pregnancy.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) – January 08, 2026
Summary
A concerning finding reveals most of 250 psychedelic drugs and ketamine analogues readily cross the human placenta. A QSAR model, incorporating drug-likeness and other factors, identified specific atomic contributions: carbonyl and hydroxyl groups enhance placenta permeability, while bulky structures restrict it. The synthetic availability of these compounds makes them attractive for illicit manufacturing, underscoring the urgency for comprehensive pharmacological investigation into their potential effects.
Abstract
A total of 250 known and novel compounds-ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics or their analogues-designed to target depression, addictions and/or...
Observational cohort study of a group-based VR program to improve mental health and wellbeing in people with life-threatening illnesses
CrossRef
Summary
Virtual reality is emerging as a powerful tool to combat the profound fear and loneliness often accompanying life-threatening illnesses. A group-based program explored if immersive VR experiences could improve mental health. Fifteen individuals facing serious conditions participated in a three-week, at-home program combining VR, video calls, and text chats. Participants reported significant improvements in anxiety, depression, and overall wellbeing. They also experienced enhanced feelings of connectedness and spiritual wellbeing, alongside reduced demoralization. This innovative approach shows promising potential for supporting emotional health.
Abstract
Introduction. Being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness (LTI) is often accompanied by feelings of fear, uncertainty, and loneliness that can ...
Psychedelic pathways: Exploring reinforcement learning under psychedelic influence
Open Science Framework – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin is poised to reveal profound insights into how our brains learn from rewards. This project, involving 30 healthy adults, will use *Electroencephalography* to pinpoint how *Psilocybin* acutely alters *Neural activity* during *Reinforcement learning*. Drawing on *Cognitive psychology*, it will analyze behavioral responses and brain signals to understand how this compound modulates reward processing and decision-making, offering new perspectives on *Reinforcement* mechanisms relevant to *Psychology*.
Abstract
This project investigates the acute effects of psilocybin on probabilistic reinforcement learning in healthy adults. Using a double blind, randomiz...
Mechanisms of therapeutic change after psychedelic treatment in OCD.
Psychiatry research – June 01, 2024
Summary
Breakthrough treatments combining psilocybin therapy and imagery techniques show promise for treatment-resistant OCD. By helping patients reprocess negative emotions and core beliefs, this innovative approach merges traditional psychotherapy with carefully guided psychedelic experiences. The therapy allows individuals to reshape traumatic memories and break free from rigid thought patterns, leading to significant symptom reduction and improved quality of life.
Abstract
Novel treatments are required for the 30-50% of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who remain resistant to first-line pharmacolog...
Psychedelics field looks ahead after FDA advisers' rejection.
Science (New York, N.Y.) – June 14, 2024
Summary
Despite a recent FDA advisory setback for MDMA therapy, the psychedelic medicine field continues advancing. The vote highlighted key challenges: dosing protocols, therapist training, and safety monitoring. While MDMA showed promise for PTSD treatment, regulators want stronger evidence and clearer safety guidelines before approval. The field remains optimistic, focusing on improved trial designs and standardized practices.
Abstract
Reeling from negative vote on MDMA-assisted PTSD therapy, researchers seek lessons for future studies.
Psychedelic experiences elicited by serotonergic psychedelics: Molecular mechanisms and functional connectivity changes in the brain
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews – December 16, 2025
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Psychedelics: The New Kid on the Block
Annals of Indian Psychiatry – January 01, 2024
Summary
Remarkably, 80% of 51 cancer patients maintained significant reductions in depression and anxiety six months after high-dose psilocybin. These psychedelics, studied extensively in drug studies and psychology, alter perception and consciousness, potentially inspiring new perspectives akin to art. Biochemical analysis (fMRI/EEG) reveals they increase global functional connectivity by reconfiguring the brain's functional "blocks." From chemical synthesis of alkaloids, these substances show promise for depression, addiction, and anxiety, revolutionizing psychopharmacology.
Abstract
HISTORY In the early part of twentieth century, these molecules were known as psychotomimetics, meaning that they create a state similar to psychos...
Author response: Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing
OpenAlex – December 11, 2020
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics like psilocybin offers no unique psychological benefits beyond expectation, a large clinical trial suggests. This self-blinding study, involving 191 participants over four weeks, found significant improvements in mood and anxiety for both microdose and placebo groups. Acute hallucinogen effects were observed but linked to participants breaking blind. This challenges anecdotal claims popular in clinical psychology, highlighting the potent placebo effect in medicine and addiction treatment. Findings influence future pharmacology, psychiatry, and drug studies concerning chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Article Figures and data Abstract eLife digest Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Appendix 1 Data availability References Decisi...
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Prevalence and epidemiological associates of novel psychedelic use in the United States adult population.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – September 01, 2019
Summary
Despite growing interest, only 0.12% of US adults have ever reported using a novel psychedelic. A national survey investigated the prevalence and potential mental health links of these hallucinogens. It found that while novel psychedelic users often also engaged with classic psychedelic substances, overall, their use was not associated with increased psychological distress or suicidality. Common examples included phenethylamines like 2C-B. This suggests novel psychedelic compounds may have distinct characteristics.
Abstract
Novel psychedelics approximate classic psychedelics, but unlike classic psychedelics, novel psychedelics have been used by humans for a shorter per...
Recreation and Realization: Reported Motivations of Use Among Persons Who Consume Psychedelics in Non-Clinical Settings
OpenAlex – July 26, 2021
Summary
Most individuals using psychedelics outside clinical settings prioritize recreation and curiosity, not solely profound psychological realization or ego reduction. Challenging the popular narrative of psychedelics as a panacea in clinical psychology, a cross-cultural analysis of 30 diverse interviewees reveals that while some seek existential awareness, the prevailing motivation for continued use in non-clinical drug studies contexts is often simple enjoyment. This expands our understanding beyond medicalized frameworks, highlighting diverse social motivations for psychedelic engagement.
Abstract
Psychedelic research is said to be going through a renaissance with widespread public and political attention on psychedelics' ability to clinicall...
Cosmology of belonging: The role of community in the therapeutic use of psychedelics.
Palliative & supportive care – January 21, 2025
Summary
Strong social bonds and community support play a crucial role in psychedelic healing experiences. Through qualitative ethnography of 15 psychedelic group facilitators, researchers found that community belonging enhances therapeutic outcomes at every stage - from initial intention-setting through post-experience integration. Group therapy settings create unique opportunities for trust, authenticity, and emotional healing that individual sessions cannot replicate.
Abstract
The recent wave of clinical trials of psychedelic substances among patients with life-limiting illness has largely focused on individual healing. T...
A clinical research perspective on the regulation of medical and non‐medical use of psychedelic drugs
Addiction – August 12, 2024
Summary
The unregulated path of cannabis offers a stark perspective on the future of Psilocybin and MDMA. Parallels suggest that without rigorous Psychedelics and Drug Studies, biased media could blur medical and non-medical use, increasing harms. Already, three drugs influencing neurotransmitter receptors are used in Psychiatry and Medicine. Off-label ketamine, a hallucinogen, highlights risks. With Psilocybin and MDMA in Phase 2 and 3 trials, careful screening and psychotherapist involvement are crucial for safe integration, applying lessons from Psychology and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis.
Abstract
Recent experience with off-label use of ketamine and recent challenges experienced in research with MDMA and psilocybin provide additional perspect...
Everything old is new again: are psychedelic medicines poised to take mental health by storm?
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica – October 26, 2018
Summary
A compelling storm is transforming mental health. Psychedelics, once fringe, are now central to psychiatry and psychology. Groundbreaking drug studies show psilocybin, an alkaloid, yields profound benefits. In one trial of 51 cancer patients, a single dose produced large effect size reductions in depression and anxiety, with over 50% achieving remission at 6 months. Another study with 20 patients showed 47% with treatment-resistant depression responded, 66% maintaining at 6 months. These findings highlight a unique neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering hope for new treatments.
Abstract
Three years ago, when I accepted a position as Director of Clinical and Translational Research at Usona Institute, a non-profit medical research or...
On the Relationship between Classic Psychedelics and Suicidality: A Systematic Review
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – March 11, 2021
Summary
Recent clinical psychology trials show no increased suicidal ideation with psychedelic therapy, offering hope for mental health. A review of 64 articles, 41 on non-clinical hallucinogen use (like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide) and 23 on therapy, explored this association. While early psychiatry cases noted suicides, modern Psychedelics and Drug Studies indicate acute and sustained decreases in suicidal ideation. Understanding these substances, from chemical synthesis and alkaloids to their forensic toxicology, is crucial for psychotherapists.
Abstract
Use of classic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin, ayahuasca, and lysergic acid diethylamide) is increasing, and psychedelic therapy is receiving growi...
The psychedelic renaissance: can psilocybin possibly combat depression?
International Journal of Surgery Global Health – November 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin shows significant promise for mental health. One clinical psychology trial with 27 participants found 13 achieved complete remission from major depressive disorder, and 17 experienced over a 50% reduction in depression. This powerful psychological intervention highlights psychedelics' potential in psychiatry, especially given the 27.6% rise in depression across the population. Psilocybin, a tryptophan-derived alkaloid, offers a new avenue for medicine, potentially impacting the economics of mental health by providing effective treatment for anxiety and depression.
Abstract
Mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are major contributors to the overall global health burden. COVID-19 has further aggravated ...
What can we learn from the history of research on psychedelic drugs in the addictions?
Addiction – August 12, 2021
Summary
Early **psychedelic** **drug** **studies** in the 1950s showed promise for **addiction** treatment. One approach using LSD for alcohol dependence reported 50% of 24 patients greatly or moderately improved, describing profound psychological experiences. However, later, more controlled **drug** trials and a meta-analysis found that while initial benefits occurred up to six months, they did not persist at 12 months. **Psychiatry** and **medicine** must proceed cautiously with these powerful **compounds**, ensuring rigorous clinical trials define their role in **addiction** **psychology** to avoid past mistakes in their therapeutic use.
Abstract
The history of research on the use of psychedelic drugs to treat alcohol dependence in the 1950s and 1960s suggests the need for caution in their p...
Protective Behavioral Strategies for Psychedelic Use: A Mini Review of the Evidence.
Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) – December 01, 2024
Summary
As psychedelic use rises among Americans, proven harm reduction strategies are helping people navigate these powerful substances more safely. Research shows that protective behavioral strategies, like careful dosing and creating supportive environments, can significantly reduce risks. Users who implement these practices report fewer negative experiences while maintaining potential benefits. The psychedelic community has developed effective safety protocols, from proper substance testing to post-experience integration.
Abstract
Approximately 8.5 million Americans over the age of 12 endorsed past year psychedelic use in 2022, with 1.4 million individuals initiating use duri...
Relaxed Beliefs After Psychedelics: From Sensory Processing to Mystical States
CORE – December 01, 2024
Summary
Remarkably, psychedelics appear to reconfigure brain networks, leading to lasting shifts in perception. Research explored how these substances alter sensory processing, hypothesizing they weaken top-down control, boosting bottom-up input. Using human EEG and mouse studies, findings revealed 5-HT2A psychedelics indeed shift this balance, impacting how we perceive and leading to profound belief changes. These positive results contribute to their therapeutic effects. Distinct brain network changes were observed with 5-MeO-DMT. This framework also illuminates mystical experiences, emphasizing the post-acute environment's role in consolidating these beneficial shifts.
Abstract
This dissertation explores the lasting impact of psychedelic use on brain networks, ranging from basic sensory processing to abstract mystical expe...
Slouching towards engagement: interactions between people using psychedelics naturalistically and their healthcare providers
Frontiers in Psychiatry – August 04, 2023
Summary
Only 15% of 1221 adults using psychedelics, such as psilocybin, received desired therapist support, despite 81% wanting it. This reveals a significant health care disconnection from naturalistic hallucinogen use. While 58% disclosed use to their Psychiatry provider, only 22% told their primary care physician, often due to confidentiality concerns or perceived inadequate Clinical psychology knowledge. Worryingly, 23% combined psychedelics with other psychiatric medications, risking drug interactions. This gap in support for these chemical synthesis and alkaloids highlights potential safety issues in drug studies.
Abstract
Introduction There is substantial public interest in psychedelics as potential treatments for psychiatric conditions. However, most psychedelics ar...
Predictors Of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder Symptoms, Delusional Ideation And Magical Thinking Following Naturalistic Psychedelic Use
OpenAlex – November 15, 2022
Summary
Compellingly, delusional ideation significantly reduced four weeks after a naturalistic psychedelic experience, despite a slight baseline correlation with lifetime use. Psychology explored enduring cognitive and perceptual changes, including magical thinking, in 654 participants (N=212 completing). Approximately a third (32.7%) reported HPPD-like symptoms, like intensified colors, but only 2.94% found them distressing. Using logistic regression for exploratory research, predictors for these Psychedelics and Drug Studies-related effects included younger age and female gender, offering insights for clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Psychedelics have over recent years been subject to a fast-paced growth in scientific research, clinical applications, commercial invest...
Psychedelic trip sitting, dosages and intensities: Supplementing clinical studies with anecdotal reports
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – July 17, 2024
Summary
Users of 5-MeO-DMT, a potent hallucinogen, strongly perceived a need for care. Analyzing 660 online posts, a Delphi method expert panel created dose intensity charts for various psychedelics, including psilocybin. While oral administration was common for lower doses, greater drug purity from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, and higher doses, correlated with a perceived need for support. This work, vital for Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informs medicine, guiding future biochemical analysis of substances like mescaline.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Online communities provide insights into psychedelic consumption, assisting in identification of trends, informing bot...
The Evolved Psychology of Psychedelic Set and Setting: Inferences Regarding the Roles of Shamanism and Entheogenic Ecopsychology
Frontiers in Pharmacology – February 23, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, profoundly shaped human consciousness and psychology. Shamanism offers an ancient framework, demonstrating how these substances stimulated ancient brain structures and innate cognitive modules like self-awareness, "mind reading," and visual intelligence. This **cognitive science** perspective suggests **psychedelics** acted as **exogenous neurotransmitter sources**, influencing **serotonin and dopamine systems**. Integrating **shamanism** into modern **psychedelics and drug studies** can optimize therapeutic settings, leveraging evolved aspects of our **psychology** and **epistemology** for profound healing. This approach reflects deep insights into **neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior**.
Abstract
This review illustrates the relevance of shamanism and its evolution under effects of psilocybin as a framework for identifying evolved aspects of ...
The Global Psychedelic Survey: Consumer characteristics, patterns of use, and access in primarily anglophone regions around the world.
The International journal on drug policy – August 01, 2024
Summary
A groundbreaking international survey reveals that personal growth, not recreation, is the primary motivation for psychedelic use across global regions. This comparative analysis of 6,379 adults from 85 countries found that psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA are the most commonly used substances. Usage patterns vary by region, with North Americans more likely to microdose and seek therapeutic benefits. Most users prefer legal, quality-controlled sources and practice infrequent, intentional use.
Abstract
Despite advancements in policies governing psychedelic substances globally, our understanding of real-world psychedelic use and its variations acro...
Females in Psychedelic Research: A Perspective for Advancing Research and Practice.
ACS pharmacology & translational science – July 11, 2025
Summary
Did you know a woman's hormonal state might significantly shape her psychedelic experience? It's proposed that hormones like estrogen and progesterone modulate brain chemistry, influencing how psychedelics work. Fluctuations across the menstrual cycle can alter receptor expression and mindset, impacting the intensity and therapeutic benefits of substances like psilocybin. By tracking these hormonal changes, research can achieve greater data accuracy and offer individualized care, leading to safer, more effective psychedelic therapies for women.
Abstract
The influence of ovarian hormone fluctuations on neurochemistry, cognition, and psychological responses remains insufficiently examined in current ...
Psychedelic Experiences During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From an International Online Survey
Frontiers in Psychiatry – November 04, 2021
Summary
During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, two-thirds of psychedelic users reported these substances helped them cope. An international survey of 5,049 individuals revealed 46.6% of past users continued during the pandemic. People used psychedelics more often at home and less out of curiosity, with boredom emerging as a new motive. This shift, explored within Psychology and Public health, also saw an increase in positive, pro-social experiences, suggesting a unique interaction between individual well-being and pandemic restrictions in Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Introduction: The current corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a serious global health crisis that has affected large parts of the p...
History of psychedelic drug science and molecular pharmacology.
International review of neurobiology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Modern psychedelic science began in 1898 with mescaline's discovery. A historical overview reveals how classical psychedelics, once valued for healing, faced decades of halted research. Now, renewed psychedelic science, driven by understanding psychedelic pharmacology, particularly via 5-HT(2A) receptors, confirms their efficacy for psychiatric disorders. This marks a paradigm shift and rapid growth in the field, highlighting the therapeutic potential uncovered through psychedelic history.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics have been used by various cultures for millennia for healing and religious purposes. The modern era of psychedelic science beg...
The psychedelic effects of cannabis: A review of the literature
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 10, 2023
Summary
Compellingly, high-Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis may induce psychedelic effects, challenging Psychiatry. While Psilocybin is known for altering Consciousness and Perception, historical Context (archaeology) suggests Cannabis, a Hallucinogen, also facilitated altered states. Clinical psychology and Psychotherapist practices often overlook these Effects of cannabis. Relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, specific doses and settings are crucial, potentially revealed by Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques. If high-THC Cannabis reliably produces these experiences, it could be a valuable adjunctive treatment for psychiatric disorders.
Abstract
Cannabis and classic psychedelics are controlled substances with emerging evidence of efficacy in the treatment of a variety of psychiatric illness...
Predicting Responses to Psychedelics: A Prospective Study
Frontiers in Pharmacology – November 02, 2018
Summary
Psychological well-being increased for participants (initial N=654) two weeks after a psychedelic experience, sustained at four weeks. A "mystical-type experience" positively impacted this change. Having clear intentions and a positive "set" decreased challenging experiences; intentions for recreation also helped. Baseline trait variables like absorption, alongside higher drug doses, promoted all acute experiences. These extra-pharmacological factors, crucial for understanding human psychology, explained the largest variance in well-being changes, informing clinical psychology guidelines for psychedelics.
Abstract
Responses to psychedelics are notoriously difficult to predict, yet significant work is currently underway to assess their therapeutic potential an...
Psychologists' and psychotherapists' knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices regarding the therapeutic use of psychedelics
Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy – July 02, 2023
Summary
California mental health professionals overwhelmingly support psychedelics for therapeutic use, with 91% approving medical applications. Yet, a survey of 237 providers, including psychologists, revealed significant knowledge gaps. 45% felt inadequate to counsel patients on these natural compounds. While 73% discuss psychedelic use, only 49% are comfortable addressing their effects. This highlights a critical need for education in clinical psychology regarding these emerging drug studies and their mental health potential.
Abstract
Abstract Introduction This study explored the current knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices regarding psychedelics among mental health profe...
Perceived attachment history predicts psychedelic experiences: A naturalistic study
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – March 05, 2024
Summary
Perceived insecure attachment during development is strongly linked to more intense psychedelic experiences. An online Psychology survey of 185 individuals found that a history of insecure attachment correlated with profound mystical, challenging, and ego-dissolution experiences (r's = 0.19–0.32). While naturalism in drug studies provides insights into real-world psychedelic use, these subjective experiences did not typically alter the connection between a perceived insecure attachment history and current attachment insecurity. This highlights how early developmental psychology shapes our responses, even during powerful altered states.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Emerging research indicates that psychedelics may have therapeutic potential by fostering meaningful experiences that ...
Completing the Circle: A History of Psychedelics and Harm Reduction.
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences – August 08, 2024
Summary
Long before formal 'harm reduction,' psychedelic safety was paramount. Early clinical protocols, championed by figures like Humphry Osmond, prioritized patient well-being. Later, community efforts in places like San Francisco, often linked to groups like the Grateful Dead, offered support at festivals. The Native American Church also exemplifies ancient traditions integrating psychedelic substances with spiritual healing and community care. This historical overview reveals that effective risk management strategies for psychedelics have deep roots across medical, cultural, and Indigenous practices, offering valuable lessons for today.
Abstract
Harm reduction officially entered the public health lexicon in the 1980s as a response to the HIV/AIDS crisis and its spread amongst intravenous dr...
Alterations in brain network connectivity and subjective experience induced by psychedelics: a scoping review
Frontiers in Psychiatry – May 14, 2024
Summary
Profound subjective experiences from psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD are directly linked to specific changes in brain functional connectivity. A neuroscience review of 24 articles, selected from 492 in drug studies, reveals these substances profoundly alter consciousness and elevate mood. Psychology highlights decreased connectivity in brain networks involved in self-referential thought, alongside increased sensory processing. Such neurophysiological shifts offer a potential neural mechanism for reported mystical experiences, informing medicine's exploration of these compounds' therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Intense interest surrounds current research on psychedelics, particularly regarding their potential in treating mental health disorders. Various st...
Not in the drug, not in the brain: Causality in psychedelic experiences from an enactive perspective
Frontiers in Psychology – April 03, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics profoundly alter lived experience, sparking new **cognitive psychology** into their mechanisms. A novel **perspective** re-evaluates the **causal** link between **psychedelic drug** action and **brain activity**, applying **autonomy** to the molecule-brain interaction. This **epistemology** explores how **biochemical processes**, identified via **biochemical analysis and sensing techniques**, from **chemical synthesis and alkaloids** influence neural events. It then connects these to experience using **neurophenomenology**. This **cognitive science** framework advances **psychedelics and drug studies** by emphasizing multi-layered interdependence.
Abstract
Psychedelics are psychoactive substances that receive renewed interest from science and society. Increasing empirical evidence shows that the effec...
Exploring Psychedelics for Unmet Needs in Women's Reproductive Health.
Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) – June 01, 2025
Summary
Remarkably, psychedelics show promise for unique women’s health challenges. This review highlights their potential in reproductive health, noting how they interact with female hormones. Findings suggest benefits for conditions like postpartum depression and other issues, though caution is advised during pregnancy. These compounds could offer novel avenues for enhancing women’s well-being.
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a resurgence in research exploring the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for treating mental health disorders, ...
Psychedelic use in individuals living with eating disorders or disordered eating: findings from the international MED-FED survey.
Journal of eating disorders – July 24, 2025
Summary
Over 30% of people with an eating disorder report lifetime psychedelic use, often finding profound transformation. A large survey explored how individuals with conditions like Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa, Binge eating disorder, or even ARFID use substances such as LSD, Psilocybin (Magic mushrooms), or DMT. Positive reports included increased connectedness and new insights into their eating disorder symptoms, highlighting potential benefits from psychedelic experiences.
Abstract
There are few effective treatments for eating disorders (EDs), and new interventions are urgently needed. The MEDication and other drugs For Eating...
Cross-Sectional Associations Between Lifetime Use of Psychedelic Drugs and Psychometric Measures During the COVID-19 Confinement: A Transcultural Study
Frontiers in Psychiatry – June 16, 2021
Summary
Regular psychedelic users reported significantly less psychological distress during the initial COVID-19 lockdowns. A survey of 2,974 individuals (70% female) showed that those regularly using psychedelics, including psilocybin, experienced reduced peritraumatic stress and more social support. This finding, crucial for mental health and clinical psychology, suggests either protective effects or distinct personality traits within this population. Such insights are vital for psychology, psychiatry, and medicine, advancing our understanding in psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Background: One of the main public health strategies adopted at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic consisted of implementing strict lockdowns t...
Psychedelic Therapy, Positive Emotional Experiences, and the Central Role of Self-Compassion
OpenAlex – August 22, 2025
Summary
**Self-compassion emerges as a powerful driver of mental health improvements within psychedelic therapy.** Research in **Psychedelics and Drug Studies** reveals that individuals receiving 25mg psilocybin reported significantly greater positive emotional experiences, including **self-compassion** and **compassion** toward others, compared to those receiving 1mg. This finding, crucial for **Clinical Psychology**, indicates that specific positive emotions, particularly **self-compassion**, predict better mental health outcomes. **Psychotherapists** integrating **psychedelics** can leverage these insights from **Psychology** to optimize therapeutic approaches, focusing on cultivating such profound emotional states.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Psychedelics can acutely induce mystical experiences and elevated positive mood, which may contribute to the potential benefit...
Post-Psychedelic Reductions in Experiential Avoidance Are Associated With Decreases in Depression Severity and Suicidal Ideation
Frontiers in Psychiatry – August 07, 2020
Summary
Psychedelics show promise in mental health, significantly reducing suicidal ideation, depression, and experiential avoidance. Across two studies involving 104 and 254 participants, individuals reported marked improvements weeks after psychedelic use. This suggests that reduced experiential avoidance, a core concept in psychology and clinical psychology, may be a key mechanism for these benefits. For medicine and psychiatry, this highlights psychedelics' potential, particularly when integrated with psychotherapeutic approaches. A psychotherapist could leverage these insights to enhance treatment for anxiety and other conditions, moving beyond traditional drug studies to a deeper understanding of behavioral change.
Abstract
Psychedelic therapy shows promise as a novel intervention for a wide range of mental health concerns but its therapeutic action is incompletely und...
Are You Tripping Comfortably? Investigating the Relationship Between Harm Reduction and the Psychedelic experience
Research Square (Research Square) – March 21, 2022
Summary
Recreational psychedelic users significantly increase their harm reduction strategies with experience. A qualitative and applied psychology investigation of 163 individuals revealed greater harm reduction use during their most recent psychedelic experience versus their first. These practices, crucial for mitigating potential harm in recreation, correlated positively with emotional breakthroughs and negatively with challenging experiences. While drug specifics (like chemical synthesis and alkaloids) were considered, participants prioritized psychological "set and setting" for safer outcomes. This work informs better harm reduction guidance within Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract Background. Alongside a recent revival in the use of psychedelics in clinical settings, there have been increases in the prevalence of rec...
How Psychedelics Modulate Multiple Memory Mechanisms in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
Drugs – November 01, 2024
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder with defining abnormalities in memory, and psychedelics may be promising candidates ...
Addiction specialists' attitudes toward psychedelics: A National Survey.
The American journal on addictions – November 01, 2023
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
In recent years, there has been accelerating scientific and public interest in the use of psychedelics to treat mental health disorders. Our study'...
Participants’ Experience of Psychedelic Integration Groups and Processes: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis
Psychedelic Medicine – November 26, 2024
Summary
Psychedelic integration groups offer vital community support for individuals exploring the therapeutic potential of compounds like psilocybin, which influence neurotransmitter receptors. Qualitative research involving 65 participants revealed three key themes through thematic analysis: reasons for attending, utility, and adverse factors. This work in Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights how these groups help process experiences, crucial given the complex effects of these chemical synthesis alkaloids. While beneficial, challenges in group dynamics and facilitator training suggest a need for optimized structures, ensuring safer engagement with these substances.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine are increasingly recognized for thei...
Back from the rabbit hole. Theoretical considerations and practical guidelines on psychedelic integration for mental health specialists
Frontiers in Psychology – October 12, 2023
Summary
Current medical education and psychological intervention training largely fails to prepare mental health specialists for the growing need to support individuals navigating psychedelic experiences. Addressing this critical gap, an international project developed comprehensive guidelines, detailing their full scope. These offer psychotherapists and specialists a vital resource, covering theoretical considerations and practical interventions from applied psychology. They define integration, outline practice models, and equip professionals to address the unique presentation of individuals' needs after psychedelic experiences, enhancing mental health care.
Abstract
The growing interest in and prevalence of the use of psychedelics, as well as the potential benefits and negative consequences associated with psyc...
Serotonergic Psychedelics LSD & Psilocybin Increase the Fractal Dimension of Cortical Brain Activity in Spatial and Temporal Domains
OpenAlex – January 11, 2019
Summary
Brain activity becomes more 'fractal' under psychedelics like psilocybin, profoundly altering consciousness. Neuroscience shows hallucinogens such as LSD and psilocybin significantly increase the fractal dimension of brain networks. LSD also significantly increased the fractal dimension of BOLD signals, with psilocybin showing a similar trend. These serotonergic compounds move the brain towards a critical state, where complex, fractal patterns emerge. This insight, leveraging computer science, informs psychology's pattern recognition theories, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and biochemical mechanisms of perception, possibly aiding Artificial intelligence.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin and LSD, represent unique tools for researchers in-vestigating the neural origins of consciousness. ...
Beyond the psychedelic hype: Exploring the persistence of the neoliberal paradigm
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – September 21, 2023
Summary
The burgeoning psychedelics industry, despite promises for mental health, risks perpetuating the very issues it claims to solve. It aligns with neoliberal ideology, promoting medicalization and commodification of mental distress, a key finding in sociology and political economy. Instead of challenging the psychopharmaceutical status quo, it individualizes suffering through depoliticisation and pathologisation, distracting from systemic roots in politics and precarity. To truly address mental illness and foster well-being amidst challenges like ecological collapse, psychedelics must decouple from profit-driven incentives.
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aims Advocates of psychedelic medicine have positioned psychedelics as a novel therapeutic intervention that will solve the...
Systematic review and rationale of using psychedelics in the treatment of cannabis use disorder.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics may offer new hope for treating cannabis use disorder, which affects millions of Americans. Research shows that substances like psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA could help reduce problematic cannabis use through their ability to promote neuroplasticity and mindfulness. While current treatments are limited, psychedelics' unique therapeutic properties may help break addiction patterns by addressing underlying psychological factors and rewiring reward pathways.
Abstract
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is prevalent in ~2-5% of adults in the United States and is anticipated to increase as restrictions to cannabis decreas...
Are we hallucinating or can psychedelic drugs modulate the immune system to control inflammation?
British journal of pharmacology – July 28, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic drugs, known for activating the 5-HT2A receptor, are revealing a surprising ability to modulate the immune system. Evidence suggests they effectively reduce inflammation, including neuroinflammation, by inhibiting pro-inflammatory responses. Animal and early human data support these positive effects. Crucially, new compounds are being developed that offer these anti-inflammatory benefits without the psychedelic experience, presenting innovative avenues for treatment.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs that activate 5-HT2A receptors have been long used for cultural, medicinal and recreational purposes. Interest in psychedelics fo...
Psychological flexibility mediates the relations between acute psychedelic effects and subjective decreases in depression and anxiety.
Journal of contextual behavioral science – January 01, 2020
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals that the therapeutic benefits often reported after using psychedelics may stem from a specific psychological shift. This research explored whether increased psychological flexibility acts as the crucial mechanism linking acute hallucinogen experiences to improved mental well-being. A survey of nearly 1,000 individuals found that profound mystical and insightful experiences during psychedelic use were strongly associated with subsequent reductions in anxiety and depression. Crucially, statistical analysis confirmed this positive impact was fully explained by an observed increase in psychological flexibility. This suggests that psychedelics foster an adaptive mental state, serving as the key to alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Abstract
Prior research has shown that acute subjective psychedelic effects are associated with both spontaneous and intended changes in depression and anxi...
Ethical Issues Regarding Nonsubjective Psychedelics as Standard of Care.
Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees – October 01, 2022
Summary
The profound subjective experiences induced by psychedelics are key to their healing potential. With new hallucinogens emerging that aim to treat mental health conditions in psychiatry without these "trips," bioethics asks a crucial question: Is it ethical to withhold these typically positive, meaningful experiences? While nonsubjective psychedelics have a role for specific cases, the full, transformative subjective journey should be the default standard of care due to its significant therapeutic benefits.
Abstract
Evidence suggests that psychedelics bring about their therapeutic outcomes in part through the subjective or qualitative effects they engender and ...
Psychedelics: Alternative and Potential Therapeutic Options for Treating Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Molecules – April 13, 2022
Summary
For thousands of years, psychedelics like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide held spiritual and medicinal value in ancient cultures. Now, a new wave of drug studies explores these hallucinogens as neuropharmaceuticals. Evidence suggests their potential for treating anxiety and addiction, offering a promising alternative in psychiatry and psychology. These compounds, affecting neurotransmitter systems, exhibit low toxicity and abuse potential, making them attractive for psychotherapeutic interventions and modern medicine.
Abstract
The word “psychedelic” (psyche (i.e., the mind or soul) and delos (i.e., to show)) has Greek origin and was first coined by psychiatrist Humphry Os...
Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance
Psychopharmacology – January 15, 2022
Summary
MDMA experiences uniquely feature an emotionally intense profile alongside many cognitive process words, according to an analysis of 2947 online reports. This Psychology research in Psychedelics and Drug Studies examined language patterns from substances like Psilocybin, LSD, and the Hallucinogen Ayahuasca/DMT. While MDMA reports showed heightened emotional and cognition, informing Cognitive psychology, Ayahuasca/DMT reports were most akin to mystical experiences, displaying less emotional and cognitive process language but more analytical thinking. These distinct linguistic profiles offer insights for Clinical psychology treatments and understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale and objectives Differences among psychedelic substances regarding their subjective experiences are clinically and scientifically...
Psychedelics and potential benefits in “healthy normals”: A review of the literature
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – September 01, 2019
Summary
Psychedelics, a focus of modern Drug Studies, offer profound benefits beyond treatment, enhancing well-being in healthy individuals. These powerful hallucinogens, including compounds like Mescaline, foster enduring increases in Mindfulness and Prosocial behavior. Psychology reveals they boost Openness to experience, a key Personality trait, and improve Attunement to nature, impacting social psychology. Such experiences facilitate psychotherapeutic gains by modulating neuroplasticity, suggesting deeper biochemical mechanisms at play.
Abstract
We are in the midst of a psychedelic research renaissance. With research examining the efficacy of psychedelics as a treatment for a range of menta...
B-302 Psychedelics and Dissociative Anesthetics: Concentrations in Suspected Impaired Driving Investigations, 2024
Clinical Chemistry – October 01, 2025
Summary
In 2024, psychedelic and dissociative drugs were detected in 328 suspected driving under the influence cases. Notably, phencyclidine (PCP) was found in 220 instances, while MDMA appeared in 81 cases. Ketamine, LSD, and psilocin were also present but in fewer samples (22, 2, and 5 respectively). Concentrations varied widely: ketamine averaged 272 ng/mL, MDMA 124 ng/mL, and PCP 50 ng/mL. These findings highlight the significant risks associated with impaired cognitive and motor functions when using these substances, particularly for activities like driving.
Abstract
Abstract Background Psychedelic and dissociative drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (...
Minorities' Diminished Psychedelic Returns: Income and Educations Impact on Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians.
Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities – June 01, 2025
Summary
Income and education levels significantly influence how different racial groups respond to psychedelics for mental health benefits. While white individuals show reduced psychological distress with psychedelic use, minorities experience diminished returns - even at higher socioeconomic levels. Notably, educated, high-income Asian users reported increased distress, highlighting how ethnicity and inequality shape therapeutic outcomes.
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the race and ethnic minority population may experience fewer protective effects of psychedelics on mental health. Th...
Longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and unusual visual experiences in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – January 01, 2024
Summary
First-time users of psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin are more likely to experience lasting visual effects after their initial experience. A large study tracking 7,667 adults in the US and UK found that people who used psychedelics reported increased unusual visual phenomena afterward, with newcomers showing the strongest effects. These changes suggest potential risks but were generally mild.
Abstract
Whereas findings from case reports and cross-sectional studies suggest that naturalistic psychedelic use may be associated with unusual visual expe...