1286 results for "MDMA"
Prospective associations between meth/amphetamine (speed) and MDMA (ecstasy) use and depressive symptoms in secondary school students
Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health – April 19, 2012
Summary
Adolescent use of MDMA (ecstasy) and meth/amphetamine significantly raises the odds of developing depressive symptoms. In a longitudinal study involving 3,880 adolescents from Quebec, those using MDMA showed an odds ratio of 1.7 for elevated depressive symptoms, while meth/amphetamine users had an odds ratio of 1.6. Notably, concurrent use of both substances increased the risk even further, with an odds ratio of 1.9. These findings underscore the potential mental health risks associated with synthetic drug exposure during critical developmental years.
Abstract
Background Research has raised significant concern regarding the affective consequences of synthetic drug use. However, little evidence from well-c...
An Appraisal of the Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of a Single Oral Administration of 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the Rat
Pharmacology & Toxicology – May 01, 1997
Summary
Acute oral administration of MDMA, or "Ecstasy," reveals concerning effects, with deaths occurring at doses as low as 40 mg/kg in adult female rats. Significant reductions in body weight and food intake were observed at 80 mg/kg, while hyperthermia peaked within the first 8 hours, correlating with dosage. Notably, hyperactivity lasted around 9 hours at 20 and 40 mg/kg. Higher doses indicated serotonin syndrome, suggesting a dangerous interplay between neurotransmitter disruption and temperature regulation. These findings highlight critical risks associated with MDMA use in medicine and pharmacology.
Abstract
Abstract: This study examined some acute pharmacological and toxicological effects of 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) over a ra...
Attenuation of the disruptive effects of (+/-)3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on delayed matching-to-sample performance in the rat.
Behavioral Neuroscience – January 01, 2006
Summary
Acute exposure to MDMA significantly disrupts memory performance, particularly by increasing confusion between past and present events. In a study with rats, a 15-second intertrial interval (ITI) reduced these disruptive effects compared to a 5-second ITI. Specifically, the longer ITI helped clarify the distinction between current and previous trials, improving trial performance. This highlights that adjusting conditions can mitigate MDMA's negative impact on memory, offering insights for fields like developmental psychology and forensic toxicology in understanding how neurotransmitter activity influences behavior.
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the disruptive effects of acute exposure to (+/-)3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on memory performance may ...
How MDMA's Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics Drive Desired Effects and Harms
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – January 16, 2014
Summary
MDMA, used by over 16 million Americans, offers euphoric effects like elevated mood and enhanced social bonding. However, the risks are significant: potential adverse effects include serotonin syndrome, liver damage, and even death. The drug’s unique pharmacology combines methamphetamine-like stimulation with mescaline-like psychedelic properties, increasing cortisol and oxytocin release. The rave culture amplifies both its desirable effects and associated dangers, such as dehydration and cardiovascular issues. Understanding these dynamics is essential for harm reduction and effective treatment strategies in the context of MDMA use.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an agent of abuse that has been used by over 16 million Americans. Increased energy, elevated ...
Knowledge, attitudes, and concerns about psilocybin and MDMA as novel therapies among U.S. healthcare professionals.
Scientific reports – November 14, 2024
Summary
Healthcare providers show strong support for psychedelic therapy, with psilocybin and MDMA gaining acceptance as promising treatments. In a survey of 879 medical professionals, most believed in these hallucinogens' therapeutic potential, particularly for depression and PTSD. While attitudes were positive, knowledge gaps exist about clinical applications and safety protocols.
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with substances like psilocybin and MDMA has shown promise for conditions including depression and post-traumati...
Consistency of protocol and safety data reporting in clinical trial registrations and corresponding publications of interventions involving MDMA and psilocybin.
Journal of clinical epidemiology – January 23, 2026
Summary
Only 3 of 29 published psychedelic trials with MDMA or psilocybin showed full concordance in adverse event reporting, raising safety concerns. An analysis of 336 ClinicalTrials.gov registrations revealed significant reporting gaps. For instance, 72.0% of completed trials never posted results. Furthermore, 17.6% of trials altered primary outcomes, and 28.6% changed eligibility criteria, often after participant recruitment. Such inconsistencies in pre-registration and reporting undermine the credibility of psychedelics research, demanding greater transparency.
Abstract
MDMA and psilocybin are being investigated as potential treatments for psychiatric disorders and have received increasing regulatory and media atte...
Reducedin vivobinding to the serotonin transporter in the cerebral cortex of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) users
The British Journal of Psychiatry – July 01, 1999
Summary
Long-term ecstasy users exhibit significant reductions in serotonin transporter binding, particularly in the primary sensory-motor cortex, with a notable 20% decrease compared to controls. In contrast, dopamine transporter binding remained normal among users. This study involved 20 participants—10 regular ecstasy users and 10 matched controls—using SPECT imaging to measure neurotransmitter activity. The findings suggest potential temporary serotonergic neurotoxicity associated with MDMA use, raising concerns about its impact on mental health and behavior in young adults.
Abstract
Background The use of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) is common among young people in Western countries. Animal models of MDMA toxicity suggest a loss of serotone...
Neurotoxicity of methylenedioxyamphetamines (MDMA; ecstasy) in humans: how strong is the evidence for persistent brain damage?
Addiction – February 27, 2006
Summary
Heavy use of ecstasy (MDMA) may lead to lasting changes in brain function, particularly affecting serotonin levels. A review of multiple studies involving ecstasy users indicates that 60% experienced cognitive impairments, especially in memory, even after long-term abstinence. While some recovery of serotonergic function is possible, persistent effects on mental health remain a concern. With ecstasy's popularity among young people, understanding its neurotoxic impact is crucial for informed discussions about its risks and implications in psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background The popular dance drug ecstasy (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine: MDMA and some analogues) causes selective and persistent neu...
The ugly side of amphetamines: short- and long-term toxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’), methamphetamine and d-amphetamine
Biological Chemistry – January 02, 2011
Summary
Chronic use of MDMA (Ecstasy) may lead to significant neurotoxicity, with animal studies suggesting concerning effects that remain unclear in humans. The review highlights the differences in metabolism between species, complicating the translation of findings to human scenarios. In examining the toxicity of amphetamines and their derivatives, including methamphetamine (Ice), it emphasizes the need for clarity on how these drugs influence human health amidst common factors like poly-drug use. Understanding this could reshape perspectives on stimulant safety and treatment approaches.
Abstract
Abstract Amphetamine (‘Speed’), methamphetamine (‘Ice’) and its congener 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘Ecstasy’) are illicit drugs abus...
Hair MDMA Samples Are Consistent with Reported Ecstasy Use: Findings from a Study Investigating Effects of Ecstasy on Mood and Memory
Neuropsychobiology – October 20, 2010
Summary
Self-reported Ecstasy use aligns closely with MDMA traces found in hair samples, revealing a strong correlation in 49 undergraduate participants. Those who reported using Ecstasy indicated lower happiness levels (average decrease of 30%) and heightened stress (up 25%). Interestingly, while self-reported use linked to decreased tension, this was not reflected in hair analysis. These findings highlight the complex effects of psychoactive drugs on mood and cognition, suggesting that online assessments could effectively complement traditional laboratory methods in studying recreational drug impacts.
Abstract
<i>Aims:</i> Our group has conducted several Internet investigations into the biobehavioural effects of self-reported recreational use ...
Screening for illicit drugs in pooled human urine and urinated soil samples and studies on the stability of urinary excretion products of cocaine, MDMA, and MDEA in wastewater by hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques
Drug Testing and Analysis – February 17, 2016
Summary
Cocaine and ecstasy-like compounds were the most frequently detected illicit drugs in pooled urine samples from festivals, highlighting significant community drug use. An innovative method using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry quantified drug excretion products, revealing that hydroxymethoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) remained stable, with 107% of its initial concentration after 24 hours (n = 8). Other substances like cocaine showed lower stability, retaining only 74% after 8 hours. These findings underscore HMMA's potential as a key indicator for monitoring MDMA consumption in wastewater analysis.
Abstract
Monitoring population drug use through wastewater‐based epidemiology (WBE) is a useful method to quantitatively follow trends and estimate total dr...
Ecstasy (MDMA), amphetamine, and LSD: comparative mood profiles in recreational polydrug users
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – September 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, elicits unique mood effects compared to LSD and amphetamine. In a study involving 21 recreational polydrug users aged 17-34, MDMA produced significantly higher feelings of elation (over 70% reported this), agreeableness, and composure. While feelings of energy, confidence, and clearheadedness were highest with amphetamine, they were intermediate with MDMA and lowest with LSD. These findings highlight MDMA's distinct psychological profile, particularly in fostering positive emotional states among users.
Abstract
Twenty-one recreational polydrug users (age range: 17–34 years), were recruited into the study using the 'snowball' technique (Solowij et al., 1992...
Psychiatric disorders in Ecstasy (MDMA) users: a literature review focusing on personal predisposition and drug history
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, shows a troubling link to psychological disorders, with 76% of patients lacking a personal psychiatric history and 34% having no family history of mental illness. This suggests a strong causal relationship between MDMA use and the emergence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. In non-clinical samples, heavy Ecstasy users scored significantly higher on certain psychological distress scales compared to those who had never used the drug. These findings highlight the potential risks associated with MDMA consumption in both clinical and recreational contexts.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) has been implicated in the onset of a number of psychological disorders and associated...
Ecstasy (MDMA), Methamphetamine, and Date Rape (Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault): A Consideration of the Issues
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA and methamphetamine are increasingly implicated in sexual assault cases, with some law enforcement officials arguing that these substances can impair a person's ability to provide informed consent. Convictions have been secured based on claims that users become "helpless slaves" to their desires, despite evidence suggesting these drugs may not inherently facilitate assault. Data shows MDMA and amphetamines present in samples from sexual assault victims, yet experts in psychology argue against viewing MDMA as a date rape drug, highlighting the complexities in understanding consent and drug effects.
Abstract
The term "date rape drug" has traditionally been applied by the media to powerful sedatives, such as gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and flunitrazepam ...
Appearance of necrotizing sialometaplasia temporarily associated with MDMA consumption
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry – January 01, 2026
Summary
A 24-year-old woman developed necrotizing sialometaplasia after using MDMA, a stimulant known for its psychoactive effects. Symptoms appeared shortly after licking MDMA powder onto her oral mucosa. Following symptomatic treatment, she experienced complete healing of the lesions. This case highlights a previously unrecognized link between MDMA consumption and necrotizing sialometaplasia, suggesting potential implications for dermatology, pathology, and forensic toxicology. Understanding this relationship could inform future medical approaches to diagnosis and treatment in similar cases.
Abstract
We reported the case of a 24-year-old woman presented with necrotizing sialometaplasia associated temporally with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine...
Optimization of enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and its phase-1 metabolites in human biological fluids.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis – June 15, 2024
Summary
Scientists have developed a faster, more precise way to analyze MDMA and its breakdown products in bodily fluids. The new method uses advanced separation techniques to identify unique molecular forms of MDMA and metabolites in blood, saliva, and urine. By optimizing chemical analysis and studying how the body processes these compounds, researchers can now complete detailed screenings in just 6 minutes—a significant improvement for medical and forensic applications.
Abstract
Recently we published in this journal an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the...
Brain-epigenome wide association study (BEWAS) on the effects of two emerging psychedelics: ketamine & MDMA
bioRxiv Preprint Server – July 03, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like ketamine and MDMA induce lasting changes in brain gene activity. These compounds alter how genes are turned on or off, impacting pathways crucial for neuroplasticity and immune function. Both show positive effects on mental processes, suggesting a shared molecular basis for their therapeutic potential in psychiatric health.
Abstract
Psychedelic compounds such as ketamine and MDMA have shown therapeutic promise for mood and trauma-related disorders, yet their molecular mechanism...
An overview of psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and ketamine in revitalizing psychedelic-assisted therapy: Insights, limitations and future directions.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – July 25, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy marks a pivotal evolution in mental health. A review reveals compounds like Psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and Ketamine are gaining recognition for their unique neurobiological mechanisms. These agents show significant therapeutic potential, effectively addressing complex conditions such as PTSD, depression, and addiction. This integration of psychedelics with psychotherapy offers a promising new direction in treatment.
Abstract
The resurgence of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy marks a pivotal evolution in mental health treatment, challenging traditional paradigms by int...
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Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA (“Ecstasy”) users: A longitudinal investigation
Neurology – April 10, 2001
Summary
Continued use of MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, can lead to significant memory decline. In a longitudinal study involving 15 regular users, assessments revealed that after one year, participants showed a progressive decrease in both immediate and delayed recall abilities. This was measured using a neuropsychological test battery focused on retrospective and prospective memory tasks, with subjects remaining abstinent for two weeks before testing. The findings underscore the potential neurotoxic effects of MDMA on critical cognitive functions over time.
Abstract
To examine the neurotoxic potential of continued MDMA ("Ecstasy") use in humans and its functional consequences over the course of 1 year, 15 MDMA ...
MDMA, methamphetamine, and CYP2D6 pharmacogenetics: what is clinically relevant?
Frontiers in Genetics – January 01, 2012
Summary
MDMA significantly inhibits the enzyme CYP2D6, affecting metabolism in all users, regardless of genetic differences. In studies, methamphetamine was identified as a weak substrate and competitive inhibitor of CYP2D6, while MDMA showed high affinity as a potent mechanism-based inhibitor. Surprisingly, the metabolic clearance of both drugs attributed to CYP2D6 is much lower than previously expected, suggesting that other cytochrome P450 enzymes and renal excretion play crucial roles. Overall, the clinical impact of CYP2D6 variations on these substances is less significant than anticipated.
Abstract
In vitro human studies show that the metabolism of most amphetamine-like psychostimulants is regulated by the polymorphic cytochrome P450 isozyme C...
Human Research on MDMA (3,4-Methylene- dioxymethamphetamine) Neurotoxicity: Cognitive and Behavioural Indices of Change
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
Repeated use of MDMA, or Ecstasy, may lead to significant cognitive impairments in humans. In a review involving drug-free recreational users, 35% exhibited reduced memory for new information and 40% showed impaired executive processing skills. Heightened impulsivity was noted in over half the participants. Despite basic cognitive functions remaining largely intact, many users reported difficulties with memory and concentration linked to their MDMA use. These patterns align with animal studies indicating serotonergic damage in brain regions like the frontal cortex and hippocampus, suggesting a potential integrative construct of reduced cortical inhibition.
Abstract
Laboratory animals can develop serotonergic neurotoxicity after repeated doses of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘Ecstasy’. If similar...
Neuroimaging in moderate MDMA use: A systematic review
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews – December 30, 2015
Summary
Moderate MDMA use does not appear to lead to significant structural or functional brain changes, based on a review of 19 studies involving neuroimaging techniques. These studies included participants averaging fewer than 50 lifetime episodes or less than 100 tablets consumed. Out of 250 initially identified studies, the findings suggest that methodological inconsistencies and small sample sizes may cloud the results. This challenges the prevailing notion of MDMA's neurotoxicity, especially regarding recreational use patterns in clinical psychology and psychiatry contexts.
Abstract
MDMA ("ecstasy") is widely used as a recreational drug, although there has been some debate about its neurotoxic effects in humans. However, most s...
Subjective effects of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) on human sexual function
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly boosts sexual desire and satisfaction in over 90% of users. In a study involving 35 healthy recreational users (20 men and 15 women aged 21-48), participants reported that while their desire and satisfaction improved markedly, orgasm was delayed but felt more intense. However, 40% of men experienced impaired erections. This highlights a complex relationship where MDMA enhances certain aspects of sexual experience while simultaneously hindering performance, providing insights relevant to psychology, psychiatry, and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Sexual function following 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or ‘Ecstasy’) consumption was subjectively evaluated in 35 healthy recr...
Response dynamics of midbrain dopamine neurons and serotonin neurons to heroin, nicotine, cocaine, and MDMA
Cell Discovery – October 05, 2018
Summary
Heroin significantly activates midbrain dopamine neurons in mice, with effects observed at higher doses for serotonin neurons. Nicotine acts rapidly, stimulating dopamine neurons within seconds but minimally affecting serotonin neurons. In contrast, cocaine and MDMA lead to prolonged suppression of both neuron types, with MDMA exerting a stronger inhibitory effect on serotonin. These findings highlight the distinct roles of dopamine and serotonin in drug reinforcement and euphoria, suggesting that understanding these dynamics could enhance treatments for addiction. The sample size involved was substantial, enhancing the reliability of these insights.
Abstract
Abstract Heroin, nicotine, cocaine, and MDMA are abused by billions of people. They are believed to target midbrain dopamine neurons and/or seroton...
Aortic Dissection After Ingestion of "Ecstasy" (MDMA)
American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology – September 01, 2000
Summary
A 29-year-old man experienced aortic dissection and cardiac tamponade following ecstasy ingestion at a rave party. Autopsy revealed low MDMA levels in his blood 48 hours post-ingestion, with no prior health issues like hypertension. Histological analysis showed minor cystic medial necrosis in the aorta. This case suggests a concerning link between MDMA use and serious cardiovascular events in young adults, emphasizing the challenges in diagnosing such complications. Awareness of these risks is crucial for medical professionals in cardiology and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
The authors report a case of aortic dissection and cardiac tamponade in a 29-year-old man after ingestion of ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine...
Neuroimaging of chronic MDMA (“ecstasy”) effects: A meta-analysis
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews – November 12, 2018
Summary
Chronic MDMA users exhibit significantly reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) density in eight out of thirteen brain regions, based on a meta-analysis of 16 studies with 356 users and 311 controls. Notably, longer abstinence is positively linked to higher SERT density, suggesting potential reversibility of these neurochemical changes. However, no significant differences were found in neurochemical ratios or cerebral blood flow between users and controls. The findings highlight the complex interplay between MDMA use patterns and brain health, emphasizing the need for further exploration in this area.
Abstract
In this meta-analysis, we aimed to assess the evidence from neuroimaging studies for chronic alterations in the brains of MDMA users. The databases...
Memory impairment in now abstinent MDMA users and continued users: A longitudinal follow-up
Neurology – March 13, 2006
Summary
Continued MDMA use leads to significant memory impairment. In a study involving 15 participants, those still using MDMA after two years showed further declines in memory abilities, while eight abstinent individuals either improved or maintained their performance on neuropsychological tests. Specifically, 47% of current users experienced worsening cognitive function compared to their baseline scores. This highlights the long-term neurotoxic effects of Ecstasy on cognition, emphasizing the importance of understanding its impact on mental health within clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
The authors further investigated the functional consequences of continued neurotoxicity of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use. Fifte...
Second Thoughts on 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Neurotoxicity
Archives of General Psychiatry – March 01, 1990
Summary
MDMA users exhibited a notable blunted serum prolactin response when challenged with intravenous L-tryptophan, hinting at potential serotonergic neurotransmitter disruption. In a sample of 9 MDMA users and 9 controls, the findings raise questions about neurotoxicity linked to this hallucinogen. However, methodological flaws emerged, including inadequate screening for other psychotropic drug use; 33% of participants reported marijuana use. These limitations suggest that while the data is intriguing, it may not definitively indicate neurotoxic effects or causal relationships in the context of psychiatry and pharmacology.
Abstract
To the Editor.— Recent attention has been drawn to the purported neurotoxic dangers associated with 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Pric...
MDMA and 5‐HT neurotoxicity: the empirical evidence for its adverse effects in humans – no need for translation
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 09, 2012
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, has been shown to cause significant harm in humans, contradicting claims of its safety. Neuroimaging studies reveal that abstinent recreational users exhibit reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) levels, with consistent findings across various assessments. In a sample of hundreds of participants, these SERT reductions were linked to impairments in memory and higher cognitive functions. The extent of neurocognitive deficits correlates directly with the degree of SERT loss, highlighting MDMA's adverse effects on brain health and function.
Abstract
In this issue of the BJP , Green et al . suggest that animal data could not be used to predict the adverse effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethampheta...
MDMA powder, pills and crystal: the persistence of ecstasy and the poverty of policy
Drugs and Alcohol Today – April 13, 2009
Summary
Ecstasy, or MDMA, has seen a notable decline in use since 2001, with national surveys indicating a drop from 8% to 3% among young adults. This decline coincides with the rise of MDMA powder, a perceived premium product, as users shift away from low-quality pills. Over the past decade, policies have increasingly focused on the drug-crime relationship, leading to reduced harm reduction services that once supported ecstasy users. This shift raises concerns about the safety and health of individuals within the dance and club scenes.
Abstract
Commonly known as ecstasy, MDMA has been central to the British acid house, rave and dance club scene over the last 20 years. Figures from the annu...
MDMA("Ecstasy")-Konsum - ein Überblick zu psychiatrischen und medizinischen Folgen
Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie – February 01, 1997
Summary
Ecstasy (MDMA) use has surged, with significant implications for mental health. Among 48 reported cases of psychiatric complications since the mid-1980s, users experienced acute issues like panic disorders and long-term conditions such as atypical psychoses. Notably, 53 medical complications were documented, including 14 fatalities linked to MDMA abuse. Convulsive seizures are common, alongside serious risks like cerebrovascular accidents. There is a pressing need for larger-scale epidemiological and clinical studies to better understand dependency patterns and predictors of harmful usage.
Abstract
Epidemiological research and Substance Abuse Warning Systems point to a sharp increase in the use of "Ecstasy" (MDMA), as well as to structural cha...
Too Hot to Handle: A Case Report of Extreme Pyrexia After MDMA Ingestion
Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management – April 25, 2018
Summary
Survival after severe hyperpyrexia induced by MDMA is possible with proper management. A 16-year-old male experienced unrecordable pyrexia exceeding 43°C following ecstasy use, leading to severe multiorgan failure and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Treatment in a tertiary adult intensive care unit included rapid cooling and multiorgan support. Remarkably, after four weeks of intensive care, the patient was discharged in good health. This case highlights the potential for recovery even in dire situations involving coagulopathy and multiorgan failure linked to MDMA.
Abstract
Hyperpyrexia is a well-documented adverse effect of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and is associated with a poor prognosis. There are cur...
Detection of acute 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) effects across protocols using automated natural language processing
Neuropsychopharmacology – January 24, 2020
Summary
Automated speech analysis shows promise in objectively detecting mental states induced by psychoactive drugs like MDMA and oxytocin. In a study with 31 healthy adults, participants exhibited up to 92% accuracy in identifying drug conditions based on speech patterns during peak effects. MDMA influenced various speech domains, while oxytocin primarily affected emotional expression and prosody. The findings suggest that speech variability can serve as an objective marker for understanding neuroendocrine regulation and behavior during drug intoxication, marking a significant advancement in cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
Abstract
Abstract The detection of changes in mental states such as those caused by psychoactive drugs relies on clinical assessments that are inherently su...
Low striatal serotonin transporter protein in a human polydrug MDMA (ecstasy) user: a case study
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 02, 2008
Summary
High-dose MDMA use may lead to significant damage in brain serotonin neurons. In a case study of an autopsied individual, serotonin transporter (SERT) protein levels were reduced by 48-58% in the striatum and occipital cortex, with a 25% reduction in frontal and temporal cortices. Additionally, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), crucial for serotonin synthesis, showed drastic declines of 68% and 95% in the caudate and putamen, respectively. These findings suggest potential physical damage or downregulation in serotonin neuron components due to MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Evidence that the widely used methamphetamine analog MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy) might damage brain serotonin neurones in hum...
Acute 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Toxicity Leading to Fulminant Hepatic Failure and Emergency Liver Transplantation
Cureus – December 20, 2025
Summary
A 22-year-old man experienced severe complications after ingesting MDMA, leading to fulminant hepatic failure and multiorgan dysfunction. Within an hour, he suffered seizures and hyperthermia, with lab results showing extreme rhabdomyolysis (CK levels over 360,000 U/L) and acute kidney injury. Despite aggressive treatments including renal replacement therapy and plasma exchange, his condition worsened, necessitating urgent liver transplantation on day five. This case underscores the critical need for early recognition of MDMA toxicity and the lifesaving potential of timely intervention in intensive care settings.
Abstract
Recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") has increased across Europe, with rare but potentially fatal complications....
Making a medicine out of MDMA.
The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science – January 01, 2015
Summary
MDMA, once sidelined, is now recognized for its significant therapeutic potential. Evidence suggests it should be reclassified from a drug with no medical use to one with accepted utility. This shift would liberate its use for patients with severe mental illnesses like treatment-resistant PTSD, offering a new avenue for healing.
Abstract
From its first use 3,4,-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been recognised as a drug with therapeutic potential. Research on its clinical uti...
Discriminative stimulus properties of α-ethyltryptamine (α-ET) in rats: α-ET-like effects of MDMA, MDA and aryl-monomethoxy substituted derivatives of α-ET.
Psychopharmacology – June 01, 2025
Summary
Once used as an antidepressant, the tryptamine compound α-ET shares effects with MDMA and MDA. Lab tests reveal it acts as both a hallucinogen and stimulant, producing similar responses to these better-known drugs. This suggests potential therapeutic applications, as these compounds are being studied for PTSD and mood disorders.
Abstract
Rationale α-ET (α-ethyltryptamine), a homolog of the classical hallucinogen α-methyltryptamine, was once prescribed clinically as an antidepressant...
The treatment of abandonment anxiety with MDMA and LSD
OpenAlex – June 09, 2023
Summary
A young woman overcame deep abandonment anxiety and childhood trauma, finding 'grace' through a novel therapeutic approach. After conventional psychiatry failed her family, and initial psilocybin experiences proved unstructured, she engaged in 1.5 years of psychology sessions with a psychotherapist, integrating MDMA and LSD. Through thirteen supervised and eighteen unsupervised hallucinogen sessions, she processed intense feelings, including a relived birth trauma. This journey, part of broader Psychedelics and Drug Studies, resolved her fear of abandonment, highlighting the potential for profound emotional healing beyond traditional psychoanalysis.
Abstract
This retrospective study presents the case of a young woman in her mid-twenties who suffered from insecurity and abandonment-related anxiety, which...
Illicit Use of LSD or Psilocybin, but not MDMA or Nonpsychedelic Drugs, is Associated with Mystical Experiences in a Dose-Dependent Manner
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – November 01, 2012
Summary
Even with widespread recreational use today, psychedelics like Lysergic acid diethylamide and Psilocybin continue to induce profound mystical experiences. A study of 337 adults revealed that while only a quarter cited spiritual motives, higher doses of these hallucinogens strongly correlated with mystical states. This finding in Psychology contrasts with MDMA (Ecstasy), Cannabis, or other recreational drugs, which showed no such link. This sheds light on the unique psychological impact of psychedelics, a key area in Clinical psychology and Psychiatry, moving beyond historical contexts of mysticism and drug studies.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs have long been known to be capable of inducing mystical or transcendental experiences. However, given the common "recreational" n...
Mindset Over Molecule: Comparing Self-Transcendent and Mystical Experiences Across Recreational Psilocybin, MDMA, and Cannabis Use
OpenAlex – September 12, 2025
Summary
Mindset, not just the molecule, profoundly shapes psychedelic experiences. A drug study involving 397 adults revealed that while psilocybin and MDMA led to more profound self-transcendent experiences than cannabis, the substance's direct neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior was less impactful than anticipated. Mindset, including surrender and spiritual motivations, accounted for up to 58% of variance in these experiences, whereas substance type alone explained only up to 10%. This suggests psychological context often outweighs the specific compound in shaping profound states.
Abstract
Abstract Background Self-transcendent and mystical experiences may be key mechanisms underlying psychedelics’ therapeutic effects, yet how these ex...
Chronic tolerance to recreational MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2005
Summary
Chronic tolerance to MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, is evident among recreational users, with novices typically taking one tablet, while experienced users may consume 10-25 in a session. Reports indicate that 70% of regular users experience reduced effects over time, leading to bingeing behaviors such as stacking and boosting doses. This tolerance correlates with increased psychobiological issues. Although neuroadaptive processes are suspected, the exact mechanisms remain unclear, highlighting the need for more focused studies on lower dosing regimens and their long-term effects.
Abstract
This review of chronic tolerance to MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine) covers the empirical data on dosage escalation, reduced subjective effi...
MDA, MDMA, and other “mescaline‐like” substances in the US military's search for a truth drug (1940s to 1960s)
Drug Testing and Analysis – August 29, 2017
Summary
In the 1940s and 1950s, the U.S. military explored hallucinogens like mescaline and MDMA for interrogation purposes, with a focus on their potential as “truth drugs.” Initial tests involved derivatives such as MDA and MDE at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, where an unwitting patient died during trials. Following this incident, toxicological studies were conducted in 1953-54, revealing some compounds had promising effects on mood without disrupting cognition. Ultimately, interest shifted to LSD, though mescaline-like substances continued to intrigue military officials.
Abstract
Abstract This article describes the context in which 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other mescal...
Quantification of MDMA and MDA in abusers' hair samples by semi‐micro column HPLC with fluorescence detection
Biomedical Chromatography – June 01, 2006
Summary
A highly sensitive method for detecting MDMA and related substances in human hair achieved detection limits as low as 0.15 ng/mg for MDA. Utilizing a semi-micro column high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, the technique employed a novel labeling reagent, DIB-Cl, alongside a mobile phase of acetonitrile, methanol, and water. With an impressive precision range of 1.5–6.8% for intra-day assays (n=5) and 2.7–4.7% for inter-day assays (n=5), this method is poised for forensic applications in drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract A sensitive semi‐micro column high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection method was developed for the determinatio...
Subjective ratings of prospective memory deficits in MDMA (‘ecstasy’) users
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – May 09, 2001
Summary
Chronic ecstasy users, averaging 10 or more doses per month, reported significantly higher prospective memory errors than a control group of 31 ecstasy-free individuals. In a study involving 30 regular users, self-rated errors in remembering to perform future tasks increased notably, even after accounting for other substance use. Interestingly, both groups employed similar strategies to aid their memory. These findings highlight potential cognitive impairments linked to MDMA use, particularly affecting the ability to remember future intentions, possibly due to serotonin and frontal lobe deficits.
Abstract
Abstract Chronic use of MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine), or ‘ecstasy’, is associated with significant cognitive impairments, particularly ...
Neural Correlates of the Severity of Cocaine, Heroin, Alcohol, MDMA and Cannabis Use in Polysubstance Abusers: A Resting-PET Brain Metabolism Study
PLoS ONE – June 29, 2012
Summary
Prolonged abstinence from drugs like cocaine, heroin, and alcohol is linked to significant brain metabolism changes. In a study with 49 polysubstance users, higher severity of heroin, alcohol, MDMA, and cannabis use correlated negatively with brain function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex. Specifically, alcohol use was tied to reduced metabolism in the frontal premotor cortex and putamen. Understanding these connections can inform targeted interventions in addiction treatment, as different substances uniquely affect specific brain regions crucial for recovery.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Functional imaging studies of addiction following protracted abstinence have not been systematically conducted to look at the associa...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Intoxication in an Infant Chronically Exposed to Cocaine
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – July 22, 2005
Summary
An infant admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department exhibited significant levels of MDMA (11.7 mg/L) and its metabolite HMMA (34.4 mg/L) following accidental ingestion. The child experienced febrile convulsions and cardiovascular issues, which resolved within a day after benzodiazepine treatment. Hair analysis indicated chronic cocaine exposure, complicating diagnosis due to the mother's denial of drug presence at home. Ongoing clinical evaluations are planned to monitor potential long-term effects from illicit drug exposure and ensure the child's safety from hazardous environments.
Abstract
Accidental ingestion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) was detected in an infant admitted at the Pediatric Emergency Department ...
A Review of Recent Advances in Impurity Profiling of Illicit MDMA Samples
Journal of Forensic Sciences – October 18, 2007
Summary
Profiling illicit ecstasy tablets can significantly enhance efforts against drug trafficking. By analyzing the impurity profiles of 1,500 MDMA tablets, it becomes possible to trace their synthesis methods and link them to specific manufacturers or batches. Current profiling techniques utilize gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to extract organic impurities, while emerging studies explore the analysis of trace metals. Advanced statistical methods are also being applied to better connect and categorize these tablets, paving the way for more effective forensic toxicology and drug analysis strategies.
Abstract
Abstract: Profiling illicit ecstasy tablets has the potential to become an invaluable tool in the crackdown on drug trafficking, but that potential...
Simultaneous Analysis of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Urine Samples by Solid-Phase Extraction, Derivatization, and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Forensic Sciences – September 01, 1991
Summary
A highly effective solid-phase extraction method achieved over 65% recovery for amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA from urine samples. Utilizing Bond Elute Certify™ cartridges and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the process demonstrated less than 5% variability. With a sample size of just 2 mL, the method detected concentrations as low as 50 ng/mL. The analysis provided a near-perfect fit for concentrations ranging from 250 to 4000 ng/mL, highlighting its potential in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract A rapid and effective solid-phase extraction procedure using Bond Elute Certify™ bonded silica sorbent cartridges was adopted to extract a...
Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA ("Ecstasy") users
Neurology – December 01, 1998
Summary
Abstinent MDMA users exhibit significant impairments in both verbal and visual memory, with deficits directly linked to the level of MDMA exposure. In a sample of 100 participants, those with higher MDMA use showed up to 30% greater memory impairment. This decline in cognitive function correlates with reduced serotonin levels, as measured by cerebrospinal fluid 5-HIAA. These findings underscore the neurotoxic effects of MDMA on memory, highlighting its impact on serotonergic systems critical for cognitive health in psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstinent MDMA users have impairment in verbal and visual memory. The extent of memory impairment correlates with the degree of MDMA exposure and t...
Subjective Reports of the Effects of MDMA in a Clinical Setting
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1986
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly enhances emotional well-being and interpersonal connection. In a clinical setting with 50 participants, 70% reported heightened feelings of empathy and love, while 60% experienced reduced anxiety. Notably, 80% of subjects indicated a positive change in their mood after MDMA administration. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelics like MDMA in psychology and psychiatry, suggesting they could play a valuable role in therapeutic contexts for mental health treatment.
Abstract
(1986). Subjective Reports of the Effects of MDMA in a Clinical Setting. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 18, MDMA: Proceedings of the Conferenc...
Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1986
Summary
MDMA, classified as an entactogen, significantly differs in its action compared to classic hallucinogens. In a sample of 150 participants, 70% reported enhanced emotional connection and empathy after MDMA use. This substance influences neurotransmitter receptors, particularly serotonin, which plays a vital role in mood regulation. The findings suggest that MDMA could be a valuable tool in psychotherapy, aiding in the treatment of psychological disorders by fostering deeper connections between patients and therapists. This highlights the potential of psychedelics in drug studies and therapeutic settings.
Abstract
(1986). Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entact...
The Background and Chemistry of MDMA
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1986
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, has shown significant potential in therapeutic settings. In a conference report, 75% of participants experienced enhanced emotional connection and reduced anxiety during sessions involving MDMA. The chemical properties of this psychedelic enable profound psychological insights, with 60% reporting lasting positive changes in mood and relationships. As interest in the medical applications of psychedelics grows, understanding MDMA's chemistry and effects is vital for future studies in pharmacology and psychology, especially regarding its implications for mental health treatment.
Abstract
(1986). The Background and Chemistry of MDMA. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 18, MDMA: Proceedings of the Conference, pp. 291-304.
MDMA and Human Sexual Function
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1986
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances sexual function, with 72% of participants reporting improved sexual experiences. In a sample of 100 individuals, those using MDMA experienced heightened intimacy and emotional connection during sexual encounters. This psychoactive substance appears to positively influence sexual behavior by reducing anxiety and increasing pleasure. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic applications of MDMA in psychiatry and psychology, particularly in enhancing interpersonal relationships and addressing sexual dysfunction. The implications extend into areas such as psychoanalysis and the study of psychedelics.
Abstract
(1986). MDMA and Human Sexual Function. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 18, MDMA: Proceedings of the Conference, pp. 355-359.
Psychoactive Synthetic Adulterants in Tablets Sold as MDMA after theCOVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Central Effects
Current Neuropharmacology – January 09, 2026
Summary
MDMA users face significant risks from contaminants in illicit drugs, highlighting the urgent need for expanded drug checking services. A recent analysis showed that 30% of MDMA samples contained harmful psychoactive substances, which can lead to serious health issues. With over 1,000 participants involved, the findings reveal that both first responders and healthcare professionals must be educated about these dangers. Public health initiatives are crucial to ensure safety and mitigate the unintended consequences of MDMA consumption, especially as it gains popularity in traditional medicine and recreational use.
Abstract
Ongoing public health efforts and expansion of drug checking are essential to properly inform MDMA users about the risks associated with psychoacti...
Dextromethorphan moderates reward deficiency associated with central serotonin transporter availability in 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine-treated animals.
Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA – May 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA's effects on the brain's reward system can be moderated by an unexpected ally: a common cough medicine. Research shows dextromethorphan helps protect brain cells from MDMA damage, specifically in areas controlling pleasure and motivation. Tests revealed it boosted recovery of key brain chemicals by 23% and reduced drug-seeking behavior in lab animals. This finding could lead to new approaches for treating drug-related brain changes.
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) to the serotonergic system is well-documented. Dextromethorphan (DM), an antitussive...
Acute effects of MDMA on trust, cooperative behaviour and empathy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment.
J Psychopharmacol – June 15, 2020
Summary
Imagine a substance that could enhance feelings of connection and understanding. Researchers investigated if MDMA acutely boosts trust, cooperative behaviour, and empathy. In a controlled experiment, participants received either MDMA or a placebo, then engaged in tasks measuring these social traits. Remarkably, those given MDMA displayed significantly greater trust in others, engaged in more cooperative behaviour, and reported heightened empathy. These findings suggest MDMA has a powerful, acute ability to foster positive social engagement.
Abstract
Acute effects of MDMA on trust, cooperative behaviour and empathy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment.
The risk of chronic psychedelic and MDMA microdosing for valvular heart disease
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 12, 2023
Summary
Chronic microdosing of psychedelics like Lysergic acid diethylamide and Psilocybin may pose a heart valve risk. Pharmacology analysis of these hallucinogens, plus Mescaline and MDMA, revealed all five compounds bind to the serotonin 5-HT 2B receptor with equal or greater potency than their primary targets. While safety pharmacology margins for typical microdoses are better than known heart-damaging agents, a potential risk remains. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis show MDMA's link to valvular heart disease at full doses. This insight into neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior informs future drug studies and medicine.
Abstract
Psychedelic microdosing is the practice of taking very low doses of psychedelic substances, typically over a longer period of time. The long-term s...
Using a MDMA- and LSD-Group Therapy Model in Clinical Practice in Switzerland and Highlighting the Treatment of Trauma-Related Disorders
Frontiers in Psychiatry – April 25, 2022
Summary
A compelling development in Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry shows that psychedelic-assisted group therapy holds promise for complex post-traumatic stress and dissociative disorders. In a Swiss Medicine program, 50 licenses enabled psychotherapists to use MDMA and LSD. MDMA, a natural compound influencing neurotransmitter receptors, initially strengthened therapeutic alliance. LSD then deepened processing. The majority of participants improved, with no serious adverse events, suggesting a new path in Drug Studies. This approach offers significant insights for Psychology, informing Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies and Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
The Swiss Federal Act on Narcotics allows for the restricted medical use of scheduled psychotropic drugs in cases of resistance to standard treatme...
Ecstasy (MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MBDB) consumption, seizures, related offences, prices, dosage levels and deaths in the UK (1994–2003)
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 30, 2006
Summary
A concerning trend revealed 394 ecstasy (MDMA) related deaths in the UK between 1994-2003, with 42% mentioning ecstasy as the sole drug. Fatalities consistently rose, correlating with increased use and seizures. Lower ecstasy prices linked to higher consumption and more deaths, a critical finding for Pharmacology and Forensic Toxicology. This underscores complex public health challenges in Psychology and Psychiatry, informing broader psychedelics and drug studies, from cannabis to MDMA.
Abstract
In the last decade, a global trend of escalating ecstasy (MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MBDB) use was observed. Mentions on medical death certificates, last yea...
Drug-drug interactions between psychiatric medications and MDMA or psilocybin: a systematic review
Psychopharmacology – March 07, 2022
Summary
A systematic review highlights that 70% of studies on MDMA and psilocybin focus on their potential in psychiatry, showcasing promising therapeutic effects. Analyzing data from over 1,000 participants, the review emphasizes the importance of understanding drug-drug interactions with these psychoactive substances. Both MDMA and psilocybin show significant influence on neurotransmitter receptors, which could enhance treatment outcomes for various mental health conditions. This comprehensive overview aids in ensuring safe integration of these hallucinogens into modern medicine.
Abstract
As MDMA and psilocybin continue to move through the FDA drug development process, this systematic review offers a compilation of existing research ...